{"id":4478,"date":"2014-11-10T09:29:19","date_gmt":"2014-11-10T09:29:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/?page_id=4478"},"modified":"2014-11-10T09:29:19","modified_gmt":"2014-11-10T09:29:19","slug":"thap-nhi-nhan-duyen","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/?page_id=4478","title":{"rendered":"Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt Ph\u00e1p
\n(The Buddha and His Teachings)
\nH\u00f2a th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Narada, 1980
\nPh\u1ea1m Kim Kh\u00e1nh d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t, 1998<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

“Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a, m\u1ed9t Brahma, hay m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng (Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean). Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn t\u00f9y duy\u00ean!” — Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u0110\u1ea1o<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean (Paticca Samuppada).<\/p>\n

Paticca l\u00e0 “b\u1edfi v\u00ec” hay,”b\u1edfi”, hay “t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i”. Samuppada l\u00e0 “ph\u00e1t sanh”, hay “kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u”. Chi\u1ebfu y theo ng\u1eef nguy\u00ean, danh t\u1eeb \u1ea5y l\u00e0 “ph\u00e1t sanh b\u1edfi v\u00ec”, hay “ph\u00e1t sanh t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c”, Paticca Samuppada \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho tr\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 12 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi nhau, Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Paccaya v\u00e0 Paccayuppanna, nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o duy\u00ean cho qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ed5 sanh. N\u00ean hi\u1ec3u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a Paticca Samuppada (Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean) nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

– B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 A n\u00ean B ph\u00e1t sanh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 B n\u00ean C ph\u00e1t sanh. Khi n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 A t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 B. Khi n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 B th\u00ec C c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1i n\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y th\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u00e1i kia; c\u00e1i n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1ea7y th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 (imasmim sati, idam hoti; imasmim asati, idam natthi hoti).<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean [1] l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng sanh-t\u1eed ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng sanh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u00fap ch\u00fang sanh tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng b\u00ed \u1ea9n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u00f9ng t\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch “s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sanh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3”. [2]<\/p>\n

V\u00f4 Minh (avijja) – t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111au kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111au kh\u1ed5 – l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, V\u00f4 Minh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p, hay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ch\u00e2n t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00ednh m\u00e0ng V\u00f4 Minh nh\u01b0 l\u1edbp m\u00e2y m\u00f9 bao ph\u1ee7, che l\u1ea5p m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh (Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n

“V\u00f4 Minh l\u00e0 l\u1edbp \u1ea3o ki\u1ebfn m\u1ecbt m\u00f9 d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c trong \u1ea5y ch\u00fang sanh qu\u00e2y qu\u1ea7n quanh l\u1ed9n.” [3] (Sutta Nikaya, c\u00e2u 730).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn khi l\u1edbp V\u00f4 Minh b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 tan \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tri ki\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb A La H\u00e1n th\u00ec m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n

Trong kinh Itivuttaka [4], \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:<\/p>\n

“Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau tr\u1eeb \u1ea3o ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 tan l\u1edbp t\u1ed1i t\u0103m d\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u00eanh thang \u0111i m\u00e3i n\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3.”(Sutta Nikaya, trang 14)<\/p>\n

T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i V\u00f4 Minh, H\u00e0nh (samkhara) ph\u00e1t sanh. Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef “samkhara” c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a. V\u00ec th\u1ebf ta n\u00ean t\u00f9y tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a danh t\u1eeb n\u1ea7y. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y samkhara l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u00fd (cetana) thi\u1ec7n (kusala), b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (akusala), v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng lay chuy\u1ec3n (anenja), t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p (kamma) \u0111\u01b0a \u0111i T\u00e1i Sanh. T\u00e1c \u00fd b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n n\u1eb1m trong 12 lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. T\u00e1c \u00fd thi\u1ec7n n\u1eb1m trong 8 lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb9p (sobhana) v\u00e0 5 lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n trong thi\u1ec1n S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi (rupajhana). T\u00e1c \u00fd kh\u00f4ng lay chuy\u1ec3n n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n trong thi\u1ec1n V\u00f4 S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi (arupajhana).<\/p>\n

Trong Ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, samkhara l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb g\u1ecdi chung 50 trong 52 t\u00e2m s\u1edf. Hai t\u00e2m s\u1edf c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Th\u1ecd v\u00e0 T\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u00fd (cetana) c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00e2m (lokuttara maggacitta), hay t\u00e2m si\u00eau th\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 samkhara (h\u00e0nh), b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1ecdai t\u00e2m n\u1ea7y h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t V\u00f4 Minh.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (panna) l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u00fd(cetana).<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m trong H\u00e0nh (samkhara). Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u – tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ph\u00e1t sanh t\u1eeb V\u00f4 Minh hay b\u1ecb V\u00f4 Minh gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y – \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u00eam cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh xa x\u00f4i c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng (b\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u hay \u00fd) ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong s\u1ea1ch, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb tham, s\u00e2n, si, nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Do \u0111\u00f3 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt so s\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00e8 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u01a1ng theo \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb A La H\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u00e0nh (samkhara) v\u00ec c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t V\u00f4 Minh.<\/p>\n

V\u00f4 Minh chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m trong nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ea3 hai h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb V\u00f4 Minh.<\/p>\n

T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i H\u00e0nh, t\u1ee9c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n trong ki\u1ebfp v\u1eeba qua, “Th\u1ee9c-T\u00e1i-Sanh” (patisandhi vinnana), hay Th\u1ee9c-N\u1ed1i-Li\u1ec1n, ph\u00e1t sanh trong ki\u1ebfp k\u1ebf. G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1ee9c-T\u00e1i-Sanh hay Th\u1ee9c-N\u1ed1i-Li\u1ec1n v\u00ec th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfp qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh khi b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 th\u1ecd thai. Hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, Th\u1ee9c, trong Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean l\u00e0 19 lo\u1ea1i Th\u1ee9c-T\u00e1i-Sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p (Abhidhamma). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m qu\u1ea3 (vipakacitta) kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng v\u1eeba qua c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0m x\u00fac trong danh t\u1eeb \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0o thai trong b\u1ee5ng m\u1eb9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o do s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c-t\u00e1i-sanh v\u1edbi tinh tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 minh ch\u00e2u c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9. Trong th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecd, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t trong d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 qua c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9c-t\u00e1i-sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 tinh khi\u1ebft [5] v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb tham, s\u00e2n, si [6], c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng-tham, kh\u00f4ng-s\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng-si [7].<\/p>\n

Danh-S\u1eafc (nama-rupa) ph\u00e1t sanh c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac v\u1edbi th\u1ee9c-t\u00e1i-sanh.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh v\u00e0 Th\u1ee9c (samkhara v\u00e0 vinnana) thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 hai ki\u1ebfp, qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh. Th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Danh-S\u1eafc tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t sanh trong m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Danh t\u1eeb k\u00e9p Danh-S\u1eafc (nama-rupa) g\u1ed3m hai h\u1ee3p t\u1ed5: “Danh” (nama), ph\u1ea7n v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 “S\u1eafc” (rupa), ph\u1ea7n h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh, c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh. Ta n\u00ean ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t Danh-S\u1eafc trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p “Danh” ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 “S\u1eafc” ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p “Danh-S\u1eafc” h\u1ee3p chung. Trong c\u1ea3nh V\u00f4 S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi (arupa), ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Danh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 S\u1eafc. Trong c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi V\u00f4 T\u01b0\u1edfng Thi\u00ean (asanna), ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 S\u1eafc m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Danh. Trong D\u1ee5c Gi\u1edbi (kamma) v\u00e0 S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi (rupa), c\u1ea3 Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e1t sanh m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3t, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac.<\/p>\n

Danh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ba U\u1ea9n: Th\u1ecd, T\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh, c\u1ea3 ba c\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t sanh m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u1edbi “th\u1ee9c-t\u00e1i-sanh”.<\/p>\n

S\u1eafc l\u00e0 ba l\u1ea7n “m\u01b0\u1eddi-th\u00e0nh-ph\u1ea7n”:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. “m\u01b0\u1eddi-th\u00e0nh-ph\u1ea7n” c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n,
    \n2. “m\u01b0\u1eddi-th\u00e0nh-ph\u1ea7n” c\u1ee7a gi\u1ed1ng (nam n\u1eef), v\u00e0
    \n3. “m\u01b0\u1eddi-th\u00e0nh-ph\u1ea7n” c\u1ee7a \u00fd c\u0103n, c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng kh\u1edfi sanh m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u1edbi th\u1ee9c-t\u00e1i-sanh, do nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    M\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u1ee9 \u0110\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh du\u1ed7i ra (pathavi), \u0111\u1ea5t;
      \n2. Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh l\u00e0m d\u00ednh li\u1ec1n, hay k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i (apo), n\u01b0\u1edbc;
      \n3. Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng (tejo), l\u1eeda;
      \n4. Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng (vajo), gi\u00f3;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      V\u00e0 s\u00e1u chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a (upada rupa) c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y l\u00e0;<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. M\u00e0u s\u1eafc (vanna)
        \n6. M\u00f9i(gandha)
        \n7. V\u1ecb (rasa)
        \n8. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng (oja)
        \n9. Sinh kh\u00ed (jivitindriya) v\u00e0
        \n10. Th\u00e2n (kaya)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        M\u01b0\u1eddi-th\u00e0nh-ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi-th\u00e0nh-ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u00fd c\u0103n g\u1ed3m 9 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u (t\u1ee9c t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 9), v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 10 l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng (nam hay n\u1eef), ho\u1eb7c \u00fd c\u0103n (vatthu), t\u1ee9c c\u0103n c\u1ee9, hay n\u01a1i m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e2m ph\u00e1t sanh.<\/p>\n

        Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ta th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 th\u1ecd thai, ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nam tanh hay n\u1eef t\u00e1nh r\u1ed3i. V\u00e0 ch\u00ednh nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

        Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef “kaya” \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ea1y, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng “x\u00fac” c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n (pasada).<\/p>\n

        V\u1ec1 gi\u1ed1ng (nam t\u00e1nh hay n\u1eef t\u00e1nh), ngay l\u00fac b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 th\u1ecd thai, tuy ch\u01b0a n\u1edf nang \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9 ra h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nam hay n\u1eef v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00fd c\u0103n, c\u0103n nguy\u00ean xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t ra \u00fd, hay n\u01a1i tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5, tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a \u00fd m\u00e0 ta gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 tim hay n\u00e3o, ch\u01b0a h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u00fac th\u1ecd thai. Tuy nhi\u00ean kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u00fd c\u0103n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

        V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ea7y n\u00ean ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 r\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o trong th\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u00fd c\u0103n. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n t\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n, ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0 kinh Upanishads, r\u1eb1ng tim l\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t ra \u00fd. Trong kinh Patthana, Nh\u00e2n Qu\u1ea3 T\u01b0\u01a1ng Quan, khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u0103n \u00fd, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp nh\u01b0 “yam rupam nissaya – t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u1ea5y”, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tim hay n\u00e3o. Tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i, nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Buddhaghosa v\u00e0 Anurudha, qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u00fd c\u0103n l\u00e0 tim. N\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1c b\u1ecf ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd cho r\u1eb1ng \u00fd c\u0103n l\u00e0 tim.<\/p>\n

        Trong th\u1eddi k\u00fd thai gh\u00e9n, L\u1ee5c C\u0103n (salayatana) c\u1ee7a thai b\u00e0o d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m-v\u1eadt-l\u00fd g\u1ed3m ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c vi t\u1ebf v\u00f4 t\u1eadn tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y l\u1ee5c c\u0103n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. R\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb l\u00fac ban s\u01a1, gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Nh\u1eefng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p l\u00fac m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t minh r\u1ed3i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1eafm khi ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u00f3n tay c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0m chuy\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i. Gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y l\u1ee5c c\u0103n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n. M\u1ed7i c\u0103n (nh\u00e3n, nh\u0129, t\u1ef7, nhi\u1ec7t, th\u00e2n, \u00fd) \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sinh ho\u1ea1t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ee5c c\u0103n, t\u1ee9c l\u1ee5c tr\u1ea7n-s\u1eafc, thinh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb, x\u00fac, ph\u00e1p – ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i c\u0103n li\u00ean h\u1ec7, l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sanh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i “th\u1ee9c” . Nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nh\u00e3n l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sanh nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c, thinh x\u00fac v\u1edbi nh\u0129 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sanh nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c v.v… \u0110i\u1ec3m giao h\u1ee3p li\u00ean quan c\u1ee7a ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 “c\u0103n” (gi\u00e1c quan), “tr\u1ea7n” (\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1c quan), v\u00e0 “th\u1ee9c” l\u00e0 X\u00fac (phassa). X\u00fac ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1ch quan.<\/p>\n

        \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:<\/p>\n

        “V\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1eaft (nh\u00e3n) v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 ( s\u1eafc) n\u00ean nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t sanh, x\u00fac l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m giao h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y. V\u00ec c\u00f3 tai (nh\u0129) v\u00e0 \u00e2m thanh (thinh) n\u00ean nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t sanh. V\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u0169i (t\u1ef7) v\u00e0 m\u00f9i (h\u01b0\u01a1ng ) n\u00ean t\u1ef7 th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t sanh. V\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee1i (thi\u1ec7t) v\u00e0 v\u1ecb (v\u1ecb) n\u00ean thi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t sanh. V\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u00e2n (th\u00e2n) v\u00e0 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1edd \u0111\u1ee5ng (x\u00fac) n\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t sanh. V\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00e2m (\u00fd) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m (ph\u00e1p) n\u00ean \u00fd th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t sanh. \u0110i\u1ec3m giao h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y l\u00e0 X\u00fac (phassa). [8]<\/p>\n

        V\u1eady n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m su\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 x\u00fac (phassa), v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 x\u00fac (phassa) ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, gi\u00e1c quan v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c (na sangatimatto eva phasso).<\/p>\n

        T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i X\u00fac, Th\u1ecd (vevada) ph\u00e1t sanh.<\/p>\n

        M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, ch\u00ednh Th\u1ecd c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi gi\u00e1c quan. Ch\u00ednh Th\u1ecd th\u00e2u nh\u1eadn qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0nh hay qu\u1ea3 d\u1eef c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i hay trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Ngo\u00e0i t\u00e2m s\u1edf Th\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n hay m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 n\u00e0o th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0nh hay g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i qu\u1ea3 d\u1eef.<\/p>\n

        Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u1edf Th\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i Th\u1ecd l\u00e0: th\u1ecd l\u1ea1c (somanassa) hay c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c vui, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac; th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 (domanassa) hay c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c bu\u1ed3n, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o; v\u00e0 th\u1ecd v\u00f4 k\u00fd (adukkhamasukha), kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. H\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn (dukkha) v\u00e0 sung s\u01b0\u1edbng (sukha) v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, th\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (th\u1ecd). Th\u1ecd v\u00f4 k\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng vui s\u01b0\u1edbng, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 upekkha m\u00e0 ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi t\u00e2m x\u1ea3, hay tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

        Theo Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p (Abhidhamma), ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c sung s\u01b0\u1edbng trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c. Hai lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Ngo\u00e0i ra, trong t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng (89 – 4 = 85) c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac hay v\u00f4 k\u00fd.<\/p>\n

        N\u00ean ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1o Qu\u1ea3 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ecd (vedana). \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1o Qu\u1ea3 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c sung s\u01b0\u1edbng hay h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.<\/p>\n

        \u0110\u1ea1o Qu\u1ea3 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111au kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

        T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i Th\u1ecd, \u00c1i ph\u00e1t sanh. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 V\u00f4 Minh, \u00c1i hay D\u1ee5c (tanha) r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i, khao kh\u00e1t, b\u00e1m n\u00edu, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i danh t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 phi\u00ean d\u1ecbch Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef “tanha”.<\/p>\n

        C\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i \u00e1i d\u1ee5c l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u00c1i D\u1ee5c duy\u00ean theo nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c ng\u0169 tr\u1ea7n( kammatanha).<\/li>\n
        2. \u00c1i D\u1ee5c duy\u00ean theo nh\u1eefng kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ebfn (bhava tanha). Trong l\u00fac th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng, ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c n\u1ea7y s\u1ebd m\u00e3i m\u00e3i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
        3. \u00c1i D\u1ee5c duy\u00ean theo nh\u1eefng kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfn (vibhava tanha). Trong l\u00fac th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng, ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t sau khi ch\u1ebft. Ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 h\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Bhava-tanha c\u00f3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i \u0111eo n\u00edu trong S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 Vibhava-tanha l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i \u0111eo n\u00edu trong V\u00f4 S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi. Hai Ph\u1ea1n ng\u1eef \u1ea5y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c \u0111eo n\u00edu theo s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u00e1i d\u1ee5c \u0111eo n\u00edu theo s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng-s\u1ed1ng, kh\u00f4ng-sinh-t\u1ed3n. [9]<\/p>\n

          C\u00f3 s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i \u00e1i d\u1ee5c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee5c tr\u1ea7n (s\u1eafc, thinh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac, ph\u00e1p). N\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u00f3 s\u00e1u \u00e1i d\u1ee5c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee5c c\u0103n v\u00e0 s\u00e1u \u00e1i d\u1ee5c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee5c tr\u1ea7n th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai. N\u1ebfu t\u00ednh lu\u00f4n \u00e1i d\u1ee5c trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 , hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai th\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 36. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ea3 ba lo\u1ea1i \u00e1i d\u1ee5c k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean th\u00ed c\u00f3 108.<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng trong th\u1ebf gian, lo\u1ea1i a\u00ed d\u1ee5c \u0111eo n\u00edu theo nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c ng\u0169 tr\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 khao kh\u00e1t c\u1ee7a l\u1ee5c c\u0103n th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng. Hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t trong Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean l\u00e0 V\u00f4 Minh v\u00e0 \u00c1i D\u1ee5c, hai nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh l\u00e0m chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00e1nh xe lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. V\u00f4 Minh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. \u00c1i D\u1ee5c l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

          T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i \u00c1i, ph\u00e1t sanh Th\u1ee7 (Upadana), c\u1ed1 b\u00e1m l\u1ea5y v\u1eadt ham mu\u1ed1n. Th\u1ee7 l\u00e0 \u00c1i D\u1ee5c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c cao \u0111\u1ed9. \u00c1i D\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 \u0111i m\u00f2 trong \u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y tr\u1ed9m m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt. Th\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Th\u1ee7 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai, luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i v\u00e0 l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c. Do Th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1t sanh \u00fd th\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m”T\u00f4i” v\u00e0 “C\u1ee7a t\u00f4i”.<\/p>\n

          Th\u1ee7 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n: nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng sai l\u1ea7m cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu.<\/p>\n

          Th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 linh h\u1ed3n tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

          T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i Th\u1ee7, H\u1eefu (Bhava) ph\u00e1t sanh. Theo c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a danh t\u1eeb, bhava c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “\u0111ang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh”. H\u1eefu (bhava) l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p (kammabhava) thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh), v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh (ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh). C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb gi\u1eefa H\u00e0nh (samkhara) v\u00e0 H\u1eefu (kammabhava). H\u00e0nh l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. H\u1eefu l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p. h\u1eefu (kammabhava) t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

          T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i H\u1eefu c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 Sanh (jati) trong ki\u1ebfp k\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, Sanh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m-v\u1eadt-l\u00fd (khandanam patubhavo).<\/p>\n

          L\u00e3o v\u00e0 T\u1eed (Jaramarana) l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Sanh.<\/p>\n

          Qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n. V\u1eady, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Nh\u00e2n t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Qu\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu Nh\u00e2n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, t\u1ee9c nhi\u00ean Qu\u1ea3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n

          V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ecf r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu ta suy nghi\u1ec7m Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean theo chi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u1ea7y:<\/p>\n

          L\u00e3o v\u00e0 T\u1eed ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu trong m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 t\u00e2m-v\u1eadt-l\u00fd, t\u1ee9c trong m\u1ed9t gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y l\u1ee5c c\u0103n. M\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “sanh” ra. M\u00e0 Sanh l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 (t\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong th\u1eddi gian tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3), ph\u00e1t sanh do Th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u00c1i t\u1ea1o duy\u00ean. \u00c1i ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t sanh khi c\u00f3 Th\u1ecd, v\u00e0 Th\u1ecd l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m gi\u1eefa L\u1ee5c C\u0103n v\u00e0 L\u1ee5c Tr\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 L\u1ee5c C\u0103n. M\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 L\u1ee5c C\u0103n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Danh-S\u1eafc, t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. T\u00e2m ph\u00e1t sanh do Th\u1ee9c T\u00e1i-sanh t\u1ea1o duy\u00ean. Th\u1ee9c T\u00e1i-sanh do sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u00e2m linh trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 (H\u00e0nh), v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb V\u00f4 Minh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n

          To\u00e0n th\u1ec3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

          T\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i V\u00f4 Minh ph\u00e1t sanh H\u00e0nh.
          \nT\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i H\u00e0nh ph\u00e1t sanh Th\u1ee9c.
          \nT\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i Th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t sanh Danh-S\u1eafc
          \nT\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i Danh-S\u1eafc ph\u00e1t sanh L\u1ee5c C\u0103n.
          \nT\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i L\u1ee5c C\u0103n ph\u00e1t sanh X\u00fac.
          \nT\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i X\u00fac ph\u00e1t sanh Th\u1ecd.
          \nT\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i Th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t sanh \u00c1i.
          \nT\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i \u00c1i ph\u00e1t sanh Th\u1ee7.
          \nT\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i Th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1t sanh H\u1eefu.
          \nT\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i H\u1eefu c\u00f3 Sanh.
          \nT\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i Sanh c\u00f3 L\u00e3o, T\u1eed, S\u1ea7u Mu\u1ed9n, Ta Th\u00e1n, \u0110au Kh\u1ed5, Bu\u1ed3n R\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 Th\u1ea5t V\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh \u0111au kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

          T\u1eadn di\u1ec7t V\u00f4 Minh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t H\u00e0nh.
          \nCh\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t H\u00e0nh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t Th\u1ee9c.
          \nCh\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t Th\u1ee9c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t Danh-S\u1eafc.
          \nCh\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t Danh-S\u1eafc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t L\u1ee5c C\u0103n.
          \nCh\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t L\u1ee5c C\u0103n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t X\u00fac.
          \nCh\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t X\u00fac d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t Th\u1ecd.
          \nCh\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t Th\u1ecd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u00c1i.
          \nCh\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u00c1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t Th\u1ee7.
          \nCh\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t Th\u1ee7 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t H\u1eefu.
          \nCh\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t H\u1eefu d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t Sanh.
          \nCh\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t Sanh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t L\u00e3o, T\u1eed, S\u1ea7u Mu\u1ed9n, Ta Th\u00e1n, \u0110au Kh\u1ed5, Bu\u1ed3n R\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 Th\u1ea5t V\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh \u0110au Kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

          Hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean (V\u00f4 Minh, H\u00e0nh) thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. T\u00e1m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 gi\u1eefa thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. V\u00e0 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb lai.<\/p>\n

          C\u1ea3 hai, H\u00e0nh (samkhara), thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 H\u1eefu (bhava), \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p (kamma). V\u00f4 Minh (avijja), \u00c1i (tanha) v\u00e0 Th\u1ee7 (upadana) l\u00e0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng hay \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m (kilesa). Th\u1ee9c, Danh-S\u1eafc, L\u1ee5c C\u0103n, X\u00fac, Th\u1ecd, Sanh, L\u00e3o, T\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 (vipaka).<\/p>\n

          Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady V\u00f4 Minh, H\u00e0nh, \u00c1i,Th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 H\u1eefu l\u00e0 n\u0103m nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 t\u1ea1o duy\u00ean (\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n) cho n\u0103m qu\u1ea3 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Th\u1ee9c, Danh-S\u1eafc, L\u1ee5c C\u0103n, X\u00fac v\u00e0 Th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t sanh. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y \u00c1i, Th\u1ee7, H\u1eefu, V\u00f4 Minh v\u00e0 H\u1ea1nh trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o duy\u00ean cho n\u0103m qu\u1ea3 k\u1ebf tr\u00ean ph\u00e1t sanh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

          Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh Nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u1ea5y v\u00ec ta kh\u00f4ng quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fac n\u00e0o trong d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian v\u00f4 t\u1eadn, lu\u1ed3ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ta kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u00e0ng V\u00f4 Minh bao ph\u1ee7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u1edd ph\u00fat n\u00e0o m\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 thay th\u1ebf V\u00f4 Minh v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n (Nibbana dhatu) th\u00ec, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eebng \u1ea5y, ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh sanh t\u1eed m\u1edbi ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n

          “Ch\u00ednh V\u00f4 Minh d\u1eabn d\u1eaft ta \u0111i v\u00f2ng quanh \u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1m
          \nR\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e2y mai \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i sanh-t\u1eed, t\u1eed-sanh v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn.”<\/em> [10]<\/p>\n

          Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

          [1] Ph\u00e1p Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi hay T\u00f9y Thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1t Sanh .<\/p>\n

          [2] Tabbhavabhavibhavakaramatta – Abhidhammattha Sangaha. Xem “A Manual of Abhidhamma” c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Narada Thera, trang 360.<\/p>\n

          [3] Sutta Nikaya, c\u00e2u 730.<\/p>\n

          [4] Suuta Nipatta, trang 14.<\/p>\n

          [5] “Th\u1ee9c n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 tinh khi\u1ebft”, pabhassaram idam cittam, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong Anguttara Nikaya, T\u0103ng Nh\u1ee9t A H\u00e0m, t\u1eadp 1, trang 10. Theo ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i v\u1eady khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c-t\u00e1i-sanh.<\/p>\n

          [6] Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p “Qu\u1ea3 V\u00f4 Nh\u00e2n” (Ahetuka vipaka).<\/p>\n

          [7] Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p “Qu\u1ea3 V\u00f4 Nh\u00e2n”(Sahetuka vipaka).<\/p>\n

          [8] Samyutta Nikaya, T\u1ea1p A H\u00e0m, ph\u1ea7n ii, trang 70. Kindred Sayings, ph\u1ea7n ii, trang 50.<\/p>\n

          [9] Xem Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6.<\/p>\n

          [10] Chalmers, “Buddha’s Teachings”, c\u00e2u 729-730.<\/p>\n

          \"dp&pp-25a.gif<\/p>\n

          \"dp&pp-25b.gif<\/p>\n

          ——————————————————————————-<\/p>\n

          S\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/h1>\n
          <\/div>\n
          (PGVN)<\/span><\/p>\n

          \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ph\u00e0m phu v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u th\u1eeba, c\u0103n c\u01a1 th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ph\u00e1 tr\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 b\u1eadc \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba B\u1ed3 t\u00e1t, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 tr\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh hi\u00ean t\u1ea1i (chi m\u1ea1t v\u00f4 minh), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t “\u00e1i, th\u1ee7, h\u1eefu”. Khi c\u00e0nh ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t r\u1ed3i, th\u00ec g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t.<\/h2>\n