{"id":916,"date":"2011-05-27T05:20:41","date_gmt":"2011-05-27T05:20:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/?page_id=916"},"modified":"2013-03-14T15:17:55","modified_gmt":"2013-03-14T15:17:55","slug":"3av-mahayana-va-theravada","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/?page_id=916","title":{"rendered":"Mahayana v\u00e0 Theravada"},"content":{"rendered":"

Mahayana v\u00e0 Theravada: C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 xe<\/span><\/h2>\n

B\u00ecnh Anson<\/em><\/span><\/h3>\n
\n

P<\/span>h\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh: Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba – Mahayana, v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y – Theravada. Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Mahayana th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, M\u00f4ng C\u1ed5, Trung Hoa, Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Theravada \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf T\u00edch Lan (Sri Lanka), Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, Th\u00e1i Lan, L\u00e0o v\u00e0 Cam B\u1ed1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ri\u00eang Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u00c1 Ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i l\u1edbn n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua. T\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam do c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n sang v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 II C.N [10, t. 47]. T\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u1ea7y qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kh\u01a1 me (Cao Mi\u00ean) t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n Nam Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1940 [11, t. 15]. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Pali, sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ng\u1eafn d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i xin m\u1ea1n ph\u00e9p tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Mahayana v\u00e0 Theravada, l\u1ed3ng trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 trong kho\u1ea3ng 1000 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n. Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1m chia l\u00e0m ba th\u1eddi k\u1ef3: th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y (100 n\u0103m), th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i (400 n\u0103m), v\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a (500 n\u0103m).<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong 45 n\u0103m truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, trong nhi\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau, cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng n\u1ea7y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tu s\u0129 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed ghi nh\u1edb, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i, truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u cho nhau, v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111i ho\u1eb1ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng n\u1ea7y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch [1, t. 42].<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, hai v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c Yamelu v\u00e0 Tekula xin ph\u00e9p \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 ghi ch\u00e9p v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i sang ti\u1ebfng Vedic, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 v\u0103n t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00fang t\u1ee5ng kinh V\u1ec7 \u0110\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh, nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd. Ng\u00e0i cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghe, hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c [1, t. 43]. C\u0169ng v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfng Magadhi (Ma Ki\u1ec7t \u0110\u00e0) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t, ng\u00e0i Ma Ha Ca Di\u1ebfp tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng g\u1ed3m kho\u1ea3ng 500 tu s\u0129 t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai ngo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1 (Rajagaha) \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, sau n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i K\u1ebft T\u1eadp L\u1ea7n Th\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t. “K\u1ebft t\u1eadp” c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thu g\u00f3p, t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i, \u00f4n l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u00e1n th\u1ea5t. Ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n l\u00e0 “sangiti”, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng nhau t\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1i (chanting together). Trong \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i n\u1ea7y, ng\u00e0i Ma Ha Ca Di\u1ebfp l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 qu\u1ea3n, ng\u00e0i A Nan \u0110a \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i kinh gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u01afu Ba Ly \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt. Sau l\u1ea7n k\u1ebft t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u1ea7y, b\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt T\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 Kinh T\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft [2, t. 69]. L\u00fac \u1ea5y, Kinh T\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra th\u00e0nh 4 b\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh: Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9, Trung B\u1ed9, T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9, v\u00e0 T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111i c\u00e1c n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1eb1ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p, t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n Trung \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea1n Nam v\u00e0 m\u1ea1n T\u00e2y x\u1ee9 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng, thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c trong v\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong sinh ho\u1ea1t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1ea1o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n m\u1edbi, ch\u01b0a v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh. Nhi\u1ec1u tu s\u0129 tr\u1ebb trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng n\u1ea7y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i sinh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau ng\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t th\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i K\u1ebft T\u1eadp L\u1ea7n Th\u1ee9 II t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh Vaisali v\u1edbi 700 tu s\u0129, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 10 \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 thu nh\u1eadn v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c do d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng [2, t. 80]. Nh\u01b0ng th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i c\u0169ng duy\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i kinh gi\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft l\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh b\u1ed9 kinh th\u1ee9 5, Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9, v\u1ec1 sau n\u1ea7y [3, t. 50-56].<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1eed nguy\u00ean 10 \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tu s\u0129 tr\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ly khai. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n: b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o Thuy\u1ebft B\u1ed9 (Sthaviravada) g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00fang B\u1ed9 (Mahasanghika) g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch [2, t. 81].<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i K\u1ebft T\u1eadp L\u1ea7n Th\u1ee9 III \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi vua A D\u1ee5c (Asoka), 268-232 T.C.N. (Tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng Nguy\u00ean). D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i M\u1ee5c Ki\u1ec1n Li\u00ean Tu \u0110\u1ebf (Moggaliputta Tissa), \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i n\u1ea7y g\u1ed3m kho\u1ea3ng 1000 tu s\u0129 \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft Kinh T\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 Th\u1eafng Ph\u00e1p T\u1ea1ng. Kinh T\u1ea1ng (Sutta Pitaka) gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ed3m 5 B\u1ed9 Kinh: Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9, Trung B\u1ed9, Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9, T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng, v\u00e0 T\u0103ng Chi [2, t. 109]. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o Thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5n ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i theo \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u1ea7y, \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00fang B\u1ed9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n chia ra th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc ghi nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n chia, t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 7 t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i trong v\u00f2ng 200 n\u0103m. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o Thuy\u1ebft B\u1ed9 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n chia b\u1ea3y l\u1ea7n, t\u1ea1o ra m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i [2, t. 111]. V\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 “m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i”, c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam v\u1edbi hai b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean [4, t. 123]. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea \u0111\u1ebfn 34 t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i [2, t. 115].<\/span><\/p>\n

Vua A D\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua r\u1ea5t s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111i truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i. Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c Mahinda, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 4 v\u1ecb tu s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi sang \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf m\u1ea1n T\u00e2y B\u1eafc, v\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1edf Kashmir tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u1ea7y, c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00fang B\u1ed9, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u00f4ng Thuy\u1ebft Xu\u1ea5t Th\u1ebf B\u1ed9 (Lokottaravadin).<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Th\u1eddi K\u1ef3 Chuy\u1ec3n H\u00f3a: Theravada<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Khi \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c Mahinda v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o sang T\u00edch Lan, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua T\u00edch Lan gi\u00fap x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a l\u1edbn, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7n (Mahavihara), v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7n \u1edf x\u1ee9 n\u1ea7y. M\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau th\u00ec m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a kh\u00e1c, t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n V\u00f4 \u00day S\u01a1n (Abhayagiri), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 \u1edf ch\u00f9a n\u1ea7y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh \u1edf T\u00edch Lan. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m tu s\u0129 v\u1edbi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 sang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i x\u1ee9 n\u1ea7y, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng. S\u1ef1 tranh gi\u00e0nh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1eefa hai t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 V\u00f4 \u00day S\u01a1n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 12, khi nh\u00f3m \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Parakkamabahu ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn, k\u1ebft t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Theravada nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e0y nay.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean (29-17 T.C.N.), kho\u1ea3ng 500 tu s\u0129 ph\u00e1i Mahavihara t\u1eadp h\u1ecdp l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 Kinh, Lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 Th\u1eafng Ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng l\u00e1 b\u1ed1i \u0111a. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, sau g\u1ea7n 500 n\u0103m truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u, ba b\u1ed9 T\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00ean l\u00e1 b\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ed9 Tam T\u1ea1ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 Pali \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i K\u1ebft T\u1eadp L\u1ea7n Th\u1ee9 IV. S\u1edf d\u0129 v\u0103n t\u1ef1 Pali \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y \u1ea4n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1edfi ng\u00e0i Mahinda. Nh\u1edd t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp n\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 Tam T\u1ea1ng n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ecn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n, d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng trong khi sao ch\u00e9p chuy\u1ec3n truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi n\u1ea7y sang \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, s\u01a1 s\u00f3t. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1ecf, kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng [3, t. 59-60]. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ea1ng Kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e2n c\u1eadn nh\u01b0 Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, Th\u00e1i Lan, L\u00e0o, v\u00e0 Cam B\u1ed1t. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c danh s\u01b0 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u1ea7y, nh\u01b0 b\u1ed9 Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o (Visuddhimagga) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Ph\u1eadt \u00c2m (Buddhaghosa) tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 4 C.N., b\u1ed9 Th\u1eafng Ph\u00e1p T\u1eadp Y\u1ebfu Lu\u1eadn (Abhidhammattha Sangaha) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Anuru\u0111ha, … c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng, g\u00ecn gi\u1eef v\u00e0 l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay.<\/span><\/p>\n

Danh t\u1eeb Theravada l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Pali, \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi ch\u1eef Sthaviravada c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o (Doctrine of the Elders). S\u00e1ch T\u00e0u th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o B\u1ed9, c\u00f3 khi d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1ecda B\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ecbch s\u00e1t ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o Thuy\u1ebft B\u1ed9, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong hai b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, danh t\u1eeb Theravada ng\u00e0y nay th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Nam t\u00f4ng, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb T\u00edch Lan, ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7n (Mahavihara), do \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c Mahinda v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 thu\u1ed9c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t Thuy\u1ebft B\u1ed9 (Vibhajyavada), m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o Thuy\u1ebft B\u1ed9, truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 v\u00e0o T\u00edch Lan kho\u1ea3ng 200 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean. C\u00f3 s\u00e1ch cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1eadt ra, ng\u00e0i Mahinda thu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng X\u00edch \u0110\u1ed3ng Di\u1ec7p B\u1ed9 (Tamrasatiya), b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 m\u1eb7c y m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecf v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t Thuy\u1ebft B\u1ed9 [12, t.17-18]. So v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e0y nay, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Theravada c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. Th\u1eddi K\u1ef3 Chuy\u1ec3n H\u00f3a: Mahayana<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Kho\u1ea3ng 200 n\u0103m sau ng\u00e0y Ph\u1eadt nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n, ph\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00fang B\u1ed9 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a x\u1ee9 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Lokottaravada (Thuy\u1ebft Xu\u1ea5t Th\u1ebf). Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n A h\u00e0m (Agama) b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Sanskrit, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, c\u00e1c s\u1eed li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 r\u1eb1ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u00e0i kinh ng\u1eafn, v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam v\u00e0 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng, k\u1ebft t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 kinh l\u1edbn.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c l\u00e0 danh x\u01b0ng Mahayana – \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0o, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, danh x\u01b0ng B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t Th\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng, r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 sau, danh x\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh m\u1edbi. B\u1ed9 kinh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn danh x\u01b0ng n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 kinh Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p Li\u00ean Hoa. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng trong m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m sau khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. C\u00f3 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng Mahayana b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u00fang B\u1ed9 v\u00ec c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ph\u00f3ng kho\u00e1ng trong gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft H\u1eefu B\u1ed9 (Sarvastivadin), m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1edfng L\u00e3o B\u1ed9, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Mahayana. C\u00f3 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng Mahayana ph\u00e1t ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 c\u00f3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0 t\u00f4ng Nh\u1ea5t Thuy\u1ebft B\u1ed9 (Ekavyavaharika), Thuy\u1ebft Xu\u1ea5t Th\u1ebf B\u1ed9 (Lokottaravadin), K\u1ebf D\u1eabn B\u1ed9 (Kaukutika), v.v… [2, t. 261].<\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1 C.N. tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 sau. Ti\u1ebfc r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nh\u01b0 Kinh Duy Ma C\u1eadt, Li\u1ec5u Ba La M\u1eadt, B\u1ed3 T\u00e1t T\u1ea1ng, Tam Ph\u00e1p Kinh, v.v… nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n Sanskrit, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n d\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n ch\u1eef H\u00e1n v\u00e0 T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu, truy t\u1ea7m ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c [2, t. 276]. Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3, Ph\u00e1p Hoa, Hoa Nghi\u00eam, A Di \u0110\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfng Sanskrit [2, t. 275-295].<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec3n lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i M\u00e3 Minh, Long Th\u1ecd, Long Tr\u00ed, \u0110\u1ec1 B\u00e0, V\u00f4 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Th\u1ebf Th\u00e2n trong b\u1ed1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Mahayana trong to\u00e0n x\u1ee9 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. <\/span>\u1ea2<\/span>nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n lan r\u1ed9ng sang Trung Hoa, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1, chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u1edf Trung Hoa qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 7 C.N., qua ba ng\u00f5 giao th\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh: \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 qua mi\u1ec1n Trung \u00c1, qua ng\u00f5 Nepal – T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n.<\/span><\/p>\n

5. C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 xe: Ph\u00e1p th\u1eeba (Dhammayana)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, trong 100 n\u0103m sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t, gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i K\u1ebft T\u1eadp L\u1ea7n I v\u00e0 II, \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u1edf trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f2n \u00edt, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebb, gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cao t\u0103ng v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t gia v\u00e0 th\u1ecd gi\u1edbi khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sang th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 400 n\u0103m t\u1eeb sau \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i II cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean, c\u00e1c m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh hai B\u1ed9, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh 18 t\u00f4ng. Qua \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i III \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u vua A D\u1ee5c, vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft t\u1eadp Kinh T\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 Th\u1eafng Ph\u00e1p T\u1ea1ng xem nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u1ea7y c\u00e1c kinh A H\u00e0m v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng – v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c nhau – c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng canh t\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 500 n\u0103m cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 6. Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u1ea7y, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 hai h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. T\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng Nam, sang \u0111\u1ea3o T\u00edch Lan, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i K\u1ebft T\u1eadp l\u1ea7n IV t\u1ea1i T\u00edch Lan \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u vi\u1ec7c ghi ch\u00e9p to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh – Lu\u1eadt – Th\u1eafng Ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean l\u00e1 b\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay qua truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Theravada.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u1ea7y, c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng canh t\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, qua c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n m\u1edbi v\u00e0 qua c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c danh t\u0103ng v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u1ea7y. C\u00e1c t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh ch\u00f3ng. \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n sang m\u1ea1n T\u00e2y B\u1eafc, t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp trung t\u00e2m Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1edf Kashmir, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o Trung Hoa.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng \u1edf Trung Hoa, t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 thu nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 Tam T\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra ch\u1eef H\u00e1n t\u1eeb hai, ba t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb t\u00f4ng Thuy\u1ebft Xu\u1ea5t Th\u1ebf B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Thuy\u1ebft Nh\u1ea5t Thi\u1ebft H\u1eefu B\u1ed9. C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. C\u00f3 khi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ea1n v\u00e0o Trung Hoa, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch, gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c, nhu\u1eadn s\u1eafc v\u00e0 ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i [5, t. 365-368]. C\u00f3 khi c\u00e1c danh t\u0103ng Trung Hoa du h\u00e0nh sang \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp r\u1ed3i mang v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 kinh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c t\u1ea1i Trung Hoa. Ng\u00e0i \u0110\u1ea1o An trong th\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng T\u1ea5n, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 4 CN, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 “kinh nghi ng\u1ee5y” \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kinh th\u1eadt, kinh gi\u1ea3. C\u1ea3 hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh — Theravada v\u00e0 Mahayana — \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i x\u1ee9 n\u1ea7y trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c t\u0103ng s\u0129 th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau (c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft “ph\u00e1n gi\u00e1o”). Trong \u0111\u00f3, thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Tr\u00ed Gi\u1ea3, t\u00f4ng Thi\u00ean Thai , l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y l\u01b0u d\u1ee5ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Ng\u00e0i cho r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng kinh ph\u00e1p trong 5 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 (ng\u0169 th\u1eddi ph\u00e1n gi\u00e1o): Hoa Nghi\u00eam, A H\u00e0m, Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1eb3ng, B\u00e1t Nh\u00e3, v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p Hoa – \u0110\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n [5, t. 442], v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u1ee7 quan \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n minh s\u1ef1 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p Hoa t\u00f4ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1eed h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn [5, t. 305-310; 6, t. 151-152].<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i T\u00edch Lan c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u1ea3 hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Mahayana v\u00e0 Theravada \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i x\u1ee9 n\u1ea7y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Theravada c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0i Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn trong quy\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt Qu\u1ed1c K\u00fd [8, Ch. 2]. Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m tu s\u0129 ph\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea1i T\u1ef1 Vi\u1ec7n, tuy l\u00e0 Theravada nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba r\u1ea5t cao [2, t. 275]. C\u00f2n t\u1ea1i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i Huy\u1ec1n Trang [9] v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec1u ghi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0i h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u1ea3 hai t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Mahayana v\u00e0 Theravada \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng chung nhau ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ho\u1eb1ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p. Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam so\u1ea1n ra n\u0103m 1963 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 [4, t. 394]. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef “Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba” \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i Theravada. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o v\u00e0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt. Th\u1eadt ra, “Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba” l\u00e0 d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ch\u1eef “Hinayana” — c\u1ed7 xe nh\u1ecf — m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef d\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba, c\u00f3 h\u00e0m \u00fd ch\u00ea bai, khinh mi\u1ec7t. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng \u00fd th\u00e2m s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 lu\u1eadn s\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ea bai c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 xe nh\u1ecf th\u00ec danh t\u1eeb “Culayana” c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 nghi\u00eam t\u00fac h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c danh x\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong kinh lu\u1eadn Mahayana xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 sau, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. Trong h\u1ec7 Pali Nikaya c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 H\u00e1n t\u1ea1ng A-h\u00e0m, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y ng\u00e0i Ananda v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 xe Ph\u00e1p duy nh\u1ea5t,\u00a0Ph\u00e1p th\u1eeba (Dhammayana)<\/strong><\/em>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00e1m Ch\u00e1nh (B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u0110\u1ea1o), nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i trong T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 T\u1ea1p A-h\u00e0m (SN XLV.4, SA 769):<\/span><\/p>\n

“N\u00e0y Ananda, Con \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng T\u00e1m Ch\u00e1nh n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi c\u1ed7 xe t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u00e0 c\u1ed7 xe Ph\u00e1p, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong m\u1ecdi chi\u1ebfn tr\u1eadn nhi\u1ebfp ph\u1ee5c tham, s\u00e2n, si.”<\/em><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Khi \u0111\u1ecdc kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khi c\u00e1c kinh n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. C\u00e1c kinh \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng 400-500 n\u0103m sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ef1u, gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u, ch\u1ea5p ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 v\u1ecb k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tu s\u0129 trong gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o c\u1ea3 [2, t. 257].<\/span><\/p>\n

Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Mahayana v\u00e0 Theravada nguy\u00ean ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 hai t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh n\u1ea7y. Khi d\u1ecbch sang Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef, th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta d\u00f9ng danh t\u1eeb Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng danh t\u1eeb Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o B\u1eafc Truy\u1ec1n (B\u1eafc T\u00f4ng) v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Nam Truy\u1ec1n (Nam T\u00f4ng) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 h\u01b0\u1edbng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a [7, t. 202]. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng danh x\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Nguy\u00ean Th\u1ee7y (Theravada) v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1t Tri\u1ec3n (Mahayana) cho hai h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam [13, t. 7].<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f9 l\u00e0 t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n gi\u00fap ta tu t\u00e2m t\u1ecbnh \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m, h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u00ednh. Trong kinh Ph\u00e1p Hoa, Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 n\u00f3i:\u00a0“Ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 xe duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t (Nh\u1ea5t th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1o), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hai m\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ba”<\/em><\/strong>, v\u00e0 trong Ti\u1ec3u B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng:\u00a0“Nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb m\u1eb7n, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ta c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.”<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00ecnh Anson,
\nPerth, Western Australia
\nTh\u00e1ng 04, 1996
\nHi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh: Th\u00e1ng 10, 1999<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Tham Kh\u1ea3o<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

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\n[4]. Th\u00edch \u0110\u1ee9c Nhu\u1eadn (1983), Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc tinh hoa. Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, California.
\n[5]. Kenneth Chen (1964), Buddhism in China. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
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\n[7]. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 Minh Chi (1991), T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. NXB Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i.
\n[8]. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u (1997), Ph\u00e1p Hi\u1ec3n — Nh\u00e0 chi\u00eam b\u00e1i. Vi\u1ec7n Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. S\u00e0i G\u00f2n.
\n[9]. Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u (1988), Huy\u1ec1n Trang — Nh\u00e0 chi\u00eam b\u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3. Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, California.
\n[10]. Th\u00edch Minh Tu\u1ec7 (1993), L\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ch\u00f9a X\u00e1 L\u1ee3i. S\u00e0i G\u00f2n.
\n[11]. L\u00ea Minh Qui (1981), H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9 T\u00f4ng. Trung t\u00e2m Narada, Seatle.
\n[12]. Th\u00edch Nh\u1ea5t H\u1ea1nh (1993), Kinh Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00e1o tr\u1eafng. NXB L\u00e1 B\u1ed1i, San Jose.
\n[13]. Th\u00edch Thanh T\u1eeb (1999), Ch\u00e1nh t\u00edn v\u00e0 m\u00ea t\u00edn. Nguy\u1ec7t san Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9, s\u1ed1 35, th\u00e1ng 2-1999, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Mahayana v\u00e0 Theravada: C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 xe B\u00ecnh Anson Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u2026 Continue \u00e0 lire → <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1599,"menu_order":22,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-onecolumn.php","meta":{"_mc_calendar":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-916","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/916","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=916"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/916\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3396,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/916\/revisions\/3396"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1599"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=916"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}