{"id":4172,"date":"2014-06-23T13:25:17","date_gmt":"2014-06-23T13:25:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/?p=4172"},"modified":"2014-06-23T13:25:17","modified_gmt":"2014-06-23T13:25:17","slug":"nguyen-ly-duyen-khoi-trong-giao-phap-duc-phat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/?p=4172","title":{"rendered":"Nguy\u00ean L\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec7n Si\u00eau<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\"Bouddha<\/a><\/p>\n

H\u1ec5 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi hay nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (Prat\u00ectyasamutp\u00e0sa). V\u00ec ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.
\n\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 do Ng\u00e0i chi\u00eam nghi\u1ec7m hai m\u1eb7t l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 12 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u.
\nTrong kinh A-h\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i: “Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi? Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 do duy\u00ean v\u1edbi V\u00f4 minh m\u00e0 H\u00e0nh kh\u1edfi sinh, d\u00f9 Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 ra \u0111\u1eddi hay kh\u00f4ng ra \u0111\u1eddi, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u1ea5y v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa, v\u1eabn an tr\u00fa trong ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0 Lai t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh chi\u00eam nghi\u1ec7m nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1c tri, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1, r\u1ed3i tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft, r\u1ed3i khai th\u1ecb, r\u1ed3i hi\u1ec3n ph\u00e1t cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi”. (T\u1ea1p A-h\u00e0m, q.12 tr. 84b \u0110TK2).
\nDo gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt. N\u00ean khi d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7, gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a ch\u00fang sanh, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 khai th\u1ecb nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u00e0y qua nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c, qua nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 qua nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u00e2u c\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau.
\nKinh Ph\u00e1p Hoa n\u00f3i: “Ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb bi, bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1nh. Ph\u1eadt ch\u00fang c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb duy\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi. V\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Nh\u1ea5t th\u1eeba. S\u1ef1 an tr\u00fa, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 v\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. N\u00f3 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00e0ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n x\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i, \u0111\u1ea5ng \u0110\u1ea1o s\u01b0 m\u1edbi t\u00f9y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n m\u00e0 tuy\u00ean n\u00f3i”. (Kinh Ph\u00e1p Hoa tr. 9b \u0110TK9).
\nGi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 r\u1eb1ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd sinh kh\u1edfi c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 sinh kh\u1edfi trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu: “N\u1ebfu c\u00e1i n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu; n\u1ebfu c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1i n\u00e0y sinh kh\u1edfi, th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia sinh kh\u1edfi. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng sinh kh\u1edfi, th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia kh\u00f4ng sinh kh\u1edfi”.
\nTo\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn chung cho s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gian v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gian.
\nKh\u00ed th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd. T\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i thu\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd.
\nT\u00ednh Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gian, hay n\u00f3i g\u1ecdn l\u1ea1i n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 M\u01b0\u1eddi hai Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 V\u00f4 minh duy\u00ean H\u00e0nh, H\u00e0nh duy\u00ean Th\u1ee9c, Th\u1ee9c duy\u00ean Danh s\u1eafc, Danh s\u1eafc duy\u00ean S\u00e1u x\u1ee9, S\u00e1u x\u1ee9 duy\u00ean X\u00fac, X\u00fac duy\u00ean Th\u1ecd, Th\u1ecd duy\u00ean \u00c1i, \u00c1i duy\u00ean Th\u1ee7, Th\u1ee7 duy\u00ean H\u1eefu, H\u1eefu duy\u00ean Sanh, Sanh duy\u00ean L\u00e3o t\u1eed.
\nM\u01b0\u1eddi hai Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi n\u00e0y l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m duy\u00ean cho nhau, sinh kh\u1edfi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong v\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm trong sinh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. V\u00e0 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a 12 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi n\u00e0y c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c sinh kh\u1edfi kh\u1eafp c\u1ea3 ba th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng v\u00f4 t\u1eadn.
\nCh\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, V\u00f4 minh v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Th\u1ee9c, Danh s\u1eafc, L\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp, X\u00fac, Th\u1ecd, \u00c1i, Th\u1ee7, H\u1eefu l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i; Sanh, L\u00e3o t\u1eed l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb lai.
\nNh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 ba \u0111\u1eddi trong 12 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0m duy\u00ean cho c\u00e1i kia, c\u00e1i kia l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n cho c\u00e1i n\u00e0y, c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf sinh kh\u1edfi cho \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng v\u00f4 t\u1eadn.
\nTrong 12 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi n\u00e0y, m\u1ed7i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 duy\u00ean, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n hay duy\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.
\nCh\u00ednh 12 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m duy\u00ean cho nhau, \u0111\u1ec3 sinh kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 chi ph\u1ed1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 sinh m\u1ec7nh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.
\nKhi n\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 12 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang, th\u00ec khi \u1ea5y, t\u00f9y theo m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u c\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu m\u00e0 t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh.
\nKinh \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n n\u00f3i:
\n“C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n h\u1ea1ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi: B\u1eadc h\u1ea1 tr\u00ed qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 do v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt t\u00ednh, n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 Thanh v\u0103n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.
\nB\u1eadc trung tr\u00ed qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 do v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Duy\u00ean gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.
\nB\u1eadc th\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ed qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu th\u1eadt t\u00ednh c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec3u, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 do v\u00ec th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t, n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 an tr\u00fa v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb Th\u1eadp tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.
\nB\u1eadc th\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ed, qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu th\u1eadt t\u00ednh, do v\u00ec th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n tri\u1ec7t, n\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 V\u00f4-th\u01b0\u1ee3ng” (\u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n kinh – Vol 27, tr. 524b. \u0110TK 12).
\nNguy\u00ean l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i t\u00ednh (Tathata) l\u00e0 ch\u01a1n nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u00ednh (Buddhata). Ph\u1eadt t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Ph\u1eadt do gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 12 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt. V\u1eady, 12 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ng\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt.
\nB\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u1ea5y, th\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ngay \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, ta l\u00e0 ai? do \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 c\u00f3? v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao ta b\u1ecb kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, ngay \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au \u0111ang tri\u1ec1n bu\u1ed9c l\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.
\nT\u00f9y thu\u1eadn theo 12 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u1eaft c\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00e2n l\u01b0u trong sanh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (Sams\u00e0ra). Ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 12 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u1eaft c\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n (Nirvana).
\n\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u1eaft c\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n (clause condition) c\u1ee7a “n\u1ebfu v\u00e0 th\u00ec”; “th\u00ec” lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh r\u1ea5t trung th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi “n\u1ebfu”. “N\u1ebfu” t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, “th\u00ec” h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y; “n\u1ebfu” t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kia, “th\u00ec” h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kia…
\nNh\u00e2n (heru) v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 (phala) g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u00e0 sinh kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 do duy\u00ean (pr\u00e0titya). N\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu duy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ph\u00e1t sinh ra qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.
\nTrong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1i t\u1eeb qu\u1ea3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n, th\u00ec duy\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 kh\u00e1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong s\u1ef1 quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y.
\nDuy\u00ean, ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Pratitya v\u00e0 ch\u1eef Pratitya \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd (N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1edf trong M\u00e0dhyamika nh\u01b0 sau: “Utpadyate prat\u00ecty\u00e8m\u00e0n it\u00ecme pratyayah k\u00ecla” (M\u00e0dhyamika pratyaya par\u00ecksa g\u00e0tha V). Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, do l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1i kia sinh kh\u1edfi, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng duy\u00ean.
\nDuy\u00ean hay l\u00e0 pratitya \u1edf trong v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Abhidharma, c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn s\u01b0, th\u00ec duy\u00ean (pratitya) g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 4 lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau:
\na. Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean (Praty\u00e0y\u00e0hetu): T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p sinh kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u do quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 duy\u00ean. Nh\u00e2n (hetu) l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh; duy\u00ean (pratitya) l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ec3 cho n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh.
\nb. \u0110\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean (Anantara pratitya): \u0110\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec7 duy\u00ean. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m duy\u00ean cho nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n c\u00e1ch.
\nHay n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n cho ph\u00e1p sau, ph\u00e1p sau l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n cho ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p c\u1ee9 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m duy\u00ean cho nhau, m\u00e0 sanh kh\u1edfi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, n\u1ebfu b\u1ecb c\u00e1ch tr\u1edf gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1i duy\u00ean n\u00e0y, ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng sanh ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.
\nc. S\u1edf duy\u00ean duy\u00ean (Alambana prat\u00ectya): S\u1edf duy\u00ean ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Alambana; Alambana \u0111i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c Lam, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 leo, vin v\u00e0o, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o, n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o, v\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o… Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Alambana l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c vin v\u00e0o, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o…
\nAlambana hay S\u1edf duy\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch quan, prat\u00ectya hay duy\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch quan l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (s\u1edf duy\u00ean) \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i kh\u1edfi sinh s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.
\nB\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t (prat\u00ectya) l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t (alambana), th\u00ec c\u00e1i \u1ea5y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S\u1edf duy\u00ean duy\u00ean (alambana prat\u00ectya).
\nHay n\u00f3i theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Duy th\u1ee9c (Vijn\u00e0ptim\u00e0trata Siddhi), c\u00e1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn sinh s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y, mang \u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 v\u1edbi ch\u00fang, th\u00ec c\u00e1i \u1ea5y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 S\u1edf duy\u00ean duy\u00ean.
\nd. T\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy\u00ean (Adhipateyam prat\u00ectya): T\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy\u00ean g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 thu\u1eadn duy\u00ean v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecbch duy\u00ean.
\n– Thu\u1eadn duy\u00ean: l\u00e0 duy\u00ean thu\u1eadn chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p sinh kh\u1edfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3.
\n– Ngh\u1ecbch duy\u00ean: l\u00e0 duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng l\u00e0m tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n.
\nT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh kh\u1edfi, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hay h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n duy\u00ean n\u00e0y.
\nTrong b\u1ed1n duy\u00ean, th\u00ec \u0110\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 gi\u00e1n duy\u00ean, S\u1edf duy\u00ean duy\u00ean, T\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy\u00ean l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u00f2n Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng t\u01b0\u1edbng. N\u00ean khi ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 ba duy\u00ean kia.
\nT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh (asvabhava), do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh n\u00ean ch\u00fang m\u1edbi sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng (anitya). V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, do t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh n\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n sinh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t.
\nB\u1edfi v\u1eady, 12 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh cho ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, n\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u00ednh n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu duy\u00ean x\u1ea5u, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00ednh x\u1ea5u; n\u1ebfu duy\u00ean t\u1ed1t, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00ednh t\u1ed1t.
\nDo \u0111\u00f3, trong 12 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf V\u00f4 minh b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, Th\u1ee9c b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed, H\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p v.v… \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng.
\nS\u1edf d\u0129 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00ec t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi.
\n\u0110\u1ee9ng \u1edf m\u1eb7t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c chung m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta chi\u00eam nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u01a1 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 t\u00f9y theo \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.
\n\u0110\u1ee9ng \u1edf m\u1eb7t nh\u00e2n sinh m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta chi\u00eam nghi\u1ec7m nguy\u00ean l\u00fd 12 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda so\u1ea1n cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.
\nV\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0o l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt, v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, v\u00ec Ph\u1eadt l\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi.
\nCh\u00fang ta qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u1eefng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ecbch t\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n.
\nNg\u00e0i Long Th\u1ecd (N\u00e0g\u00e0rjuna) \u1edf trong Trung qu\u00e1n lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u00e3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Trung A-h\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y:
\n“Th\u1ecb c\u1ed1 kinh trung thuy\u1ebft,
\nNh\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean ph\u00e1p,
\nT\u1ed1c vi n\u0103ng ki\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt,
\nKi\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5, t\u1eadp, di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ea1o”.
\n(Trung Qu\u00e1n Lu\u1eadn, tr. 334c. \u0110TK 30)
\nT\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch:
\n“V\u00ec th\u1ebf trong kinh n\u00f3i,
\nN\u1ebfu th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi,
\nC\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt,
\nTh\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5, t\u1eadp, di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ea1o”.
\n\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi b\u1eb1ng hai c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t.
\nC\u00e1ch qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 n\u00f3 theo chi\u1ec1u thu\u1eadn – ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00e0y sinh n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia sinh – v\u00ec V\u00f4 minh sinh kh\u1edfi n\u00ean H\u00e0nh sinh kh\u1edfi…
\nC\u00e1ch qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 do c\u00e1i n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t n\u00ean c\u00e1i kia di\u1ec7t. V\u00ec do V\u00f4 minh di\u1ec7t n\u00ean H\u00e0nh c\u0169ng di\u1ec7t…
\nDo gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 hai m\u1eb7t l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt.
\nB\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai, th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u1ea3 hai m\u1eb7t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ngay trong Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed5, t\u1eadp, di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ea1o.
\nCh\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu 12 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi theo l\u01b0u chuy\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 t\u1eadp, c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi theo ho\u00e0n di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o.
\nHay n\u00f3i theo ng\u00e0i U\u1ea5t-l\u0103ng-ca, th\u1ea5y V\u00f4 minh, H\u00e0nh, \u00c1i, Th\u1ee7, H\u1eefu l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y T\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf; th\u1ea5y Th\u1ee9c, Danh s\u1eafc, L\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp, Th\u1ecd, Sanh, L\u00e3o t\u1eed l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y Kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf; h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t 12 chi ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u1ea5y, l\u00e0 Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf; hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a 12 Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u1ea5y, l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf (Duy\u00ean sanh lu\u1eadn tr. 468a \u0110TK 32).
\nNh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y qua nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1c kh\u00e1c, d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.
\n\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh, t\u00ednh Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u00ednh (Buddhata), \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 lo\u00e0i v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh, t\u00ednh Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh (Dharmata).
\nPh\u1eadt t\u00ednh hay Ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh (sattva) hay phi t\u00ecnh (asattva) \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa, t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh y tha.
\na. T\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa: Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa – Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u0169ng do duy\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u0169ng do duy\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi, n\u01a1i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng do duy\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi, n\u01a1i kia c\u0169ng do duy\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o, ph\u00e1p v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ph\u00e1p v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, n\u00ean t\u00ednh duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p.
\nL\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, t\u00ednh \u1ea5y, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf m\u1eb7t thu\u1ea7n gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i, th\u00ec ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt T\u1ef3-b\u00e0-thi (Nipas\u00ec), Ph\u1eadt Thi-kh\u00ed (Sikh\u00ec), Ph\u1eadt T\u1ef3-x\u00e1-ph\u00f9 (Vess\u00e0bh\u00f9), Ph\u1eadt C\u00e2u-l\u01b0u-t\u00f4n (Kakusandha), Ph\u1eadt C\u00e2u-na-h\u00e0m (Kon\u00e0gamana), Ph\u1eadt Ca-di\u1ebfp (Kassapa), t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u do quan s\u00e1t chi\u00eam nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng B\u1ed3-\u0111\u1ec1 (Anuttara Samyaksambodhi).
\nNgay trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Th\u00edch-ca M\u00e2u-ni (Sakyamuni) c\u0169ng do qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t, chi\u00eam nghi\u1ec7m l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh Ph\u1eadt. V\u00e0 v\u1ecb lai ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u1edf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. V\u1ecb lai n\u00f3 s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0y, ho\u1eb7c n\u01a1i kia; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3, \u0111ang v\u00e0 s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra; v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3, \u0111ang v\u00e0 s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.
\nV\u00ec do b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o, ch\u00ednh Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u0169ng x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ea3, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00fa, si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u01b0 ngh\u1ecb.
\nb. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh: Ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi hay nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p hay c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee7 duy\u00ean th\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p sinh kh\u1edfi; kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 duy\u00ean th\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n.
\nN\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 duy\u00ean, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n n\u00f3 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.
\nB\u1edfi v\u1eady, Kinh n\u00f3i: “T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p t\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean sinh kh\u1edfi, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p”. (Qu\u00e1n Th\u1ebf \u00c2m B\u1ed3-t\u00e1t th\u1ecd k\u00fd kinh. Tr. 353c, \u0110TK 12).
\nDo \u0111\u00f3, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i hay kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p hay c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt.
\nc. T\u00ednh y tha: Ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 t\u00ednh n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a l\u1eabn nhau \u0111\u1ec3 sinh kh\u1edfi. Do t\u00ednh n\u00e0y, n\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ch\u0103ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1edf c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u1edf b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t.
\nV\u00ec t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a, l\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng qua l\u1ea1i l\u1eabn nhau \u0111\u1ec3 sinh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t. N\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o theo mu\u00f4n ng\u00e0n s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y; m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o theo mu\u00f4n ng\u00e0n s\u1ef1 sinh. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft l\u1eafng nghe, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh b\u01b0\u1edbm v\u1ed7 nh\u1eb9, c\u0169ng nghe chao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3 ba ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t c\u00e1t, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.
\nN\u00f3i t\u1eaft, t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 t\u00ednh lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eabn nhau \u0111\u1ec3 sinh kh\u1edfi. V\u00ec v\u1eady, t\u00ednh y tha l\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p.
\nBa t\u00ednh v\u1eeba n\u00eau, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ba t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi hay nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi.
\nPh\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u00ec ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y bao h\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u1ea5n v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng (anitiya), kh\u1ed5 (dukkha), kh\u00f4ng (s\u00f9nya), v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 (\u00e0ntama).
\nC\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng xem ch\u00fang l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ng\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3.
\n\u0110\u00e0nh r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o xem ch\u00fang l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ng\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u1ea5n \u1ea5y? Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y, v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, c\u00e1i g\u00ec do duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, th\u00ec c\u00e1i \u1ea5y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec c\u00e1i \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh, tr\u1ee5, ho\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ea5p ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh, tr\u1ee5, ho\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng \u1ea5y, th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.
\nT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh cho n\u00ean v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, do v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea7n ng\u00e3 n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 v\u0129nh c\u1eefu. Do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n ng\u00e3 n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 v\u0129nh c\u1eedu, n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb ngu d\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, t\u1eeb kh\u1ed5 \u0111au \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, t\u1eeb \u00e1c sang thi\u1ec7n, t\u1eeb \u00edch k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tha, t\u1eeb ph\u00e0m t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1nh gi\u1ea3.
\nD\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u1eebng \u1ea5y l\u00fd do, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt. Ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u1ea5y, th\u00ec nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

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H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u00edch Thi\u1ec7n Si\u00eau H\u1ec5 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi hay nguy\u00ean \u2026 Continue \u00e0 lire → <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4172","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dharma"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4172","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4172"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4172\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4173,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4172\/revisions\/4173"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4172"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4172"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4172"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}