{"id":4909,"date":"2015-08-23T09:26:55","date_gmt":"2015-08-23T09:26:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/?p=4909"},"modified":"2015-09-09T08:04:45","modified_gmt":"2015-09-09T08:04:45","slug":"luoc-khao-ve-su-tich-va-y-nghia-le-vu-lan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/?p=4909","title":{"rendered":"L\u01b0\u1ee3c Kh\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 S\u1ef1 T\u00edch v\u00e0 \u00dd Ngh\u0129a L\u1ec5 Vu Lan – R\u00e9sum\u00e9 historique et signification de la c\u00e9l\u00e9bration d’Ullumbana"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac B\u1eedu T\u1eadp,\u00a0<\/em>Th\u1ebf K\u1ef7 21, 09\/97, USA<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\"thu-phap-vu-lan-bao-hieu-cha-me\"<\/a><\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i n\u0103m, sau l\u1ec5 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam thi\u1ebft l\u1ec5 R\u1eb1m Th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 X\u00e1 t\u1ed9i vong nh\u00e2n theo c\u00e2u ca dao “Th\u00e1ng b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y r\u1eb1m x\u00e1 t\u1ed9i vong nh\u00e2n.” Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o B\u1eafc T\u00f4ng (\u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba) thi\u1ebft l\u1ec5 Vu Lan; l\u1ec5 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y trong t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c Nam T\u00f4ng. B\u00e0i n\u00e0y t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 t\u00edch l\u1ec5 Vu Lan, kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9. L\u1ec5 Vu Lan theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0o Trung Hoa, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4n qu\u00ea. T\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ea1i H\u00e0n, \u00d0\u00e0i Loan v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00e0ng n\u0103m d\u00e2n ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean ng\u00e0y R\u1eb1m Th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y. Ri\u00eang t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, cho t\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, l\u1ec5 Vu Lan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng th\u1ec3. K\u00e9o d\u00e0i b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0y, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00e0y m\u01b0\u1eddi ba, m\u00e3n ng\u00e0y m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng s\u1ebd t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nguy\u00ean do c\u1ee7a bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang n\u00e0y trong ph\u1ea7n sau b\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

L\u1ec5 Bon Vu Lan t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9.<\/h3>\n

V\u00ec sao c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 Bon Vu Lan? Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi Th\u00edch Ca khai s\u00e1ng ra \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1ec5 Bon, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt B\u1eafc t\u00f4ng \u00d0\u00f4ng \u00c1 v\u00e0 \u00d0\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 Vu Lan. \u00d0\u1ea1o B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n \u1edf \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 tin r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1edd c\u00fang ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5t n\u00fai. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o d\u1ea1y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb v\u00f4 th\u1eeba t\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng sinh con c\u00e1i n\u1ed1i d\u00f5i \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t t\u1ed9i r\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng, b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0y xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. Ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u1edf \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i \u0111i tu h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c nghi l\u1ec5 c\u00fang t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u01b0ng qua th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ee5 hu\u1ea5n, y ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh, l\u1ea5y v\u1ee3, sinh con n\u1ed1i d\u00f5i. Y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 con th\u1eeba t\u1ef1, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ch\u1ebft kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecda \u0111\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

L\u00fac Th\u00edch Ca d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng trong ni\u1ec1m tin B\u00e0 La M\u00f4n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb b\u1ecf gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i tu theo t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111i tu theo \u0111\u1ea1o Th\u00edch Ca kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i v\u00f4 th\u1eeba t\u1ef1, v\u00ec t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i b\u1eb1ng l\u1ec5 Vu Lan.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb Vu-lan:<\/strong> Cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn l\u00e0 ch\u1eef “vu-lan-b\u1ed3n,” phi\u00ean \u00e2m t\u1eeb ch\u1eef “ura-bon-e,” xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n Sanskrit “ullambana,” m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecdc g\u1ecdn ch\u1eef “avalambana,” c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 treo ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ti\u1ebfng Trung Hoa d\u1ecbch nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 “\u0111\u1ea3o huy\u1ec1n,” treo ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00ean tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa phi\u00ean \u00e2m t\u1eeb “ura-bon-e” th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb “vu-lan-b\u1ed3n,” n\u00f3i t\u1eaft l\u00e0 “vu-lan.” L\u1ec5 Vu Lan tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2n c\u1eadn ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n minh Trung Hoa.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt Bunyu Matsuda s\u01b0u kh\u1ea3o trong \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eadp Huy\u1ec1n Anh Di\u1ec5n Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 kinh Ph\u1eadt g\u1ed3m 25 t\u1eadp, 449 quy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 Huy\u1ec1n Anh s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi T\u00f9y, phi\u00ean \u00e2m v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 sang ti\u1ebfng Trung Hoa. Trong t\u1eadp s\u1ed1 13, ch\u1eef vu lan b\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u00ean \u00e2m v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd. \u00d0\u1ea1i s\u01b0 Huy\u1ec1n Anh vi\u1ebft: t\u1eeb ura-bon m\u00e0 ta d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 vu lan b\u1ed3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c phi\u00ean \u00e2m sai l\u1ea1c; ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 ullambana m\u1edbi c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “\u0111\u1ea3o huy\u1ec1n.”<\/em><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi Th\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng, \u1edf ph\u1ee7 Khai Phong, \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 T\u00f4ng M\u1eadt l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c, khi \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n Lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n Vu Lan B\u1ed3n Kinh. \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft: ullam kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n, t\u1eeb n\u00e0y g\u1ed1c \u1edf Trung b\u1ed9 \u00c1 ch\u00e2u, n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng L\u1ee5a ho\u1eb1ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o Trung Hoa<\/em>. Ch\u1eef ullam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o huy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eef bana phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch ra H\u00e1n ng\u1eef l\u00e0 b\u1ed3n, ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con thuy\u1ec1n hay m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m v\u00e1n, t\u1ea5m b\u00e8 l\u00e0m khay, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ch\u1eadu \u0111\u1ef1ng th\u1ee9c \u0103n. V\u1eady to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u1eef ullambana d\u1ecbch sang H\u00e1n ng\u1eef, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 “c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap m\u1ed9t con thuy\u1ec1n b\u1ecb l\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, hay l\u00e0 quay l\u1ea1i cho ngay m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m b\u00e8 hay m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i khay, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ch\u1eadu, b\u1ecb l\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1ee3c.” \u00d0\u1ea1i s\u01b0 T\u00f4ng M\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 ngay trong b\u1ea3n kinh Ullamba Sutra (Vu-lan-b\u1ed3n Kinh) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i khay. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y mu\u1ed1n b\u00e1o hi\u1ebfu chu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i cho cha m\u1eb9, ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m “d\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ea7y khay th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng hoa ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt” cho c\u00e1c b\u1eadc t\u00f4n tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea7u xin h\u1ecd gi\u00fap l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

\u00dd ki\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 T\u00f4ng M\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 \u00d0\u1ea1o Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c b\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p Uy\u1ec3n Ch\u00e2u L\u00e2m y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y d\u00e0y 100 cu\u1ed1n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a hai m\u1ee5c Kinh v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadn trong Tam t\u1ea1ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt. Trong ph\u1ea7n tr\u00edch d\u1ecbch Kinh Ullambana Sutra c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00f3i t\u1edbi l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y ph\u1ea3i d\u00e2ng “\u0111\u1ea7y khay” h\u01b0\u01a1ng hoa qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ea9m cho t\u0103ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 xin gi\u00fap l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n cho t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c si\u00eau tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Bunyu Matsuda c\u00f2n d\u1eabn th\u00eam l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u trong b\u1ed1n cu\u1ed1n kinh kh\u00e1c, “Vu-lan-b\u1ed3n Kinh s\u01a1, Vu-lan-b\u1ed3n Kinh s\u01a1 hi\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh ch\u00e2m, Th\u00edch Th\u1ecb y\u1ebfu l\u00e3m v\u00e0 Fan-i-ming i-chi (?)”, \u0111\u1ec3 y\u1ec3m tr\u1ee3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a T\u00f4ng M\u1eadt. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u00e1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n sung t\u00fac ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n tr\u00ed \u00f3c v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ee5 l\u00e0m cho ta ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc h\u00e0n l\u00e2m. Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1eadt k\u1ef9 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y hai \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 Huy\u1ec1n Anh v\u00e0 T\u00f4ng M\u1eadt c\u00f9ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1eeb ng\u1eef “vu lan b\u1ed3n,” ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 sai l\u1ea1c nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 hai \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nhau. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda gi\u1ea3n ti\u1ec7n, h\u00e3y d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef “Vu Lan” \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 “R\u1eb1m Th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y.”<\/p>\n

L\u1ec5 Vu Lan qua Kinh Ph\u1eadt Ullambana Sutra v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kinh .<\/h3>\n

Mandgalyayana (vi\u1ebft theo Sanskrit; Moggallana, Pali; ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n phi\u00ean l\u00e0 M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec7n Li\u00ean, \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eaft l\u00e0 M\u1ee5c Li\u00ean, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1i M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec7n Li\u00ean) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. \u00d4ng ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 c\u00f3 n\u0103m tr\u0103m \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed, xin quy y theo \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt xem l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed “th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t.” Kinh ch\u00e9p khi \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh la-h\u00e1n, \u00f4ng ph\u00f3ng nh\u00e3n quan xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c t\u00ecm m\u1eb9, th\u1ea5y m\u1eb9 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecda \u0111\u00e0y v\u00ec ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 l\u00e0m l\u1eafm \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. \u00d4ng l\u1ea5y b\u00ecnh b\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea7y c\u01a1m d\u00e2ng m\u1eb9. B\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ea7m l\u1ea5y \u0103n, t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi c\u01a1m h\u00f3a ra l\u1eeda h\u1ed3ng tu\u00f4n v\u00e0o m\u1ed3m b\u00e0 m\u1eb9. \u00d4ng \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y l\u00e0 b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eb7ng d\u00e0y nghi\u1ec7p ch\u01b0\u1edbng, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y R\u1eb1m Th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y, thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 th\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u0103ng gi\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn g\u00f3p l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 tr\u1ee3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i. \u00d4ng h\u1ecfi l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu trong \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ai c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng hi\u1ebfu th\u1ea3o mu\u1ed1n chu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i cho cha m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1ec5 xin gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i cho cha m\u1eb9 nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103ng. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1n r\u00f5: “M\u1ed7i n\u0103m, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y R\u1eb1m Th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi con Ph\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb cha m\u1eb9 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean (…) t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng \u01a1n d\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u1ee5c (…) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft l\u1ec5, l\u1eadp \u0111\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 t\u0103ng ra \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9,” th\u00ec cha m\u1eb9 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i x\u00f3a b\u1ecf b\u1edbt t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i t\u1eeb mu\u00f4n ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng Mandgalyayana l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang theo l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y, v\u00e0 b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c si\u00eau tho\u00e1t. T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o noi theo g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ec5 Bon Vu Lan tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt, ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed9 kinh Ullambana Sutra, c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 kinh kh\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u1ec5 Bon Vu Lan trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9. Theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt, Kinh Mahapari nirvana Sutra, (Kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n), Quy\u1ec3n 16, k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00fac \u0111i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n th\u1ecbt. B\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u1ea3i quy v\u00e0 h\u1ecd theo Ph\u1eadt quy y, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng quen l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i, tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt n\u00ean s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3i kh\u1ed5. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt r\u0103n d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed trong v\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed1 th\u00ed th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 h\u1ecd. L\u00e2u d\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh ra t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u00fang l\u1ec5 Bon Vu Lan.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c l\u1ec5 Bon Vu Lan l\u00e0 \u00f4ng A Nan \u00d0\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e1u v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed trung ki\u00ean nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. \u00d4ng A Nan \u00d0\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u1ea1 q\u1ee7y \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t, b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t nu\u1ed1t than l\u1eeda trong mi\u1ec7ng, n\u00ean m\u1ed7i khi xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m trong b\u00ecnh b\u00e1t, \u00f4ng \u0111em th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m chia cho qu\u1ef7 \u0111\u00f3i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi sau b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e9p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng A Nan \u00d0\u00e0 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 Bon Vu Lan.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u1ec5 Bon Vu Lan t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 l\u1ea5y d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng trong b\u1ed5n Lu\u1eadt kinh Vinaya c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sarvastivada (Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1eefu b\u1ed9). Kinh ghi r\u00f5 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt cho t\u00ec kheo \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i khi \u0111i xin th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ch\u00f9a ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea7y th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m c\u00fang cho lo\u1ea1i vong h\u1ed3n Hariti. Hariti l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con qu\u1ef7 c\u00e1i chuy\u00ean gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00fat m\u00e1u, b\u1ecb k\u1ebb th\u00f9 r\u01b0\u1ee3t ch\u00e9m n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ee9a con trai. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9, d\u1ea5u v\u00e0o \u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111em tr\u1ea3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9. Harati c\u1ea3m k\u00edch, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt c\u1ea3m h\u00f3a, b\u00e8n xin quy y, xin b\u1ecf l\u1ec7 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 xin ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1n t\u1ed9i. Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ec7 Bon Vu Lan.<\/p>\n

L\u1ec5 Vu Lan t\u1ea1i Trung Hoa<\/h3>\n

Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u00d0\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u1edf Trung Hoa b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft l\u1ec5 Vu Lan d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Nam B\u1eafc tri\u1ec1u v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 S\u00e1u. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u0169 nh\u1ea5t t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong Ph\u1eadt T\u1ed5 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ed ghi l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y R\u1eb1m Th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y n\u0103m 538 TL. Vua V\u0169 \u0111\u1ebf nh\u00e0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ec5 Ph\u1eadt t\u1ea1i \u00d0\u00f4ng \u00d0\u00e0i T\u1ef1 v\u00e0 d\u00e2ng l\u1ec5 Vu Lan. Nh\u01b0ng l\u1ec5 Vu Lan ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho vua ch\u00faa v\u00e0 q\u00fay t\u1ed9c thi\u1ebft l\u1ec5 trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a l\u1edbn, ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbp h\u1ed9i h\u00e8 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n gian. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau, d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1i T\u00f4n m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y trong Th\u00edch Th\u1ecb k\u00fd c\u1ed5 l\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi r\u00f5 ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 Vu Lan, th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y n\u0103m 766 TL, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft trong tri\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 r\u01b0\u1edbc Ki\u1ec7u Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0o cung \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111em tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y X\u00e1 l\u1ee3i t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng An M\u00f4n cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng. T\u1eeb ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ec5 Vu Lan m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ra m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 cho \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang tham gia. \u00d0\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u00fd nghi\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y Vu Lan c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u1edf sau.<\/p>\n

Kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 T\u00e1m, v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Amoghavajra, tinh th\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Trung Hoa t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, n\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y Vu Lan, l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 vong h\u1ed3n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00ec lo\u1ea1n l\u1ea1c, chi\u1ebfn tranh, ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 con c\u00e1i th\u1edd t\u1ef1, ch\u1ebft v\u00ec ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i; danh t\u1eeb Ph\u1eadt g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7. C\u0169ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh, cho n\u00ean c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft l\u1ec5 Vu Lan c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed5i thay. \u00d0\u1ebfn r\u1eb1m th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y, trong m\u1ecdi gia c\u01b0 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a, d\u00e2n gian x\u00e2y \u0111\u00e0n, l\u00e0m chay \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00fang vong h\u1ed3n; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ch\u00f9a l\u1edbn l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u01b0ng b\u00e0y c\u00e1c b\u1ea3o v\u1eadt th\u1edd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 di t\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, X\u00e1 l\u1ee3i l\u00e0 di v\u1eadt nh\u1ee5c th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ef1ng trong b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1, b\u00ecnh ng\u1ecdc) \u0111em t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 sang, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed5n kinh ch\u00e9p b\u1eb1ng ch\u1eef Sanskrist hay Pali, kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e1, \u0111\u1ebdo tr\u00ean g\u1ed7, ch\u00e9p tr\u00ean l\u00e1 c\u00f3t, l\u00e1 g\u1ed3i…) cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng. \u00d0\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 ch\u00f9a l\u1ea1i khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 tham gia cu\u1ed9c tri\u1ec3n l\u00e3m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u01b0ng b\u00e0y c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang tr\u00e2n ch\u00e2u d\u1ecb b\u1ea3o cho kh\u00e1ch th\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb xa \u0111\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1n. Kh\u00e1ch \u0111i xem trong t\u1ec9nh, ngo\u00e0i t\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1ng l\u1ec1u \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u00f9a, v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i ca v\u0169, h\u00e1t tu\u1ed3ng, thi \u0111ua tranh t\u00e0i v\u00f5 ngh\u1ec7, thi \u0111ua khoe t\u00e0i n\u1ea5u n\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c m\u00f3n chay l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 c\u00fang Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1o. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a thi\u00eang li\u00eang “\u00d0\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Vu Lan,” x\u00e1 t\u1ed9i cho nh\u1eefng linh h\u1ed3n ch\u1ebft b\u1ecb nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecda v\u00e0 c\u1edfi m\u1edf cho nh\u1eefng linh h\u1ed3n s\u1ed1ng vui t\u01b0\u01a1i, h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ea1i s\u01b0 Amoghavajra hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 v\u00e0o Trung Hoa ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Trung Hoa t\u1eeb l\u00fac m\u1edbi khai s\u00e1ng, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng hi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1o: Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t nghi\u1ec7p. T\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i v\u1ee3 con t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1i s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh n\u1ed1i d\u00f5i gi\u00f2ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00fang gi\u1ed7; t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ecf cha m\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng m\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1o l\u00fd nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Trung Hoa b\u1eb1ng ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh Ph\u1eadt li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eef hi\u1ebfu, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Sanskrist v\u00e0 Pali v\u1eeba m\u1edbi du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e0u, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng n\u1eb7ng ch\u1eef hi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Trung Hoa. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n m\u1edbi do c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Hoa r\u00fat \u00fd trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt vi\u1ebft ra, ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o hi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 ba c\u00f2n si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Ch\u1eef hi\u1ebfu c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong ph\u1ea1m vi gia \u0111\u00ecnh: cha m\u1eb9 \u00f4ng b\u00e0. Ch\u1eef hi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt bao g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft trong bao nhi\u00eau \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc (t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean), r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft c\u00f4 qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00fang t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ngay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng v\u00ec tr\u1ea3 n\u1ee3 ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u1eef hi\u1ebfu theo quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt b\u1ecf c\u00e1i quan ni\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 bao tr\u00f9m ho\u00e0n v\u0169, l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n \u0111i v\u00e0o chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u th\u1eddi gian. \u00dd ni\u1ec7m hi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean b\u1eadc si\u00eau \u0111\u1eb3ng, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng linh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Ta th\u1eed l\u01b0\u1ee3c qua kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00f3i tr\u00ean. \u00d0\u1eddi H\u1eadu H\u00e1n, An Th\u1ebf Cao (An Shih-Kao) d\u1ecbch tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean hai b\u1ed9 kinh li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eef hi\u1ebfu: Kinh Thi-Ca-Vi\u1ec7t L\u1ee5c Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1ec5, v\u00e0 kinh Ph\u1ee5 M\u1eabu \u00c2n Nan B\u00e1o. Ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u1eddi Ng\u0169 \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 T\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p T\u01b0 d\u1ecbch b\u1ed9 kinh Ph\u1eadt Thuy\u1ebft Thi\u1ec7n Sinh T\u1eed. Hai b\u1ed9 kinh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m v\u00e0 Trung A H\u00e0m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra H\u00e1n v\u0103n t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 B\u1ed1n v\u00e0 N\u0103m c\u0169ng nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef hi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn hai b\u1ed9 kinh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 Kinh “B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t Thi\u1ec7n T\u1eed” n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u00f3 hi\u1ebfu t\u00ean l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec7n T\u1eed v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 Kinh “Vu Lan B\u1ed3n” do \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 Ph\u00e1p Phong d\u1ecbch d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi T\u00e2y T\u1ea5n, n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u00edch M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec7n Li\u00ean, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

Kinh B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t Thi\u1ec7n T\u1eed do m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 v\u00f4 danh d\u1ecbch ra H\u00e1n v\u0103n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi T\u00e2y T\u1ea5n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f9a Trung Hoa xem l\u00e0 b\u1ed5n kinh, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 tr\u00edch ra trong Truy\u1ec7n Ti\u1ec1n Th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt (Jataka). Thi\u1ec7n T\u1eed (Sanskrit l\u00e0 Syama; Pali, Sama) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb b\u1ed3 t\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u thai l\u00e0m con m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng \u0111ui m\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ph\u00f9 du n\u01a1i th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf m\u1ed9t hang n\u00fai \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp. \u00d0\u1ee9a con l\u1edbn l\u00ean r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 hi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 \u0111em cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0o \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t hang n\u00fai \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u nguy\u1ec7n \u01b0\u1edbc. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m Thi\u1ec7n T\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o da nai xu\u1ed1ng su\u1ed1i l\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u00e0 vua \u0111i s\u0103n qua \u0111\u00f3, t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea7m l\u00e0 th\u00fa, b\u1eafn m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u00e0ng trai. Thi\u1ec7n T\u1eed n\u1eb1m ch\u1edd ch\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng o\u00e1n h\u1eadn nh\u00e0 vua, cho l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh ch\u1ebft v\u00ec nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfc th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00ec c\u00f2n cha m\u1eb9 gi\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. \u00d4ng v\u00e0 b\u00e0 c\u1ee5 gi\u00e0 m\u00f2 \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e1c Thi\u1ec7n T\u1eed. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha \u00f4m \u0111\u1ea7u con truy\u1ec1n h\u01a1i th\u1edf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1eb7t mi\u1ec7ng v\u00e0o v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed1 h\u00fat ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c ra. Trong c\u01a1n \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn h\u1ecd nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9. T\u1ee9c th\u00ec Ph\u1eadt Qu\u00e1n Th\u1ebf \u00c2m hi\u1ec7n ra, ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng cho Thi\u1ec7n T\u1eed, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee9u cha m\u1eb9 Thi\u1ec7n T\u1eed kh\u1ecfi m\u00f9 lo\u00e0. Cu\u1ed1n kinh k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ebd th\u1eafng m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u1ed5 \u1ea3i. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng trong d\u00e2n gian Trung Hoa. Chuy\u1ec7n Thi\u1ec7n T\u1eed c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i trong hai b\u1ed5n kinh l\u00e0 “L\u1ee5c \u00d0\u1ed9 Th\u1eadp Kinh” v\u00e0 “Ph\u00e1p Uy\u1ec3n Ch\u00e2u L\u00e2m.” Th\u1ea7y Huy\u1ec1n Trang (\u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng Tam T\u1ea1ng) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec7n Thi\u1ec7n T\u1eed trong s\u00e1ch “\u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00e2y V\u1ef1c K\u00fd”.<\/p>\n

Sang \u0111\u1eddi T\u1ed1ng, chuy\u1ec7n Thi\u1ec7n T\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n Trung Hoa h\u00f3a, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong hai m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ed1n m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Nh\u1ecb Th\u1eadp T\u1ee9 Hi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec7n T\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean l\u00e0 Y\u1ebfn T\u1eed, chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh v\u1ef1c Trung Hoa h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Chuy\u1ec7n hi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a M\u1ee5c Li\u00ean t\u1ea3 trong kinh Vu Lan B\u1ed3n l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c1 \u00d0\u00f4ng theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u00d0\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba. Kinh Vu-lan-b\u1ed3n do \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p Phong (Dharmaraksha, \u00d0\u00e0m-ma-la-s\u00e1t, phi\u00ean \u00e2m ch\u1eef Nho) d\u1ecbch v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi T\u00e2y T\u1ea5n. B\u1ed5n kinh n\u00e0y li\u00ean h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi l\u1ec5 Vu Lan, n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a b\u1ed5n kinh l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef hi\u1ebfu, ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\u00dd ni\u1ec7m xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, b\u1ecf nh\u00e0 \u0111i tu, kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ecdn hi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Kinh Vu Lan gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c \u1edf \u00c1 \u00d0\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u1ede Trung Hoa ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 t\u00edch M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec7n Li\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp quanh n\u0103m trong nh\u00e2n gian, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng trong ch\u00f9a v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 l\u1ea1c, m\u00e0 \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, trong nh\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00e2u h\u00e1t ru em, ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ee3 th\u00e0nh b\u00e0i v\u00e8 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e1t x\u1ea9m, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec1n v\u0103n. \u00d0\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i, khi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1edd Ph\u1eadt t\u1ea1i \u00d0\u00f4n Ho\u00e0ng (T\u00e2n C\u01b0\u01a1ng) ng\u1eeb\u01a1i ta t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed5n bi\u1ec1n v\u0103n n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 “M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec7n Li\u00ean bi\u1ec1n v\u0103n,” “M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec7n Li\u00ean L\u1ee5c Kh\u1edfi” v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 “\u00d0\u1ea1i M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec7n Li\u00ean Minh C\u1ee9u M\u1eabu Ki\u1ebfn V\u0103n t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9.” C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea1 trong s\u00e1ch “\u00d0\u00f4n ho\u00e0ng tr\u00edch y\u1ebfu l\u1ee5c” c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh ph\u1ee7 Trung Hoa D\u00e2n Qu\u1ed1c \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc Kinh n\u0103m 1931. C\u00e1c b\u1ed5n ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00c2u ch\u00e2u chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t, \u0111em gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale de Paris v\u00e0 British Museum.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 t\u00edch M\u1ee5c Li\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 r\u00f5 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 chi ti\u1ebft trong ba t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i cho nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1i Trung Hoa. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n h\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ngh\u1ecb lu\u1eadn (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadn) c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 T\u00f4ng M\u1eadt. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y ta c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i r\u00f5 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb qu\u00fd gia v\u1ecdng t\u1ed9c, t\u1eeb nh\u1ecf h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o Kh\u1ed5ng r\u1ea5t uy\u00ean th\u00e2m, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc ch\u00e2n tu theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt. \u00d4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Kinh Vu Lan \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, so s\u00e1nh ch\u1eef hi\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1o Kh\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt. Theo \u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o Kh\u1ed5ng, \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. Kinh Ph\u1eadt t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 sang “g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Kinh (l\u00e0 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt) v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu Ph\u1eadt. Kinh \u0111\u1ec1 ra nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7; Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1 ra ph\u00e9p t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec. Lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng v\u1ea1n \u0111i\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1o.” \u00d4ng d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ed5n kinh Ph\u1ea1m V\u00f5ng (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 kinh Lu\u1eadt c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u00d0\u1ea1i th\u1eeba): “Khi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e2y B\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1, Ng\u00e0i c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 lu\u1eadt Pratimoskha (t\u00f9y thu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t) cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1ed3-t\u00e1t, v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng hi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1o.”<\/p>\n

T\u00f4ng M\u1eadt cho r\u1eb1ng Nho gi\u00e1o d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 thanh danh l\u1ea1i cho con ch\u00e1u \u0111\u1eddi sau, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u1ea1i d\u1ea1y ta \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u1eadp th\u1ebf l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 l\u00f2ng t\u1eeb bi nh\u00e2n \u00e1i cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng chung quanh ta. Nho gi\u00e1o d\u1ea1y l\u1ec5 nghi, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n ng\u00e0y gi\u1ed7 ng\u00e0y T\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i s\u00e1t sanh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ed7 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean; \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ebfu sinh h\u01a1n, d\u1ea1y ta c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng sinh s\u00e1t. T\u00f4ng M\u1eadt c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a b\u1ecf ng\u00f4i \u0111i tu ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00ec “mu\u1ed1n b\u00e1o hi\u1ebfu cho cha m\u1eb9, kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n cha m\u1eb9 ki\u1ebfp ki\u1ebfp b\u1ecb tr\u1ea7m lu\u00e2n.”<\/p>\n

L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh Vu Lan \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1eef hi\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0 T\u00f4ng M\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1o g\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi nho s\u0129 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Th\u00edch Ca. Do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi Th\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt th\u00e2u h\u00fat to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u00c1 \u00d0\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Trung Hoa, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1ec5 Vu Lan nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y h\u1ed9i ch\u00e1nh, \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd nghi\u00e3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

L\u1ec5 Vu lan v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 Trung nguy\u00ean.<\/h3>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y th\u1eafc m\u1eafc cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa l\u1ec5 Vu Lan v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 Trung Nguy\u00ean. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Trung Hoa bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n lam l\u0169 su\u1ed1t n\u0103m tr\u1eeb ra ba d\u1ecbp ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed: \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nguy\u00ean, gi\u1eefa n\u0103m c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 Trung Nguy\u00ean, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m l\u1ec5 H\u1ea1 Nguy\u00ean. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u0103n minh Trung Qu\u1ed1c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ba bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 tr\u00ean xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1o L\u00e3o, h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n sinh v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. V\u00e0o d\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n vui s\u1ed1ng h\u1ed9i h\u00e8 \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1m su\u1ed1t th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang; v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m l\u1ea1i n\u00f4 n\u1ee9c ngh\u00eanh ti\u1ebfp n\u0103m m\u1edbi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u thi\u1ebft l\u1ec5 H\u1ea1 Nguy\u00ean v\u00e0o r\u1eb1m th\u00e1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi. Gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u1eafng b\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t trong n\u0103m, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng v\u1eeba xong, n\u00ean c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i h\u00e8 \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1m l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 Trung Nguy\u00ean. Kh\u00ed tr\u1eddi n\u1eafng \u1ea5m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u \u0111i t\u1eeb l\u00e0ng n\u00e0y sang th\u00f4n kh\u00e1c th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, bi\u1ebfu x\u00e9n q\u00f9a c\u00e1p. L\u1ec5 Trung Nguy\u00ean th\u00e0nh ra m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u1eaft ch\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0o Trung Hoa, s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch linh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n, l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa r\u1ea5t chu\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, gh\u00e9p ba bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 tr\u00ean th\u00e0nh ra ba ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 Ph\u1eadt: Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Nguy\u00ean, Trung Nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 H\u1ea1 Nguy\u00ean. L\u1ec5 Vu Lan th\u00e0nh ra tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1ec5 Trung Nguy\u00ean. Nh\u00e0 ch\u00f9a ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, cung c\u1ea5p c\u1ea3nh tr\u00ed cho sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong d\u1ecbp Trung Nguy\u00ean, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y r\u1eb1m thi\u1ebft l\u1ec5 Ph\u1eadt n\u01a1i ch\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec7n. T\u1eadp t\u1ee5c n\u00e0y t\u1eeb Trung Hoa theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt sang Nh\u1eadt B\u1ed5n, ng\u00e0y Trung Nguy\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chugen, l\u1ec5 c\u00fang c\u00f4 h\u1ed3n, ta s\u1ebd n\u00f3i \u1edf sau.<\/p>\n

L\u1ec5 Vu Lan c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 hay xu\u1ea5t kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1i Trung Hoa?<\/h3>\n

\u00d0\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u1edf tr\u00ean v\u1ec1 g\u1ed1c t\u00edch l\u1ec5 Vu Lan \u1edf \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Hoa do c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng Nh\u1eadt B\u1ed5n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 Vu Lan \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadt c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y xa x\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u00edch Ca ch\u0103ng, hay l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 Vu Lan ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m do nhu c\u1ea7u ho\u1eb1ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0o Trung Hoa. V\u1ebf th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi “tr\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u00edch-ca c\u00f3 l\u1ec5 Vu-lan kh\u00f4ng” c\u00f3 l\u1ebd r\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, v\u00ec t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ed1ng trong v\u0103n minh \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng th\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0y\u1ec7n, Th\u00e1i Lan, Cam B\u1ed1t, L\u00e0o, Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng… kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y thi\u1ebft l\u1ec5 Vu Lan. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1eafc m\u1eafc n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p. T\u1eadp t\u1ee5c th\u1edd c\u00fang ng\u01b0\u1eddi khu\u1ea5t v\u00e3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 trong kinh V\u1ec7 \u00d0\u00e0, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u1ea3 ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c trong th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1edf \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9, v\u00e0 v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

V\u1ebf th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, ta th\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i cho g\u1ecdn v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u: Kinh Ullambana Sutra do \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch qua ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n, hay ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt khi \u0111i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o sang Trung Hoa?<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ta c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean b\u1ed5n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o do \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 Bunyo Nanjio so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o Catalogue Chinese Translation of The Buddhist Tripitaka, Oxford 1883, Kinh Ullambana Sutra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e9p qua v\u0103n t\u1ef1 d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 sau, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch qua H\u00e1n ng\u1eef. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 ba \u0111i\u1ec3m nghi v\u1ea5n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u00d0\u1ea1i th\u1eeba Nh\u1eadt B\u1ed5n n\u00eau l\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ea1i. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ni\u00ean l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n kinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng k\u00ea v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed5n t\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c (catalogue), v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n kinh Ullambana Sutra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong b\u1ed5n t\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c Xu\u1ea5t Tam t\u1ea1ng K\u00fd t\u1eadp, Quy\u1ec3n IV, \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 445-518 TL. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3, ch\u1ec9 ghi \u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1 m\u1ed9t gi\u00f2ng: “Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y danh t\u00e1nh d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3.” Cu\u1ed1n t\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfp theo L\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea1i tam b\u1eedu k\u00fd ghi cu\u1ed1n kinh, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 Dharmaraksa (\u00d0\u00e0m-ma-la-s\u00e1t, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p Phong), s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi T\u00e2y T\u1ea5n. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 hai b\u1ed5n t\u1ed5ng th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed5n c\u00f3 t\u00ean d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed5n kh\u00f4ng, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u1eddi sau nghi ng\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

\u00d0i\u1ec3m nghi v\u1ea5n th\u1ee9 hai do ch\u00ednh cu\u1ed1n kinh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean. T\u1eeb ullambana \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 vu-lan-b\u1ed3n. Ullam c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o huy\u1ec1n, treo ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, phi\u00ean \u00e2m th\u00e0nh vu-lan, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb ch\u1eef bana qua ch\u1eef b\u1ed3n (l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n, chi\u1ebfc khay \u0111\u1ef1ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m) tuy c\u00f3 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 T\u00f4ng M\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng, ta v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi suy lu\u1eadn duy l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

\u00d0i\u1ec3m nghi v\u1ea5n quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n h\u1ebft l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung b\u1ed5n kinh. Ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed5n Vu Lan B\u1ed3n Kinh do Dharmaraksa d\u1ecbch, ta c\u00f2n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eadp Ph\u00e1p Uy\u1ec3n Ch\u00e2u L\u00e2m m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 hai v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 B\u00e1o \u00c2n Ph\u1ee5 M\u1eabu Kinh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3. Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a hai b\u1ed5n d\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c nhau. Duy ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ed5n d\u1ecbch hai B\u00e1o \u00c2n Ph\u1ee5 M\u1eabu Kinh ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u1edf ch\u1ed7 \u00f4ng M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec7n Li\u00ean sau trai gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o h\u1ea1 ba th\u00e1ng (t\u1eeb r\u1eb1m th\u00e1ng T\u01b0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1eb1m th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y), d\u00e2ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m h\u01b0\u01a1ng hoa cho t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n xin gi\u00fap l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u1eady b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00f3a t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecda \u0111\u00e0y. B\u1ed5n d\u1ecbch th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, Kinh Vu Lan b\u1ed5n Kinh, d\u00e0i h\u01a1n b\u1ed5n th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00f3 th\u00eam \u0111o\u1ea1n \u00f4ng M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec7n Li\u00ean c\u1ea7u xin \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 cha m\u1eb9 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sinh \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecda \u0111\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 con c\u00e1i hi\u1ebfu th\u1ea3o bi\u1ebft d\u00e2ng l\u1ec5 Vu Lan c\u1ea7u xin chu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00f3a t\u1ed9i. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft y theo l\u1eddi xin.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n v\u1eeba tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 Kinh Vu Lan B\u1ed3n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. V\u00ec nhu c\u1ea7u ho\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u00e0o b\u1ed5n t\u00ednh chu\u1ed9ng thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa, ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c chi ti\u1ebft \u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n sau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch t\u1ea1i Trung Hoa.<\/p>\n

L\u1ec5 Vu Lan t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt B\u1ed5n<\/h3>\n

N\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt B\u1ed5n ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean v\u0103n minh h\u1eadu k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp h\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ti\u1ec1n phong nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n, t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u… V\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, \u0111i mau v\u00e0 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef t\u1ed1i \u0111a n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb m\u1ea5y ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

L\u1ec5 Vu-lan t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 Bon, vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft ch\u1eef urabon, c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 urambon. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ebf-chi\u1ebfn II, Vu-lan Bon l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 c\u00f4ng l\u1eadp, c\u00f4ng s\u1edf v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda, nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c \u0103n l\u01b0\u01a1ng. Hai ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong n\u0103m l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e1n v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y Vu Lan Bon. T\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt \u0111ang d\u00f9ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c ch\u00f9a v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u00e2m l\u1ecbch. T\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i l\u00e0m \u0103n xa gia \u0111\u00ecnh trong d\u1ecbp Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e1n v\u00e0 Vu Lan ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 sum h\u1ecdp v\u00e0 d\u00e2ng l\u1ec5 c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean. V\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 v\u00e0o hai d\u1ecbp l\u1ec5 l\u1edbn \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n hay c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ea5p n\u1eadp k\u00e8n k\u1eb9t t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng S\u00e1u cho \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y.<\/p>\n

Cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf v\u00f9ng qu\u00ea, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb l\u1ec5 Vu Lan Bon t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y m\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y. Trong m\u1ed7i gia c\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n th\u1edd Ph\u1eadt g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Budsudan. \u00d0\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e0n th\u1edd Ph\u1eadt m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00e0n vong Shoryodana, tr\u00ean b\u00e0n vong \u0111\u1eb7t b\u00e0i v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp h\u01b0\u01a1ng linh ng\u01b0\u1eddi q\u00faa v\u00e3n. Ng\u00e0y m\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y Nanoka Bon, gia ch\u1ee7 hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed9c \u0111i m\u1edf c\u1eeda m\u1ea3 (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u00e9t d\u1ecdn, l\u00e0m c\u1ecf) v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 t\u1ea1i ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 gia ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t gi\u00e2y v\u1ea3i tr\u1eafng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bommichi \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 l\u1ed1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0. Tr\u00ean l\u1ed1i \u0111i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i c\u00f2n treo \u0111\u00e8n l\u1ed3ng \u1edf m\u1ed7i kh\u00fac r\u1ebd cho vong h\u1ed3n kh\u1ecfi l\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i gia c\u01b0 t\u1ee9 b\u1ec1 th\u1eafp \u0111\u00e8n l\u1ed3ng treo quanh m\u00e1ng x\u1ed1i. Nhi\u1ec1u gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u00fd t\u1ee9 h\u01a1n, \u0111em c\u00fang c\u1ea3 ng\u1ef1a, c\u1ea3 xe k\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng r\u01a1m, ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea5y, b\u1eb1ng hoa qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0. Ng\u00e0y 13 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y “\u0111\u00f3n vong h\u1ed3n” (Mukac Bon), ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean b\u00e0n vong ch\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea7y hoa \u0111\u1eb9p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Bonbana. L\u00fac x\u1ebf chi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111\u00e8n ngo\u00e0i c\u1eeda ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n vong h\u1ed3n. L\u1eeda n\u00e0y gi\u1eef cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 16, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y “ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u01b0a vong h\u1ed3n” (Okuri Bon). T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 nh\u1ea3y m\u00faa Vu Lan g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Bon odori, ch\u00e0o m\u1eebng t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 sum h\u1ecdp v\u1edbi con ch\u00e1u m\u1ed7i n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 du l\u1ecbch, l\u1ec7 nh\u1ea3y m\u00faa Bon odori \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa theo t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9 thi\u1ebft l\u1ec5 Vu Lan, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh ra bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 chu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i cho t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ri\u00eang m\u1ed7i gia \u0111\u00ecnh. V\u1ec1 sau, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m t\u1eeb bi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh, l\u1ec5 Vu Lan h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft n\u00f3i chung, kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt \u0111em l\u1ec5 Vu Lan v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Suiko v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy r\u00f5 h\u01a1n c\u00e1i \u00fd ni\u1ec7m t\u1eeb bi hi\u1ebfu sinh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt. Ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng Suiko l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u00e1i T\u1eed tr\u1ecb v\u00ec t\u1eeb n\u0103m 574 t\u1edbi n\u0103m 622 TL. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00ean l\u00e0m qu\u1ed1c gi\u00e1o. N\u0103m 606, n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebft l\u1ec5 Vu Lan, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u1ed7i n\u0103m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt c\u0169ng theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt Trung Hoa thi\u1ebft l\u1ec5 Trung Nguy\u00ean, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chugen, nh\u01b0ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 quy t\u1eafc h\u01a1n. T\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt, l\u1ec5 Vu Lan Bon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai ph\u1ea7n: l\u1ec5 c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 c\u00fang c\u00f4 h\u1ed3n. L\u1ec5 c\u00fang c\u00f4 h\u1ed3n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Segaki-e, c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 d\u00e2ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m cho linh h\u1ed3n b\u1ecb phi\u00eau b\u1ea1t \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 Ph\u1eadt ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 sau thi\u1ebft v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp Vu Lan, l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y trong b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0y urabon l\u00e0m l\u1ec5.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 M\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn, Thi\u00ean ho\u00e0ng Minh Tr\u1ecb canh t\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt. C\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c duy t\u00e2n v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 h\u00f3a bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i h\u00e8 \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1m, n\u00ean l\u1ec5 urabon v\u00e0 sagaki-e ng\u00e0y nay bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh l\u1ec5 chung.<\/p>\n

N\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt ph\u00fa c\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Ta h\u00e3y nghe gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Kenneth Chen, vi\u1ec7n \u00d0\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Princeton, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 Vu Lan t\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt ng\u00e0y nay (“Buddhism, The Light of Asia,” Barron, New York 1978, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ph\u1ecfng d\u1ecbch trang 263). “Trong m\u1ed7i gia \u0111\u00ecnh, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ch\u01b0ng d\u1ecdn b\u00e0n th\u1edd, d\u00e2ng c\u00fang hoa qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho vong h\u1ed3n. Chi\u1ebfu tr\u1ea3i ra gi\u1eefa s\u00e2n, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c m\u00f3n \u0103n nh\u01b0 m\u00ec s\u1ee3i, ch\u00e8 k\u00ea, canh b\u00ed ng\u00f4, canh d\u01b0a gang, c\u00e1 h\u1ea5p. \u00d0\u00fang ng\u00e0y m\u01b0\u1eddi ba, l\u1ea1i c\u00fang m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n ch\u00e8 tr\u00f4i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n kh\u00e1ch vong h\u1ed3n m\u1edbi v\u1ec1. Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n, c\u00fang ch\u00e8 khoai v\u00e0 c\u00e0 h\u1ea5p tr\u1ed9n m\u00e8. Ng\u00e0y m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m hay m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u c\u00fang ti\u1ec5n, c\u00f3 c\u01a1m \u0111\u00f9m l\u00e1 sen, v\u00e0 ch\u00e8 b\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eadu. M\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e8n tr\u00ean b\u00e0n th\u1edd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ee5i, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ch\u00e2m th\u00eam h\u01b0\u01a1ng hoa tr\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y m\u01b0\u1eddi ba, khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ec5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u00e0 \u0111i vi\u1ebfng v\u00e0 th\u1eafp \u0111\u00e8n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u1eafp \u0111\u00e8n \u1edf c\u1ed5ng nh\u00e0, h\u00e0m \u00fd d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho vong h\u1ed3n bi\u1ebft l\u1ed1i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00fang ph\u1ea9m. Ng\u00e0y m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m c\u00fang ti\u1ec5n, c\u0169ng th\u1eafp \u0111\u00e8n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e8n t\u1ea1m bi\u1ec7t ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u01b0a vong h\u1ed3n. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m g\u1ea7n s\u00f4ng l\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 h\u1ed3 bi\u1ec3n, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00ec s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u1ec7 s\u1eafm c\u00e1c thuy\u1ec1n b\u00e9 t\u00ed hon, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00fang ph\u1ea9m l\u00ean tr\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u1eafp \u0111\u00e8n \u0111em th\u1ea3 xu\u1ed1ng gi\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e8n th\u1eafp tr\u00ean c\u1ed5ng nh\u00e0, ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng le l\u00f3i tr\u00ean con thuy\u1ec1n t\u00ed hon d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00f4ng tr\u00f4i xa theo ng\u1ecdn n\u01b0\u1edbc, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho c\u00e1i \u00fd ni\u1ec7m g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u00f5i h\u01b0 v\u00f4.”<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i s\u01b0u kh\u1ea3o nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t khi b\u1ed5 t\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u l\u1ec5 Vu Lan t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7t qua b\u00ean c\u00e1i m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m s\u00f4-vanh, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng ta r\u1ea5t ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n. Su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh huynh \u0111\u1ec7 tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean, c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u00ec gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm h\u1ecdc c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd nh\u1eefng sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ecf n\u00eau ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ec5 Vu Lan. \u1ede H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (ch\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n cho t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o), \u1edf ngo\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1m v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n, ta hy v\u1ecdng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn v\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 Vu Lan Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac B\u1eedu T\u1eadp
\nTh\u1ebf K\u1ef7 21, 09\/97, USA<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nguy\u1ec5n Ph\u00fac B\u1eedu T\u1eadp,\u00a0Th\u1ebf K\u1ef7 21, 09\/97, USA M\u1ed7i n\u0103m, sau l\u1ec5 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam thi\u1ebft l\u1ec5 R\u1eb1m Th\u00e1ng B\u1ea3y r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, c\u00f2n \u2026 Continue \u00e0 lire → <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[33],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4909","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-phap"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4909","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4909"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4909\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5028,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4909\/revisions\/5028"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4909"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4909"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4909"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}