{"id":5515,"date":"2016-06-25T09:08:48","date_gmt":"2016-06-25T09:08:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/?page_id=5515"},"modified":"2016-06-25T09:08:48","modified_gmt":"2016-06-25T09:08:48","slug":"that-giac-chi-satta-bojjhanga","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/?page_id=5515","title":{"rendered":"Th\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c chi (Satta Bojjhanga)"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Piyadassi<\/em><\/h2>\n

\"Afficher<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea1m Kim Kh\u00e1nh d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t, 1974<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, g\u1ed3m ba t\u1ea1ng, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 m\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i, trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Trong b\u1ed9 T\u0103ng Nh\u1ee9t A-H\u00e0m (Samyutta Nikaya, Maha Vagga) c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1a l\u00e0 Bojjhanga Samyutta ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng Gi\u00e1c Chi (Bojjhanga). Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ba b\u00e0i Kinh m\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kinh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 (paritta hay pirit) ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5, b\u1ecbnh ho\u1ea1n, hay m\u1ed9t b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Danh t\u1eeb Bojjhanga<\/em><\/strong> bao g\u1ed3m hai ph\u1ea7n: bodhi<\/em><\/strong> v\u00e0 anga<\/em><\/strong>. Bodhi bao h\u00e0m \u00fd ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9, hay n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u00d0\u1ebf, b\u1ed1n Ch\u01a1n L\u00fd Cao Qu\u00fd, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ch\u01a1n L\u00fd Cao Qu\u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5, Ch\u01a1n L\u00fd Cao Qu\u00fd v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5, Ch\u01a1n L\u00fd Cao Qu\u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 Ch\u01a1n L\u00fd Cao Qu\u00fd v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5. Anga c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1, hay tay ch\u01a1n (chi). Do \u0111\u00f3, Bodhi + anga<\/em><\/strong> (bojjhanga) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, hay nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t, hay c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Danh t\u1eeb n\u1ea7y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 Th\u1ea5t Gi\u00e1c Chi.<\/p>\n

“Bojjhanga! Bojjhanga! B\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, xin Ng\u00e0i t\u1eeb bi ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y, l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0\u1ecf” M\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y t\u1ef3-kh\u01b0u b\u1ea1ch h\u1ecfi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 v\u1ead\u1ef5<\/p>\n

“Bhodaya samvattantiti kho bhikkhu tasma bhojjhanga ti vuccanti”.
\n“N\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, n\u1ea7y t\u1ef3-kh\u01b0u, v\u00ec l\u1ebd \u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf”.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p v\u1eafn t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c B\u1ed5n S\u01b0 ( trong Samyutta Nikaya). \u1ede m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:<\/p>\n

“N\u1ea7y ch\u01b0 T\u1ef3-kh\u01b0u, c\u00f9ng trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00e0 n\u00f3c nh\u1ecdn, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y k\u00e8o \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e2m v\u00e0o g\u00f3c nh\u1ecdn, \u0111\u1ec1u nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 g\u00f3c nh\u1ecdn, \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o g\u00f3c nh\u1ecdn, v\u00e0 trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u01b0\u1eddn nh\u00e0, c\u00e1i g\u00f3c nh\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00e1nh. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, n\u1ea7y ch\u01b0 T\u1ef3-kh\u01b0u, th\u1ea7y t\u1ef3-kh\u01b0u trau d\u1ed3i v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3y y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u0169ng thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 Ni\u1ebft-B\u00e0n, nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 Ni\u1ebft-B\u00e0n, h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 Ni\u1ebft-B\u00e0n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady”.<\/em><\/p>\n

B\u1ea3y y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Ni\u1ec7m (Sati),
    \n2. Tr\u1ea1ch Ph\u00e1p (Dhammavicaya),
    \n3. T\u1ea5n (Viriya)
    \n4. Ph\u1ec9 (Piti)
    \n5. An (Passadhi)
    \n6. \u00d0\u1ecbnh (Samadhi)
    \n7. X\u1ea3 (Upekkha)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y xin ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i Kinh v\u1ec1 Th\u1ea5t Gi\u00e1c Chi (Bojjhanga). B\u00e0i n\u1ea7y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

    “…Ta c\u00f3 nghe nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y: M\u1ed9t th\u1ee7a n\u1ecd, \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n ng\u1ef1 trong th\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1 (Rajagaha), t\u1ea1i Tr\u00fac L\u00e2m (Veluvanna), ch\u1ed7 nu\u00f4i s\u00f3c. L\u00fac \u1ea5y \u00d0\u1ee9c \u00d0\u1ea1i Maha Kassapa l\u00e2m b\u1ecbnh, Ng\u00e0i l\u00e2m tr\u1ecdng b\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

    V\u00e0o l\u00fac ho\u00e0ng h\u00f4n \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Maha Kassapa (Ma-ha Ca-di\u1ebfp), ng\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 ng\u00f5 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

    “N\u1ea7y Kassapa, h\u00f4m nay con \u0111au th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Con c\u00f3 nghe \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn qu\u00e1 l\u1eafm hay kh\u00f4ng? Con ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng? S\u1ef1 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn c\u00f3 thuy\u00ean gi\u1ea3m kh\u00f4ng, hay v\u1eabn \u0111ang t\u0103ng th\u00eam? C\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0o cho th\u1ea5y b\u1edbt kh\u00f4ng, hay v\u1eabn th\u00eam?<\/p>\n

    — B\u1ea1ch H\u00f3a \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, con r\u1ea5t \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn. Con kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed5i. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0o thuy\u00ean gi\u1ea3m m\u00e0 c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng \u0111au th\u00eam.<\/p>\n

    — N\u1ea7y Kassapa, b\u1ea3y y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 \u1ea5y m\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 Lai \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn, Nh\u01b0 Lai \u0111\u00e3 trau d\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trau d\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, b\u1ea3y gi\u00e1c chi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft-B\u00e0n. B\u1ea3y y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Ni\u1ec7m. N\u1ea7y Kassapa, ph\u00e1p n\u1ea7y Nh\u01b0 Lai \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i t\u1eadn t\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00e3 trau d\u1ed3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, v\u00e0 khi m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trau d\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft-B\u00e0n.<\/li>\n
    2. Tr\u1ea1ch Ph\u00e1p …<\/li>\n
    3. Tinh T\u1ea5n …<\/li>\n
    4. Ph\u1ec9 …<\/li>\n
    5. An …<\/li>\n
    6. \u00d0\u1ecbnh …<\/li>\n
    7. X\u1ea3. N\u1ea7y Kassapa, ph\u00e1p n\u1ea7y Nh\u01b0 Lai \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i t\u1eadn t\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00e3 trau d\u1ed3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, v\u00e0 khi m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trau d\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft-B\u00e0n.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      B\u1ea3y gi\u00e1c chi n\u1ea7y, qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt v\u1eady, n\u1ea7y Kassapa, Nh\u01b0 Lai \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i t\u1eadn t\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0 Lai \u0111\u00e3 trau d\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, v\u00e0 khi m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trau d\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c chi n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft-B\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

      — B\u1ea1ch H\u00f3a \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt v\u1eady, b\u1ea3y y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y l\u00e0 Th\u1ea5t Gi\u00e1c Chi! B\u1ea1ch H\u00f3a \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 B\u1ea3y Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9!”<\/p>\n

      \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Maha Kassapa \u0111\u00f3n m\u1eebng ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi v\u00e0ng ng\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n. Li\u1ec1n sau \u0111\u00f3 \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Maha Kassapa h\u1ebft b\u1ecbnh. L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd b\u1ecbnh t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Maha Kassapa li\u1ec1n tan bi\u1ebfn”. (Samyutta Nikaya V, trang 79)<\/p>\n

      B\u00e0i Maha Cunda Bojjhanga Sutta, m\u1ed9t trong ba b\u00e0i kinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, ghi r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1ecd ch\u00ednh \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e2m b\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Maha Cunda \u0111\u1ecdc Kinh Bojjhanga, Th\u1ea5t Gi\u00e1c Chi. Sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecbnh t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt li\u1ec1n tan bi\u1ebfn. (Samyutta Nikaya V, trang 81).<\/p>\n

      T\u00e2m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu ta \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m bu\u00f4ng lung t\u00e1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 duy\u00ean theo nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean tai h\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00e2m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu ta gom t\u00e2m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh, th\u00ec th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadt v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 s\u00e2u x\u1ea1<\/p>\n

      “T\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng g\u00e2y b\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa b\u1ecbnh, m\u1ed9t b\u1ecbnh nh\u01a1n l\u1ea1c quan c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n lo \u00e2u v\u00e0 s\u1ea7u mu\u1ed9n. Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn, c\u00f3 n\u01a1i cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u0169ng ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c c\u01a1 h\u1eefu” (Aldous Huxley – Ends and Means – London 1946. Trang 259).<\/p>\n

      Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt – g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p – l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i \u0111ang ch\u1eb7n ngang con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

      Theo s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. V\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 n\u1ea7y n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a tr\u00ean v\u00f4 minh (avijja). V\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 th\u1ecd c\u1ea3m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecd c\u1ea3m, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, V\u00f4 Minh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea5u h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u0103n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea7n (gi\u00e1c quan v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c quan) v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i (\u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3), kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t gi\u00e1c quan (ng\u0169 c\u0103n), kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sai l\u1ea7m, c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u00d0\u1ebf. V\u00e0 n\u0103m ph\u00e1p tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i, t\u1ee9c n\u0103m ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ea7n, l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cho (hay l\u00e0m duy\u00ean t\u1ea1o n\u00ean) c\u00e1i v\u00f4 minh \u1ea5y. N\u0103m ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i, hay ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i, v\u00ec n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i, c\u1eaft l\u00eca, v\u00e0 ch\u1eb7n ngang. N\u0103m ph\u00e1p n\u1ea7y g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111au kh\u1ed5. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 tham d\u1ee5c (kamacchanda), o\u00e1n gh\u00e9t (vyapada), d\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1ee3i h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m (thinami\u0111ha), ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt lo \u00e2u (uddhacca kukkucca), v\u00e0 ho\u00e0i nghi (vicikicca).<\/p>\n

      C\u00e1i g\u00ec nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u0103m tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i n\u1ea7y? Th\u00e2n b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u1ea9u b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 \u00fd b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (tini duccaritani) nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u0103m ph\u00e1p n\u1ea7\u1ef5 C\u00f2n ba b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1c quan kh\u00f4ng thu th\u00fac (indriya asamvaro). Kh\u00f4ng thu th\u00fac v\u00e0 s\u00e2n th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o s\u00e1u gi\u00e1c quan l\u00e0 m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

      Kh\u00f4ng thu th\u00fac l\u1ee5c c\u0103n v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu gi\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, kh\u00f4ng ni\u1ec7m, kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 (asati asampajjanna). Theo \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng; \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n \u0111i m\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n (v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3) tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00e2m, l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, l\u00e0 l\u00fd do l\u00e0m cho ta kh\u00f4ng thu th\u00fac l\u1ee5c c\u0103n. Ch\u00ednh trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fac kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ta t\u1ef1 bu\u00f4ng l\u01a1i cho bao nhi\u00eau lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u m\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y theo d\u00f2ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. Thi\u1ebfu hay bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 hay bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau (sattha sampajjanna);
        \n2. thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 hay bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch th\u00edch nghi (sappaya sampajjann);
        \n3. thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 hay bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ch (gocara sampajjanna);
        \n4. thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 hay bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, kh\u00f4ng si m\u00ea (asammoha sampajjanna).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Khi ta l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e1ng, khi ta nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n, khi ta l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, khi ta qu\u00ean Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p (Dhamma) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 qu\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ch ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh m\u00e0 ta \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t, khi ta b\u00e1m v\u00edu v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch si m\u00ea, m\u00e0 ta l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch, \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebd, tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n, h\u1eefu ng\u00e3, khi ta l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 ta nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng thu th\u00fac l\u1ee5c c\u0103n.<\/p>\n

        N\u1eb1m b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp thi\u1ebfu t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 suy t\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh (ayoniso manasikara, ch\u0103m ch\u00fa kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e1ng). Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n ghi r\u1eb1ng suy t\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea7m, \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 xem c\u00e1i v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n, c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 vui th\u00edch, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu, thi\u1ec7n xem l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t. Cu\u1ed9c l\u1eb7n h\u1ee5p k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u00e3i m\u00e3i trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb suy t\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh. Suy t\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng, l\u1edbp si m\u00ea c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t h\u01a1n v\u00e0o ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n. V\u00f4 minh \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, to\u00e0n kh\u1ed1i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t sanh. V\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi suy t\u01b0 n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n tr\u00f4i gi\u1ea1t theo chi\u1ec1u gi\u00f3, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0n c\u1eebu b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n trong gi\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u0169, nh\u01b0 b\u00f2 mang \u00e1ch, m\u00e3i m\u00e3i xu\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

        Kinh s\u00e1ch c\u0169ng d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n (assaddhiyam) n\u01a1i Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p, T\u0103ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n suy t\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh. V\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nghe Ch\u01a1n L\u00fd, Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p (Dhamma). Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe Ch\u01a1n L\u00fd v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n b\u1eadc thi\u1ec7n tr\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t (asappurisa samsevo).<\/p>\n

        R\u1ed1t c\u00f9ng, s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n l\u00e0nh (kalyana mittata) l\u00e0 l\u00fd do c\u0103n b\u1ea3n sanh ra nh\u1eefng t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian. V\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu trong s\u1ea1ch, k\u1ebft b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho ta th\u1ee9c \u0103n l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u1ea1o cho ta ni\u1ec1m tin n\u01a1i Tam B\u1ea3o: Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p, T\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

        Khi ta c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc n\u01a1i Tam B\u1ea3o ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 suy t\u01b0 s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0 ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh, c\u00f3 t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hay bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, c\u00f3 thu th\u00fac l\u1ee5c c\u0103n, c\u00f3 th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u, \u00fd thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f3 t\u1ee9 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9, c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec1u kia .<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Ni\u1ec7m<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eebng Gi\u00e1c Chi m\u1ed9t. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 l\u00e0 Sati, Ni\u1ec7m. Ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u nh\u1ee9t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 l\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh. B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn ai, khi h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n l\u00e0: suy ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 x\u00e1c th\u00e2n (Kayanupasana, ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n), v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (Vedananupassana, ni\u1ec7m th\u1ecd), v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m (Citanupassana, ni\u1ec7m t\u00e2m) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m \u00fd (Dhammanupassana, ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p).<\/p>\n

          Ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1edd l\u00e2m chung, l\u1eddi di ch\u00fac t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

          “T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u00e3y ki\u00ean tr\u00ec ch\u0103m ch\u00fa \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t”.
          \n(Vaya dhamma sankhara, appamadena sampadetha) – (Parinibbana Sutta, Digha N., Kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-B\u00e0n, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A-H\u00e0m s\u1ed1 16).<\/em><\/p>\n

          V\u00e0 l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean d\u1ea1y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c X\u00e1-L\u1ee3i-Ph\u1ea5t, v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

          “H\u00e3y gia c\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean ni\u1ec7m, ki\u00ean tr\u00ec ch\u0103m ch\u00fa! \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a ta”.
          \n(Sampadetha appamadena esa me anusasana)<\/em><\/p>\n

          Trong c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ee9c X\u00e1-L\u1ee3i-Ph\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng “appamadena”, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ch\u0103m ch\u00fa, ch\u0103m ch\u00fa m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ki\u00ean tr\u00ec, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n: Lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n gi\u1eef t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu trong l\u00fac th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u hay \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong t\u1eebng gi\u00e2y t\u1eebng ph\u00fat. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 khi n\u00e0o ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 hay bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0o thi\u1ec7n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0o b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 t\u00e0. Ch\u1ec9 trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p hay c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

          Xuy\u00ean qua b\u1ed9 Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh, danh t\u1eeb “apamada” lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng theo ngh\u0129a sati, ni\u1ec7m. Pamada l\u00e0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng ni\u1ec7m, t\u00e2m bu\u00f4ng lung, t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Trong b\u1ed9 T\u0103ng Nh\u1ee9t A-H\u00e0m, Anguttara Nikaya, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:<\/p>\n

          “N\u1ea7y ch\u01b0 T\u1ef3-kh\u01b0u, Nh\u01b0 Lai kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y g\u00ec c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sanh nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t sanh, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m tan bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh. V\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m, nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ec7n, n\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t sanh, s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sanh, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh, s\u1ebd tan bi\u1ebfn”.<\/em><\/p>\n

          Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean gi\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec tinh t\u1ea5n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ch\u00fa t\u00e2m, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u1ef1 bao tr\u00f9m quanh m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00e2m gi\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh (satima), con ng\u01b0\u1eddi can \u0111\u1ea3m v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m tr\u00ec ch\u00ed, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd ch\u1ea1y v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i d\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1ee3i bu\u00f4ng lung (pamatto), kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea5n m\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean, b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i ph\u00eda sau \u0111\u00e0n ng\u1ef1a t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng, gi\u00e0 y\u1ebfu, \u1ed1m \u0111au. T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m (sati), trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n:<\/p>\n

          “T\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m, n\u1ea7y ch\u01b0 T\u1ef3-Kh\u01b0u, Nh\u01b0-Lai tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1, t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn n\u01a1i n\u00e0\u1ecd T\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m (trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng) c\u0169ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1i trong ca-ry”. (Trung A-H\u00e0m, Majjhima Nikaya).<\/em><\/p>\n

          \u00d0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 Sada sato<\/em><\/strong>, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n gi\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n gi\u1eef ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m. Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u d\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1ee3i tinh th\u1ea7n, u\u1ec3 o\u1ea3i t\u00e2m tr\u00ed, hay t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

          N\u00f3i theo m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i, c\u00f3 t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m ch\u00fa, s\u1ef1 hay bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0 qu\u00ed h\u01a1n c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec trong khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m, trong khi kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa t\u00e2m, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u00ec ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec. M\u1ed9t tr\u00ed \u00f3c th\u00f4ng minh s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn d\u1eaft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i sai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1c n\u1ebbo v\u00e0 quy\u1ebfn r\u1ee7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc ra kh\u1ecfi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 tr\u00ed \u00f3c th\u00f4ng minh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh trong gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat d\u1ec3 du\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m bu\u00f4ng lung, trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm v\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m. Bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ec1n qu\u00ed cao sang ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 \u00fd th\u1ee9c hay c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi b\u1ea5t c\u1ea9n trong l\u00fac kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. T\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong s\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111em l\u1ee3i l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ebfn cho ta v\u00e0 cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

          “T\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch to l\u1edbn”.
          \n“Appamado mahato atthaya samvattati!” (T\u1ea1p A-H\u00e0m, Samyutta Nikaya, Sagathaka Vagga).<\/em><\/p>\n

          \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m linh \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ee9t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 ta ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

          “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch th\u00fa trong s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt v\u1edbi t\u00e2m s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i r\u01a1i tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Ni\u1ebft-B\u00e0n”.
          \n(Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa Kinh, c\u00e2u 32.)<\/em><\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Gi\u00e1c Chi th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec l\u00e0 Dhammavicaya, Tr\u1ea1ch Ph\u00e1p, t\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p. Tr\u1ea1ch Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o – c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi – v\u00f4 tri v\u00f4 gi\u00e1c hay h\u1eefu gi\u00e1c h\u1eefu tri. Tr\u1ea1ch Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang th\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt theo \u0111\u00fang ch\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Tr\u1ea1ch Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng t\u1ed9t. Do nh\u1edd nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sanh, tr\u1ee5, v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t (upada, thiti, v\u00e0 bhanga) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t sanh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9, r\u1ed3i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong m\u1ed9t gi\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng, l\u00ean cao \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed3i r\u00f2ng tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng. To\u00e0n th\u1ec3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean t\u1ee5c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t trong hai kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

            Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ed7i s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n, duy\u00ean v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 (hetu, paccaya v\u00e0 phala). S\u1ef1 ch\u0103m ch\u00fa ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e1ng (yoniso manasikara, h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n) ph\u00e1t sanh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u1ebfu ta gi\u1eef t\u00e2m ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c ta ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7n, l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t. S\u1ef1 suy ngh\u0129 n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n, ch\u0103m ch\u00fa kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e1ng (ayoniso manasikara, h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n) l\u00e0m t\u00e2m tr\u00ed d\u01a1 b\u1ea9n v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, h\u1ed9t v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi, nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1\u1ecd \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: “Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec3 cho b\u1eadc cao minh ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 cho k\u1ebb thi\u1ec3n tr\u00ed”.<\/p>\n

            Trong Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c hay c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf. Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c tin m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng. Ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m ho\u00e0i nghi l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m th\u1ecfa th\u00edch m\u00e0 nghe l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi n\u00ean kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t, n\u00ean suy x\u00e9t t\u1eadn t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. To\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 m\u1eaft mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch b\u1eaft \u00e9p c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c tin m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c, ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng, n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh Ng\u00e0i hay n\u01a1i Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p. Ng\u00e0i d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kalama mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:<\/p>\n

            “Ho\u00e0i nghi l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u00fd, n\u00eau l\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ta c\u00f2n ho\u00e0i nghi v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ta ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 l\u00e0 h\u1eefu l\u00fd. V\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, khi c\u00f2n ho\u00e0i nghi \u1eaft c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n ph\u00e1t sanh”.<\/p>\n

            Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed Ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

            “B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, n\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y, c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y n\u00f3i “Ch\u00fang ta t\u00f4n k\u00ednh \u00d0\u1ee9c B\u1ed5n S\u01b0, v\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u00f4n k\u00ednh \u00d0\u1ee9c B\u1ed5n S\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n k\u00ednh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y”, c\u00f3 n\u00ean n\u00f3i v\u1eady ch\u0103ng?<\/p>\n

            — B\u1ea1ch ho\u00e1 \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

            — \u00d0i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn, n\u1ea7y ch\u01b0 T\u1ef3-Kh\u01b0u, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec ch\u00ednh t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng nh\u01b0 v\u1ead\u1ef7<\/p>\n

            — B\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady . (Trung A-H\u00e0m, Majjhima Nikaya, kinh s\u1ed1 28)<\/p>\n

            \u00d0\u00fang theo th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u01a1n l\u00fd, c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia v\u1ec1 sau ghi nh\u1eadn:<\/p>\n

            “C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u1eed v\u00e0ng, xem c\u00f3 y hay kh\u00f4ng, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1t l\u00ean, c\u1eaft ra v\u00e0 ch\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed v\u00e0ng, c\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ta sau khi xem x\u00e9t t\u1eadn t\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec k\u00ednh n\u1ec3 v\u00e0 s\u00f9ng b\u00e1i ta”. (Jnasara-Samuccaya tr. 31)<\/p>\n

            Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n t\u00edch (vibhajjavada) c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee9c tin m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng. Ch\u01a1n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p (Dhamma) ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t do t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 do tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c (samatha), thi\u1ec1n “\u0111\u1ecbnh”, v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t (Vipassana). \u00d0\u1ee9c tin m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd r\u1ecdi s\u00e1ng ch\u01a1n l\u00fd cho b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn ai. ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ch\u01a1n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ph\u1edbt qua tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n l\u1eb7n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y t\u1eadn m\u1eaft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u1edf l\u1edbp d\u01b0\u1edbi. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch. T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

            Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

            “C\u00f3 l\u1ea7n n\u1ecd Upali, m\u1ed9t t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Nigantha Nathaputta, m\u00f4n ph\u00e1i Jain, \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ebfng \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ch\u0103m ch\u00fa l\u1eafng nghe Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p (Dhamma), ph\u00e1t sanh \u0111\u1ee9c tin, (sadha, ni\u1ec1m tin c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft) v\u00e0 ng\u1ecf \u00fd s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c B\u1ed5n S\u01b0. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i: “\u00d0\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u01a1n l\u00fd, n\u1ea7y Upali, h\u00e3y kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t t\u1eadn t\u01b0\u1eddng..”.<\/p>\n

            Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed1i th\u00fac hay khuy\u1ebfn d\u1ee5 Upali theo Ng\u00e0i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n khuy\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean v\u1ed9i theo. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c suy t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh, hay nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch b\u01b0\u1edbc xen v\u00e0o t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1eeb l\u00fac m\u1edbi sanh ra. \u00c1p \u0111\u1eb7t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u sai l\u1ea7m. S\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t. B\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ee3n tr\u1ea1o nu\u1ed1t v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fat m\u00f9i v\u1ecb n\u00e0o th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u00e1p b\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u0111en nh\u1ee9t. Nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u1ea1i cho b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn ai, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

            Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 trau d\u1ed3i Tr\u1ea1ch Ph\u00e1p (Dhammaviccaya) h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0o n\u0103m nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m b\u00edu (Pancapadanakkhandha, n\u0103m th\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n), gia c\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t, (sanh di\u1ec7t, udaya-vaya) c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u h\u1ee3p n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u1ea7y (suddha sankhara punja), s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a “danh s\u1eafc” n\u1ea7y (Nama-rupa santati). Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y m\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, ph\u1ec9 l\u1ea1c. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e2u:<\/p>\n

            “Yato yato sammasati – khandhanam udaya-bbayam
            \n“Labhati piti pamojam – amatam tam vijanatam”.<\/em><\/p>\n

            “M\u1ed7i khi suy ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p sanh di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1t ph\u1ec9 l\u1ea1c.
            \n\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u (suy ni\u1ec7m \u1ea5y) l\u00e0 B\u1ea5t T\u1eed”. (Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa Kinh, c\u00e2u 374)<\/em><\/p>\n

            Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u0129nh c\u1eedu g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “ta”. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng, s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 (anicca, dukkha v\u00e0 anatta) \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t (vipassana nana) hay s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. V\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u1ee1i dao c\u1ea1o, c\u1ea1o s\u1ea1ch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m (anussaya) v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng l\u00fac, c\u1ea1o s\u1ea1ch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea7m m\u00f3ng t\u1ea1o kh\u1ed5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-La-H\u00e1n, b\u1eadc To\u00e0n H\u1ea3o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00e2m cung b\u00ed hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 v\u00f9i l\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp m\u1eb7t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng tr\u00ean hai ch\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng l\u1ea1c th\u00fa ph\u00f9 du l\u00e0m m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i kinh ho\u00e0ng b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0m b\u1eadn l\u00f2ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n \u00f4m \u1ea5p m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00f9 m\u1edd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c, nh\u1edd tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i quan ki\u1ebfn to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Tinh t\u1ea5n<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 l\u00e0 Viriya, Tinh T\u1ea5n. Tinh T\u1ea5n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf (cetasika), m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 chi th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u trong B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o, Ch\u00e1nh Tinh T\u1ea5n (Samma-Vayama).<\/p>\n

              \u00d0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi tinh th\u1ea7n hay \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. T\u1eeb l\u00fac th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng Ng\u00e0i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u00e2ng cao ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1ee3i tinh th\u1ea7n m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i l\u1eafm khi ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecfi m\u1ec7t, \u1ed1m \u0111au, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua bao nhi\u00eau tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cam go v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Trong c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111em h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac an l\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn cho nh\u01a1n lo\u1ea1i, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd Ng\u00e0i ng\u01b0ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat tinh t\u1ea5n chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea7n th\u01a1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

              “B\u1eadc to\u00e0n th\u1eafng qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi.
              \nNg\u00e0i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft m\u1ec7t.
              \n\u00d0\u1ec3 \u0111em ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh,
              \n\u00d0em ti\u1ec7n nghi \u0111\u1ebfn cho m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng”.<\/p>\n

              Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1ee3i l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng (araddhaviriyassayam dhammo nayam dhammo kusitassa). (Anguttara N., iv, 232)<\/p>\n

              \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea5ng c\u1ee9u th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed l\u00e3nh ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a nh\u01a1n lo\u1ea1i. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i mang l\u1ea5y g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Theo \u0111\u00fang l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi “V\u1ea1ch Ra Con \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng”. Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 r\u1ecdi s\u00e1ng Con \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n \u0111i tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y ch\u1edb Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng c\u1ee9u th\u1ebf c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i “linh h\u1ed3n” b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1ea7n kh\u1ea3i. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u01a1n v\u1eadt \u0111em con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p l\u00ean cao v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee9u tho\u00e1t lu\u00f4n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra m\u1ecdi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng – (m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady) c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1ee3i v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i, u\u1ec3 o\u1ea3i v\u00e0 si cu\u1ed3ng. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn ta m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh tay h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, nh\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh l\u00ean h\u00f2n \u0111e r\u1ed3i t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eadp v\u1ed7, u\u1ed1n n\u1eafn m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

              “H\u00e3y t\u1ef1 l\u1ea5y con l\u00e0m h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o cho con, h\u00e3y l\u1ea5y con l\u00e0m n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a cho con”.
              \n<\/em><\/strong>Kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft-B\u00e0n (Parinibbana Sutta) – Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A-h\u00e0m (Digha Nikaya) s\u1ed1 16.<\/p>\n

              B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn \u1edf v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc theo d\u1ea5u ch\u01a1n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean m\u1ea5t ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ng\u1eebng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1ed1i ch\u00ed hay ch\u1ec3nh m\u1ea3ng. Ng\u00e0i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ea5n. Ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u00e0 trong nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp, t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 B\u1ed3-T\u00e1t, t\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3 Ph\u1eadt, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 “manivatta abhikkhama”, “kh\u00f4ng ch\u00f9n b\u01b0\u1edbc, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n th\u1eb3ng ti\u1ebfn”. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m (satima) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 trau d\u1ed3i tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p n\u00ean ti\u1ebfn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc, tinh t\u1ea5n l\u00ean, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean, v\u1ea1ch ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

              Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a tinh t\u1ea5n c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. tinh t\u1ea5n t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh trong t\u00e2m;
                \n2. tinh t\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n, ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t sanh;
                \n3. tinh t\u1ea5n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t sanh; v\u00e0
                \n4. tinh t\u1ea5n trau d\u1ed3i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t sanh c\u00e0ng th\u00eam d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Kinh Vitakka Santhana Suttanta trong b\u1ed9 Trung A-H\u00e0m (Majjhima Nikaya, s\u1ed1 20) ghi r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n

                “C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadp s\u1ef1 th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y \u0111inh nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00f4i ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, c\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129 ph\u00e1t sanh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea7y t\u1ef3 – kh\u01b0u m\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, x\u1ea5u, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tham, s\u00e2n, si, th\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o trong t\u00e2m m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p. Do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn tan v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tan bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y t\u1ef3 – kh\u01b0u tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u1ed5n c\u1ed1, trong s\u1ea1ch, an tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh”.<\/p>\n

                \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng, kh\u00f4ng tinh t\u1ea5n. Con \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng Trong S\u1ea1ch (Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o) \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f3a ch\u1eb7c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 (bodhi) ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 un \u0111\u00fac cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t \u00fd ch\u00ed d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c tinh t\u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1i chuy\u1ec3n. Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i Tho\u00e1t n\u1eb1m tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i trong tay c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1<\/p>\n

                “Ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u00ean tr\u00ec n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean, v\u00e0 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00e1nh c\u1ed5ng \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o t\u1ef1 d\u1ecd V\u00e0 b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00fac n\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5\u1ef5 C\u00e1nh c\u1ed5ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd kh\u00f3a ch\u1eb7c l\u1ea1i, ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong tay ai m\u00e0 ta ph\u1ea3i van v\u00e1i nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban b\u1ed1. C\u00e1nh c\u1eeda kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd g\u00e0i, \u0111\u00f3ng, hay kh\u00f3a, tr\u1eeb phi ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e0i, \u0111\u00f3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i”.<\/p>\n

                B\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng g\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0nh trong s\u00e1ng \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9. H\u00e3y l\u1eafng nghe l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i:<\/p>\n

                “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, u\u1ec3 o\u1ea3i, kh\u00f4ng tinh t\u1ea5n chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n, l\u00fac ph\u1ea3i chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0, d\u1ea7u tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh, v\u1eabn l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n suy nh\u01b0\u1ee3c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 Con \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng”. (Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa Kinh, c\u00e2u 280.)<\/em><\/p>\n

                L\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3, b\u01b0\u1edbc theo d\u1ea5u ch\u01a1n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed t\u1ef1 ngh\u0129:<\/p>\n

                “M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n da, g\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u00e1u \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea1n d\u1ea7n, th\u1ecbt \u0111\u00e3 teo v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u00eam t\u00e0n h\u00e9o, ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf d\u1edf cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ra ngo\u00e0i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngay th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9”.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. Ph\u1ec9<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 Piti, Ph\u1ec9. Ph\u1ec9, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf (cetasika) v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m l\u1eabn th\u00e2n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i d\u00e0i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. M\u1ed9t n\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n mang m\u00e1ng, m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1m tr\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p tham thi\u1ec1n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 b\u1ea5t to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sanh \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu t\u00e2m ph\u1ec9. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u00e2m ph\u1ec9 qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng trau d\u1ed3i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 “ph\u1ec9” v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ban t\u1eb7ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, b\u1eb1ng suy ni\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m an tr\u1ee5. Ph\u1ec9, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m s\u1edf, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u00ecm h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 n\u00e0o, c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

                  Tri t\u00fac l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng trong th\u1ebf gian h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 trau d\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tri t\u00fac. Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u1ebfu ta ki\u00ean tr\u00ec d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh, quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m tr\u00ec ch\u00ed, ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 suy t\u01b0 ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu ta ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 k\u1ec1m h\u00e3m nh\u1eefng th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c ng\u0169 tr\u1ea7n, n\u1ebfu ta \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 ta th\u01b0\u1eddng riu r\u00edu ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng v\u00e2ng theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ed3n nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp suy ngh\u0129, \u1eaft ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef t\u00e2m kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, v\u00e0 ch\u1eebng \u1ea5y ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tri t\u00fac.<\/p>\n

                  Trong t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t – m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ta ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb h\u1eb3n. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef m\u00ecnh, ch\u1edb n\u00ean bu\u00f4ng l\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ec3 cho nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u1ea5u xa v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng l\u00f4i k\u00e9\u1ecd N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ph\u1ea3i trau d\u1ed3i h\u1ea1nh tri t\u00fac. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u1eeba ph\u1ec9nh ta v\u00e0 b\u1eaft gi\u1eef ta l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 xua \u0111u\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0 ma \u0111ang ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ta d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u xa, b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i ma qu\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tham, s\u00e2n, si (lobha, dosa, moha). Cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trong s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 an t\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m tr\u00ed, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch x\u1ea5u xa v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 t\u00e1nh \u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1ch \u0111ang ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 t\u00e2m ta. T\u1eeb b\u1ecf su\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0 nh\u1ecbn \u0111\u00f3i, g\u1ed9i r\u1eeda d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00f4ng hay \u1edf c\u00e1c su\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng v.v… kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thanh l\u1ecdc con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111em h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh nh\u01a1n. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 trau d\u1ed3i Con \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng Trong S\u1ea1ch (Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o) c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt: gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh, tu\u1ec7 (sila, samadhi, panna).<\/p>\n

                  Khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac – theo tinh th\u1ea7n Th\u1ea5t Gi\u00e1c Chi – ta n\u00ean ghi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa th\u1ecfa th\u00edch v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. S\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa th\u00edch, hay th\u1ecd h\u1ef7, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c vui, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3, nh\u1ee9t th\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 tho\u00e1ng qua r\u1ed3i m\u1ea5t. C\u00f3 sai l\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng khi ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u1ecfa th\u00edch ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn? Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc n\u1ea7y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u00f4m \u1ea5p v\u00e0 t\u01b0ng tiu nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111au kh\u1ed5 trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp. V\u1eadt m\u00e0 ta mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa khi ta v\u00f3i tay n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y n\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c l\u00fac ta v\u1eeba n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tan bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eafm tuy\u1ebft. Theo l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Robert Burns:<\/p>\n

                  “L\u1ea1c th\u00fa tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00e0nh hoa to\u00e9t n\u1edf,
                  \nAnh v\u1eeba n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y n\u00f3 th\u00ec nh\u1eefng tai hoa t\u1ea3 t\u01a1i r\u01a1i r\u1ee5ng.
                  \nHay c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed5 tr\u00ean gi\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng,
                  \nV\u1eeba th\u1ea5y tr\u1eafng s\u00e1ng b\u1ed7ng ch\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tan bi\u1ebfn m\u00e3i m\u00e3i trong n\u01b0\u1edbc”.<\/p>\n

                  Khi th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh s\u1eafc, nghe m\u1ed9t \u00e2m thanh, ng\u1eedi m\u1ed9t m\u00f9i, n\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u0169 quan v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m k\u00edch th\u00edch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea3m nghe \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ecfa th\u00edch. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, v\u1eeba ph\u00e1t sanh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t. Lo\u00e0i th\u00fa ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau duy nh\u1ee9t l\u00e0 t\u00ecm th\u1ecfa th\u00edch \u1edf b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e2u, v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn gi\u00e1 n\u00e0o. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t t\u00e2m ph\u1ec9 l\u1ea1c, Piti, hay h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, hay ph\u1ec9, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u00e1m b\u00edu hay n\u1eafm ch\u1eb7t l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt v\u00f4 tri v\u00f4 gi\u00e1c hay h\u1eefu gi\u00e1c h\u1eefu tri, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf (nekkhama). Ch\u00ednh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian m\u1edbi \u0111em l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac th\u1eadt s\u1ef1. Kinh Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (Satipatthana Sutta) c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u1ecfa th\u00edch c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian (th\u1ecd h\u1ef7, samisa sukha) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u1ecfa th\u00edch ngo\u00e0i th\u1ebf gian (niramisa sukha). Niramisa cao qu\u00ed h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

                  M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1ecd \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0o th\u00f4n x\u00f3m tr\u00ec b\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ecd trai. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecdc m\u1ea1ch, t\u00e1nh \u01b0a xen v\u00e0o chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3i b\u1ee5ng. Nh\u01a1n \u0111\u00f3 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                  “H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac thay Nh\u01b0 Lai s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i. D\u01b0\u1ee1ng nu\u00f4i ph\u1ec9 l\u1ea1c, Nh\u01b0 Lai l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Tr\u1eddi \u1edf c\u1ea3nh Quang \u00c2m Thi\u00ean”. (Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa, c\u00e2u 200)<\/em><\/p>\n

                  H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ai suy t\u01b0 nh\u01b0 nhau: C\u00f3 k\u1ebb g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn ai. K\u1ebb kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft h\u1ea1i sanh linh, nh\u01b0ng ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i ch\u00fang sanh n\u00e0o. K\u1ebb kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00e0 d\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng ta s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n trong tr\u1eafng. K\u1ebb kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gian d\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng ta ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u01a1n th\u1eadt. K\u1ebb kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e2m th\u1ecdc, th\u00f4 l\u1ed7 hay nh\u1ea3m nh\u00ed nh\u01b0ng ta ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111em l\u1ea1i h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi thanh l\u1ecbch, \u00eam tai, \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m tr\u00ed th\u1ecfa th\u00edch, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac, \u0111\u00fang n\u01a1i, th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh. K\u1ebb kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham lam nh\u01b0ng ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tham. Ta s\u1ebd tinh t\u1ea5n, khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ch\u01a1n th\u1eadt v\u00e0 li\u00eam ch\u00e1nh, an t\u1ecbnh, tri t\u00fac, r\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00ean, gi\u00e1c chi “ph\u1ec9” (piti) d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, tr\u00ec tu\u1ec7 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft-B\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. Khinh an<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    Passadhi, An, y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng, hay an t\u0129nh l\u00e0 gi\u00e1c chi th\u1ee9 n\u0103m. Passadhi c\u00f3 hai l\u00e0 kaya passadhi, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 th\u00e2n an<\/strong>, v\u00e0 citta passadhi, t\u00e2m an<\/strong>. Trong danh t\u1eeb kaya passadhi, ch\u1eef kaya m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 th\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Kaya \u1edf \u0111ay bao g\u1ed3m to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, Kaya passadhi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 an t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n (vedanakkhandha). Citta passadhi, t\u00e2m an l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i an t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n (vinnanakkhandha).<\/p>\n

                    Passadhi, an, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c an t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi l\u00fac ng\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e0ng b\u00f3ng m\u00e1t m\u1ebb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9i c\u00e2y, hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3ng n\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n m\u01b0a m\u00e1t m\u1ebb t\u01b0\u1edbi xu\u1ed1ng. L\u1eafng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. T\u00e2m lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n chao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u1edf y\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7. R\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 c\u1ed9t t\u00e2m v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 k\u00e9o t\u00e2m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. T\u00e2m \u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con c\u00e1 m\u1edbi b\u1ecb b\u1eaft ra kh\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 v\u1ee9t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t kh\u00f4 (Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa Kinh, c\u00e2u 34). \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i t\u00e2m v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb. Suy t\u01b0 ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh gi\u00fap cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 k\u1ec1m l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1i t\u00e2m chao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean y\u00ean t\u0129nh. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 khi n\u00e0o trau d\u1ed3i t\u00e2m “An” m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m tr\u1ee5. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00e2m an t\u0129nh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u xa.<\/p>\n

                    Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1ng bu\u00f4ng lung, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 d\u1ecd T\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n, t\u1ef1 kh\u00e9p m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 k\u1ef7 c\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ef1 u\u1ed1n n\u1eafn l\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, l\u00e0 m\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 d\u1ecd Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n. C\u00e1i “ta”, c\u00e1i t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n theo \u0111\u00fang chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p. \u00d0\u1ee9c Nh\u01b0 Lai, B\u1eadc \u00d0\u00e3 \u00d0\u01b0\u1ee3c R\u00e8n Luy\u1ec7n, truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p (Dhamma) v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (danto so Bhaghava damataya dhammam deseti – Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A-H\u00e0m, Digha Nikaya, kinh s\u1ed1 25).<\/p>\n

                    Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an t\u0129nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn trong v\u00f2ng tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh t\u00e2m m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. T\u00e2m v\u00f4 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda cho c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y n\u00ean do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an t\u0129nh, qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. B\u00ecnh t\u0129nh v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu h\u00e8n. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ea7m t\u0129nh l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng trong k\u1ef7 c\u01b0\u01a1ng. N\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt xung quanh ta \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an b\u00e0i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i th\u00ec gi\u1eef m\u00ecnh tr\u1ea7m t\u0129nh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eef t\u00e2m b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh th\u00ec th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f3, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5y m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng cho ta t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1edd ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ta x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho ch\u00ednh ta m\u1ed9t b\u1eabm t\u00e1nh d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u01a1ng ngh\u1ecb. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng n\u1ebfu ta t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ed3n \u00e0o m\u1edbi l\u00e0 d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh hay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103ng x\u0103ng r\u1ed1i r\u1eafm c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y m\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

                    Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 trau d\u1ed3i t\u00e2m an t\u0129nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n phi\u1ec1n l\u1ee5y, b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i hay c\u1ea3m k\u00edch khi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi t\u00e1m ph\u00e1p th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf s\u1ef1 (atthaloka dhamma). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u0103ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, lo \u00e2u, v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch m\u1ecfng manh v\u00e0 nh\u1ee9t th\u1eddi trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u1ecfng manh ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1ee9t th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

                    Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u00f3 ghi c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 n\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi sao kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3c than c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi con y\u00eau qu\u00ed, b\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: –“Kh\u00f4ng ai m\u1eddi m\u1ecdc, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ai m\u1eddi m\u1ecdc, n\u00f3 \u0111i. \u00d0\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o n\u00f3 ra \u0111i c\u0169ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y. V\u1eady, than kh\u00f3c c\u00f3 \u00edch g\u00ec? r\u00ean r\u0129 \u00edch g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

                    \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m an t\u0129nh. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00e2m an t\u0129nh kh\u00f4ng chao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay thua, t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng hay khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng hay phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gian v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00fang trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u1eady, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i an t\u0129nh, passadhi, \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. \u00d0\u1ecbnh<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ecbnh (Samadhi). Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e2m an t\u0129nh m\u1edbi d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c tham thi\u1ec1n. T\u00e2m an v\u00e0 tr\u1ee5 m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang theo ch\u01a1n t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt (samahito vatha bhutam pajanati). T\u00e2m tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 n\u0103m ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ea7n (panca nivarana, n\u0103m ph\u00e1p tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i).<\/p>\n

                      \u00d0\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u1ee9ng ng\u1ecdn, v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng chao \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh “\u0111\u1ecbnh” l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m v\u1eefng, y\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb chao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang “\u0111\u1ecbnh”, samadhi, gi\u1eef t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1n c\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef v\u1eefng gi\u1eefa hai b\u00e0n c\u00e2n. Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ecbnh ti\u00eau tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng l\u00e0m chao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m, c\u00f9ng l\u00fac thanh l\u1ecdc \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m tr\u1edf n\u00ean tinh khi\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c ng\u0169 tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0m chao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Khi t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn cao \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00ec d\u1ea7u \u1edf trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh tr\u00e1i ngh\u1ecbch n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng chao \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

                      Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n trau d\u1ed3i t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m nghi\u00eam tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt (sila) b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m linh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean an t\u0129nh, qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o phong ph\u00fa. T\u00e2m bu\u00f4ng lung t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m cho m\u00ecnh r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 \u00edch.<\/p>\n

                      Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p tham thi\u1ec1n – t\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 – ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 n\u0103m ph\u00e1p ng\u0103n tr\u1edf m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh (samadhi) v\u00e0 ch\u1eb7n ngang con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Theo \u0111\u00fang l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 panca nivarana, n\u0103m ph\u00e1p tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i. Danh t\u1eeb nivarana trong Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i, hay ch\u1eb7n ngang s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tinh th\u1ea7n (bhavana). \u00d0\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nivarana, tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f3a ch\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i, c\u1eaft d\u1ee9t l\u00eca, v\u00e0 ch\u1eb7n ngang. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng ch\u1eb7t c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. N\u0103m ph\u00e1p tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. Kamacchanda: Tham d\u1ee5c
                        \n2. Vyapada: O\u00e1n gh\u00e9t
                        \n3. Thina-middha: D\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1ee3i – h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m
                        \n4. Uddhacca-kukkucca: Ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt – lo \u00e2u
                        \n5. Vicikiccha: Ho\u00e0i nghi<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Kamacchanda l\u00e0 ham mu\u1ed1n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u00e1c s\u1edf h\u1eefu, hay th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n, l\u00e0 s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang sanh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \u0111i b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng ch\u1eb7t c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. D\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u00c1i d\u1ee5c (tanha) \u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sanh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2\u1ee7 Theo kinh Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (Satipatthana Sutta) “N\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 hoan h\u1ec9 v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa th\u00edch th\u00ec \u00e1i d\u1ee5c b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sanh”. S\u1eafc, th\u00ednh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac, ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch hoan h\u1ec9 v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa th\u00edch, n\u01a1i \u1ea5y \u00e1i d\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n. Khi \u00e1i d\u1ee5c b\u1ecb tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i th\u00ec tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u00e0 ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9. Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa c\u00f3 c\u00e2u:<\/p>\n

                        “Tanhaya jayati soko – tanhaya jayati bhayam
                        \nTanhaya vippamuttassa – nathi soko kuto bhayam”<\/em><\/p>\n

                        “\u00c1i d\u1ee5c sanh s\u1ea7u mu\u1ed9n, \u00e1i d\u1ee5c sanh lo s\u1ee3
                        \nNg\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n d\u1eadp t\u1eaft \u00e1i d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ea7u mu\u1ed9n, c\u00e0ng \u00edt lo s\u1ee3”
                        \n(Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa , c\u00e2u 216<\/em><\/p>\n

                        Ph\u00e1p tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Vyapada, o\u00e1n gh\u00e9t, \u00e1c \u00fd, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, hay b\u1ea5t to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed5i d\u1eady v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng v\u1eeba l\u00f2ng th\u00edch th\u00fa, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho m\u00ecnh tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u0169ng ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y. Xa c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n k\u1ebb y\u00eau l\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5. K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u0169ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5\u1ef5 Ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n \u0103n kh\u00f4ng v\u1eeba mi\u1ec7ng, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p \u00fd th\u00edch, m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch kh\u00f3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m cho ta b\u1ea5t to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n. Suy t\u01b0 sai l\u1ea7m, ch\u0103m ch\u00fa kh\u00f4ng ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh (ayonisa manasikara) l\u00e0m cho ta t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn. \u00d0\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nu\u00f4i s\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1edd tr\u00ed \u00f3c, b\u00f3p m\u00e9o t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf, l\u00e0m cho ta th\u1ea5y sai s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, do \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u01a1n l\u00fd v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a ch\u1eb7t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do. Tham v\u00e0 s\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean si, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta (avijja paramam malam). Tham, s\u00e2n, si qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi xung \u0111\u1ed9t, m\u1ecdi tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi chia r\u1ebd gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

                        Ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p hai t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i: thina v\u00e0 middha. Thina l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi hay tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i d\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m v\u00e0 Middha, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m, l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i d\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u1edf. Thina v\u00e0 Middha, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfng nh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb A-La-H\u00e1n, b\u1eadc To\u00e0n H\u1ea3o, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t c\u1eb7p tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i thina-middha, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1ecd c\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c. D\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1ee3i v\u00e0 h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m linh. Do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a thina-middha, d\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1ee3i h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m, t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 b\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb7t qu\u00e1 c\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e9t l\u00ean b\u00e1nh, hay nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1ch nha d\u00ednh tr\u00ean mu\u1ed7ng.<\/p>\n

                        Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 nguy h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m linh. M\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m h\u01a1n, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i d\u1eedng d\u01b0ng chai l\u00ec. B\u1ea9m t\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do. Nh\u1edd tinh t\u1ea5n, Viriya, hay s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tinh th\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c c\u1eb7p t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                        Ph\u00e1p tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1eb7p Uddhacca-Kukkucca, ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt lo \u00e2u. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng y\u00ean, hay b\u1ed3n ch\u1ed3n. K\u1ebb c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i n\u1ea7\u1ef5 T\u00e2m ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea7y ong v\u1ee1 \u1ed5. S\u1ef1 chao \u0111\u1ed9ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a k\u00edn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i l\u00ean. T\u00e2m lo \u00e2u c\u0169ng tai h\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1ead\u1ef5 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0103n n\u0103n nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfc \u1ea5y b\u1edfi v\u00ec khi s\u1eefa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5 r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00ec than kh\u00f3c m\u1ea5y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch g\u00ec. Thay v\u00ec kh\u00f3c than r\u00ean r\u0129 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ta n\u00ean l\u1eadp t\u00e2m c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u0103n kho\u0103n v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec3nh m\u1ea3ng b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1o thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p hay \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng v\u1eady, v\u00f4 \u00edch. L\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1edd s\u00f4ng r\u1ed3i b\u1ea3o c\u00e1i b\u1edd b\u00ean kia x\u00edch qua \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u00ecnh b\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00ean. Thay v\u00ec lu\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng v\u00f4 \u00edch nh\u01b0 lo \u00e2u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 ta b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m, h\u00e3y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ea1o thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n tinh th\u1ea7n (kukkucca, lo \u00e2u) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i cho ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

                        Ph\u00e1p tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i th\u1ee9 n\u0103m v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 Vicikiccha, Ho\u00e0i Nghi. Danh t\u1eeb P\u00e0li vi + cikiccha<\/em><\/strong>, \u0111\u00fang theo ngh\u0129a t\u1eebng ch\u1eef, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang b\u1ecbnh ho\u00e0i nghi, qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ecbnh nan y. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb khi n\u00e0o xa l\u00eca ho\u00e0i nghi, ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ecbnh n\u1ea7y. Ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n ho\u00e0i nghi th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan ki\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng to l\u1edbn cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m linh. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng ho\u00e0i nghi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. Ho\u00e0i nghi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafc Thi\u1ec1n (Jhana). V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ea7y ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng d\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed hay kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn Tam b\u1ea3o (Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p, T\u0103ng) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i ho\u00e0i nghi (Vicikiccha) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc Thi\u1ec1n (Jhana).<\/p>\n

                        M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc Thi\u1ec1n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u0103m ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i, b\u1eb1ng n\u0103m chi Thi\u1ec1n:<\/p>\n

                        – Kamacchanda (tham d\u1ee5c) do chi Thi\u1ec1n Ekaggata (nh\u1ee9t \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00e2m, hay tr\u1ee5) ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1,
                        \n– Vyapada (o\u00e1n gh\u00e9t) do chi Thi\u1ec1n Piti (Ph\u1ec9),
                        \n– Thina-middha (d\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1ee3i – h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m) do chi Thi\u1ec1n Vitakka (T\u1ea7m),
                        \n– Uddhacca-kukkucca (ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt – lo \u00e2u) do chi Thi\u1ec1n Sukha (L\u1ea1c) v\u00e0
                        \n– Vicikicca (Ho\u00e0i Nghi) do chi Thi\u1ec1n Vicara (S\u00e1t) ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

                        Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1eafc Thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. \u00d0\u1eafc Thi\u1ec1n (Jhana) ph\u1ea3i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn minh s\u00e1t (vipassana). Nh\u1edd minh s\u00e1t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m (anusaya kilesa) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong s\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n

                        Ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m (kilesa) c\u00f2n ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong t\u00e2m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y \u00e1c ph\u00e1p (papa) c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t sanh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc Thi\u1ec1n (Jhana) v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0 minh s\u00e1t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc Thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103m ph\u00e1p tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i, tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng s\u00e2u k\u00edn b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00e2u to\u00e0n. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ecb A-La-H\u00e1n, b\u1eadc To\u00e0n H\u1ea3o, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ed9i r\u1eeda t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c \u0111i th\u00eanh thang b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng cao qu\u00ed c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i tr\u1edf n\u00ean ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t m\u1ef9 m\u00e3n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. (Trung A-H\u00e0m, Majjhima Nikaya, s\u1ed1 27).<\/p>\n

                        M\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n, ch\u0103m ch\u00fa s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0o b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc, c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 chao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, t\u1ef1 r\u00fat v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i y\u00ean t\u0129nh v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 bao tr\u00f9m b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 lo h\u1ecdc. Sinh vi\u00ean n\u00e0y s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef3 thi s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eadu. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 r\u00fat v\u00e0o t\u1ecbnh th\u1ea5t hay m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i y\u00ean t\u0129nh kh\u00e1c “xa nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u00ea h\u00e8n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3”, ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c tham thi\u1ec1n (kammatthana) v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng tinh t\u1ea5n ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 n\u0103m ph\u00e1p tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i, thanh l\u1ecdc m\u1ecdi \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m trong lu\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u01a1 thi\u1ec1n, nh\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n, tam thi\u1ec1n, t\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, do nh\u1edd n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh (samadhi) h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m qu\u00e1n x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a cao si\u00eau nh\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n

                        \u00d0\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u1ea7y h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 trau d\u1ed3i thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t, vipassana. Nh\u1edd minh s\u00e1t ta m\u1edbi th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1\u1ecd Thi\u1ec1n Minh S\u00e1t gi\u00fap ta th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u1ea5y ch\u01a1n l\u00fd di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh kh\u00e1c nhau ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t d\u00e2y \u0111\u1eddn v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n nga t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea7y sang ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c, s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y \u0111\u1eddn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ra b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n

                        H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 h\u01b0\u1edbng tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t (vipassana-nana) v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u, m\u00ecnh v\u1eabn b\u00e1m b\u00ed\u1ee5 B\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3y m\u1ecf, ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1i v\u1ecf tr\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0ng b\u1eebng m\u1ee1 tung ra c\u1ea3nh si\u00eau th\u1ebf. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thanh l\u1ecdc tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u1ea7y h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u00c1nh S\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft – B\u00e0n, s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1i chuy\u1ec3n (akuppa ceto vimutti), v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gian n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ra g\u00ec n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. X\u1ea3<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          Gi\u00e1c Chi th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y m\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 Upekkha, X\u1ea3. Theo Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p (Abhidhamma), Upekkha c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tatramajjhattata, trung l\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean b\u00ean n\u00e0o. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1m, d\u1eedng d\u01b0ng. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh, hay x\u1ea3, l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh an t\u0129nh. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh cho kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb chao \u0111\u1ed9ng khi ph\u1ea3i va ch\u1ea1m th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 trau d\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00e1nh “x\u1ea3” kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea3m nghe phi\u1ec1n l\u1ee5y hay b\u1ef1c d\u1ecdc. Gi\u1eefa c\u01a1n b\u00e3o t\u00e1p c\u1ee7a t\u00e1m ph\u00e1p th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m (atthaloka dhamma): \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 thua, danh th\u01a1m v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng x\u1ea5u, t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch, \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m x\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd lay \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc nh\u01b0 t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 to. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-La-H\u00e1n, b\u1eadc To\u00e0n H\u1ea3o. \u00d0\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa c\u00f3 c\u00e2u:<\/p>\n

                          “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. B\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh nh\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e1i d\u1ee5c.
                          \nD\u1ea7u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac hay \u0111au kh\u1ed5 b\u1eadc thi\u1ec7n tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng b\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 tinh th\u1ea7n suy s\u1ee5p”. (Ph\u00e1p c\u00fa, c\u00e2u83).<\/em><\/p>\n

                          Ki\u00eang c\u1eef c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t say v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00ea m\u1edd t\u00e2m tr\u00ed; v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ki\u00ean tr\u00ec, trong s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n, b\u1eadc thi\u1ec7n tr\u00ed r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m v\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m an t\u0129nh, t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

                          Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng? L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Lord Horder r\u1ea5t th\u00edch th\u00fa:<\/p>\n

                          “.. c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi s\u1ebd l\u00e0 “\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c”. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o? Th\u1eadt ra, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh nh\u01a1n l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh? C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 sau: “B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i v\u1eabn hoan h\u1ec9 trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f3 hoan h\u1ec9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eabn n\u1ea1i trong l\u00fac kh\u00f3 nh\u1eabn n\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i v\u1eabn gia c\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn b\u01b0\u1edbc trong khi l\u00f2ng mu\u1ed1n d\u1eebng, v\u00e0 trong khi mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i, c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i gi\u1eef l\u1eb7ng im”. Ch\u1ec9 th\u1ebf th\u00f4i. Th\u1eadt gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, nh\u1eefng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1eef t\u00e2m tinh khi\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec7 sinh tinh th\u1ea7n”.<\/p>\n

                          C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea7n th\u01a1 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                          “T\u1ecf ra d\u1ec5 m\u1ebfn th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 l\u1eafm
                          \nKhi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ea3y tr\u00f4i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ca su\u00f4ng s\u1ebb.
                          \nNh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ec9m c\u01b0\u1eddi
                          \nKhi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n, sai h\u1eb3n m\u1ecdi \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng,
                          \nNg\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y m\u1edbi th\u1eadt l\u00e0 qu\u00ed”.<\/p>\n

                          Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u00f3 ghi nh\u1eadn b\u1ed1n con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sai l\u1ea1c (catari agati): Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tham \u00e1i (chanda), con \u0111\u01b0\u00f2ng s\u00e2n h\u1eadn (dosa), con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng khi\u1ebfp nh\u01b0\u1ee3c (bhaya), v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng si m\u00ea (moha). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n v\u00ec \u0111i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng sai l\u1ea1c \u1ea5y, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n nh\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 trau d\u1ed3i t\u00e2m x\u1ea3, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n xa l\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y. T\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 t\u01b0 v\u00e0 tinh khi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m x\u1ea3 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

                          Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n trau d\u1ed3i t\u00e2m x\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u00e1o \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 gieo s\u1ebd tr\u1ed5 qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1o ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ee9t b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt v\u00f4 tri v\u00f4 gi\u00e1c. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m x\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

                          Trong Bodhicaryavatara, Santideva vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

                          “C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi o\u00e1n gh\u00e9t ta. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady
                          \nT\u1ea1i sao ta th\u1ecfa th\u00edch khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca t\u1ee5ng?
                          \nC\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khen t\u1eb7ng ta. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady
                          \nT\u1ea1i sao ta than van tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch?<\/p>\n

                          “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n
                          \nC\u00f3 n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u00f4i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00eca b\u1ecf g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t cau c\u00f3,
                          \nS\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 chia s\u1edbt
                          \nT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 g\u00ec m\u00ecnh c\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 th\u1ebf gian,
                          \nCh\u01a1n L\u00fd s\u1ebd t\u00f4n v\u01b0\u01a1ng.”<\/p>\n

                          K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea5t Gi\u00e1c Chi m\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i h\u01a1n 2.500 n\u0103m v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, Ni\u1ebft-B\u00e0n, V\u00f4-Sanh B\u1ea5t-di\u1ec7t. C\u00f2n trau d\u1ed3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hay qu\u00ean l\u1ea3ng b\u1ecf l\u01a1 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang t\u1ea1 Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 ti\u00eau tr\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5. T\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u01a1n m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ea5n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

                          \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1eady ta l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 am t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 n\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1edd n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm l\u1ea5y ch\u01a1n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1ee3i \u00edch. Ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y t\u1ed9i r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

                          Trong Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec m\u1edd \u00e1m. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 m\u1eaft mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. “Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i trong s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn” (Fielding Hall – The Soul Of A People). V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fang ta, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n ch\u01a1n l\u00fd l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m tr\u00ec ch\u00ed, gia c\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111em \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc ra th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p h\u00e3y c\u00f2n v\u1ea9y tay ch\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh Tr\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb9p n\u00e0o, hay h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u00e2u to\u00e0n v\u00e0 v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft-B\u00e0n. V\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y tinh t\u1ea5n l\u00ean, h\u00e3y trau d\u1ed3i Th\u1ea5t Gi\u00e1c Chi v\u1edbi t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh, v\u1edbi \u00fd ch\u00ed d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh v\u00e0 h\u00e3y th\u1eb3ng ti\u1ebfn:<\/p>\n

                          “H\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh Nh\u01a1n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a
                          \nNh\u1edb l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o,
                          \nCh\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay – m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n h\u1eadu t\u1ea5n –
                          \nTa v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u
                          \nCon \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng Cao Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a An B\u00ecnh”.<\/p>\n

                          C\u1ea7u mong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an vui h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac!<\/strong><\/p>\n

                          H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Piyadassi<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                          H\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Piyadassi Ph\u1ea1m Kim Kh\u00e1nh d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t, 1974 Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, g\u1ed3m ba t\u1ea1ng, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u2026 Continue \u00e0 lire → <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2529,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-onecolumn.php","meta":{"_mc_calendar":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5515","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5515","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5515"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5515\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5516,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5515\/revisions\/5516"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2529"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5515"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}