{"id":4472,"date":"2014-11-10T09:15:17","date_gmt":"2014-11-10T09:15:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/?page_id=4472"},"modified":"2014-11-10T09:15:17","modified_gmt":"2014-11-10T09:15:17","slug":"minh-sat-tu-tap","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/?page_id=4472","title":{"rendered":"Minh S\u00e1t Tu T\u1eadp"},"content":{"rendered":"

http:\/\/www.trungtamhotong.org\/NoiDung\/ThuVien\/MinhSatTuTap\/MinhSat1.htm<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Achaan Naeb Mah\u00e0niranonda<\/strong>
\n Thi\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7n Boonkanjanaram<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3: Ph\u00e1p Th\u00f4ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

PH\u1ea6N I:<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00dd THUY\u1ebeT<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

“T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh
\n\u00d0\u00e3 sanh ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0a sanh
\n\u00d0\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf x\u00e1c th\u00e2n
\nV\u00e0 ra \u0111i khi ch\u1ebft.
\nB\u1eadc tr\u00ed bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady
\nN\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh
\n\u00d0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng”.<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

(Udana, Khuddaka Nik\u0101ya, 25. III, 189)<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c… M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1edbi t\u00e2m t\u00edn th\u00e0nh, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y quy y \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu v\u1ecb \u1ea5y v\u1edbi t\u00e2m t\u00edn th\u00e0nh th\u1ecd tr\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi: t\u1eeb b\u1ecf s\u00e1t sanh,…, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t say – l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n sanh d\u1ec5 du\u00f4i…; m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1edbi t\u00e2m t\u00edn th\u00e0nh, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y th\u1ecd tr\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu v\u1ecb \u1ea5y tu t\u1eadp t\u1eeb t\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 tho\u00e1ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng bay…; m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y tu t\u1eadp t\u1eeb t\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 tho\u00e1ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u01b0ng qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu v\u1ecb \u1ea5y tu t\u1eadp v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1edfng, ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t b\u00fang tay…” (AN IV)<\/span><\/b><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>I. \u0110\u1ea0O PH\u1eacT<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Hai ng\u00e0n s\u00e1u tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Th\u00e1i t\u1eed S\u0129-\u0111\u1ea1t-ta (Siddhatta) c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1ed9c Th\u00edch Ca nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 \u1edf B\u1eafc \u1ea4n b\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed7i th\u1ed1ng kh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y chung quanh m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00eca b\u1ecf v\u1ee3 \u0111\u1eb9p con th\u01a1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c ra \u0111i t\u00ecm ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5. Theo ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c du s\u0129 \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o thu\u1edf \u1ea5y, Ng\u00e0i \u0111i t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 B\u1ea5t T\u1eed – Amata. Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t thi\u1ec1n – t\u1ee9c V\u00f4 S\u1edf H\u1eefu X\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n V\u00f4 S\u1eafc. R\u1ed3i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y kh\u00e1c, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec7 b\u00e1t thi\u1ec1n – Phi T\u01b0\u1edfng Phi Phi T\u01b0\u1edfng X\u1ee9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u, Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, Ng\u00e0i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1ecbn \u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a th\u00e2n t\u00e2m, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 hy v\u1ecdng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5. Ng\u00e0i h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 s\u1ee9c t\u00e0n l\u1ef1c ki\u1ec7t. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Ng\u00e0i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh, m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ecd d\u1ee5ng b\u1eefa c\u01a1m s\u1eefa do m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c n\u1eef t\u00ean Sujata d\u00e2ng c\u00fang. Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng, hai c\u1ef1c \u0111oan l\u1ee3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi; c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi n\u1eb1m trong Trung \u00d0\u1ea1o (Majjhim\u0101 Patipada). \u00d0\u00eam \u0111\u00f3, trong khi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, Ng\u00e0i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd T\u1ee9 \u00d0\u1ebf v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1eadc Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 b\u1eadc Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1eb3ng Gi\u00e1c (Samm\u0101sambuddhassa) – B\u1eadc t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi – d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sung t\u00fac ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng cao, song h\u1ecd v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Gautama (C\u1ed3 \u00d0\u00e0m) tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t, trong su\u1ed1t b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m n\u0103m gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a, ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u: “Kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5”. Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 suy \u0111o\u00e1n xem th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n hay kh\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m b\u1eadn l\u00f2ng c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia – m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Ng\u00e0i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi l\u00e0 Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc (n\u0101ma v\u00e0 r\u016bpa, hay ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n). Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 hay linh h\u1ed3n th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng n\u00e0o trong \u0111\u00f3, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean hay lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t (t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c) v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n hai ng\u00e0n n\u0103m qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t kho t\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai m\u1edf. (Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc).<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u00d0\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a, nh\u1eefng pho t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ph\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, hay nh\u1eefng l\u1ec5 nghi, v.v… M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, song ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 – nh\u1edd v\u1eady, t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb m\u1ecdi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au – th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 Danh (n\u0101ma) v\u00e0 S\u1eafc (r\u016bpa), nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n ch\u00fat n\u1eefa, song ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n. T\u1eeb “n\u0101ma” (danh) truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00e2m thu\u1ea7n kh\u1ed1i, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u00e2m l\u00fd kh\u00e1c nhau. \u00d0\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh ch\u00e2n x\u00e1c h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m, n\u0101ma ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng citta \u2013 t\u00e2m (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m khi t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf c\u00f9ng sanh), m\u1ed7i t\u00e2m kh\u1edfi l\u00ean ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 t\u00e2m n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u00e2m kia. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, t\u00e2m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m nghe, ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u00e2m qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t s\u1eafc trong l\u00fac th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, v.v… “Ch\u00fang ta”, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a “ch\u00fang ta”, \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m n\u00e0y; ch\u00fang thay th\u1ebf nhau r\u1ea5t nhanh l\u1eb9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7. T\u00e2m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi 52 t\u00e2m s\u1edf – cetasika – kh\u00e1c nhau (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, x\u00fac, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng,… l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m s\u1edf). V\u00ec v\u1eady b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 n\u0101ma (danh) tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh citta – cetasika (t\u00e2m – t\u00e2m s\u1edf). \u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta th\u00eam s\u1eafc (r\u016bpa) v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 citta – cetasika v\u00e0 r\u016bpa (t\u00e2m – t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00e0 s\u1eafc). Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “b\u1ee9c tranh” to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn (nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft Danh-S\u1eafc n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “ch\u00fang ta”), k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t-na t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i kh\u1edfi l\u00ean l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. S\u00e1t-na t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o b\u00e2y gi\u1edd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Danh-S\u1eafc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef P\u0101\u1e37i – ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt – l\u00e0 Citta, Cetasika, R\u016bpa v\u00e0 Nibb\u0101na. Trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, b\u1ed1n Ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu (ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf). \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u00e0m \u00fd ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Ph\u00e1p n\u1eb1m trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 “th\u1ef1c”, v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a: ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi ba th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u – t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf, s\u1eafc. Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n – \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u00e1t-na t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u1edf m\u1ed7i trong b\u1ed1n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 – l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean. (\u00d0i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00ean bi\u1ebft \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m \u1edf m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t-na t\u0129nh l\u1ea1c ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o).<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u ba th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u (t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf, s\u1eafc) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Ta” n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n (c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd (danh) hay v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (s\u1eafc) \u0111\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i hay bi\u1ebfn \u0111i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng). V\u00ec v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 “Ta”, v\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n \u1ea5y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “Ta”. Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p (Abhidhamma) – m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i – gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u vi t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u00e2n – T\u00e2m hay Danh-S\u1eafc n\u00e0y, r\u1eb1ng “ch\u00fang ta” kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, v.v…<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00fac n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c T\u1ea1i C\u00f9ng T\u1ed9t g\u1ed3m T\u00e2m (Citta), T\u00e2m s\u1edf (Cetasika), S\u1eafc ph\u00e1p (R\u016bpa) v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n (Nibb\u0101na) – \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf gian – s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p Danh-S\u1eafc (citta – cetasika – r\u016bpa) t\u1ea1o ra ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1eafc (r\u016bpa); v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gian – Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n (Nibb\u0101na). D\u00f9 ai kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng nghe n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn l\u00e0 t\u00e2m – t\u00e2m s\u1edf – s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n v\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i thanh t\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 \u00d0\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt Ch\u00e2n Th\u1ef1c, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang t\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng, c\u00f3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u t\u00edn t\u00e2m n\u01a1i Ph\u1ea7n B\u00e0n Lu\u1eadn h\u01a1i n\u1eb7ng t\u00ednh “k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt” c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc Th\u1ea7y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 k\u1ef9 trong nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n sau.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Ph\u1ea7n B\u00e0n Lu\u1eadn<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n

a) Th\u1ef1c T\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y “Sabba dhamma anatta” – t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p (dhamma) \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 (anatta). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ed9t trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 – t\u00e2m (citta), t\u00e2m s\u1edf (cetasika), s\u1eafc (r\u016bpa), s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 (Nibb\u0101na) – \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (sabh\u0101va dhamma), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng ch\u00f3, m\u00e8o v.v… V\u00f4 ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh (Tam t\u01b0\u1edbng) – V\u00f4 Th\u01b0\u1eddng, Kh\u1ed5, V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3 – \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ed9t. Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n thu\u1ed9c si\u00eau th\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3; ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh (Tam t\u01b0\u1edbng) k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Ch\u00fang h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p g\u1ed3m ba trong b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1p k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, t\u1ee9c m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00e0 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p; hay n\u00f3i g\u1ecdn l\u00e0 th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m ho\u1eb7c danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc. Chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh n\u0103m ph\u1ea7n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n g\u1ed3m: s\u1eafc, th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a sanh, l\u00e3o, b\u1ec7nh, t\u1eed. Ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t sanh do nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 duy\u00ean; ch\u00fang lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhau (s\u1eafc “th\u00e2n” kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m; t\u00e2m c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00e2n); ch\u00fang sanh di\u1ec7t t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong su\u1ed1t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng. S\u1ef1 sanh di\u1ec7t n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra trong t\u1eebng s\u00e1t-na, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u1ee9 x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch “t\u1ef1 do” cho d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft hay kh\u00f4ng, n\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf gian; n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra kh\u00f4ng do Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00d0\u1ebf, Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p huy\u1ec5n ho\u1eb7c n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u0103m u\u1ea9n hay Danh-S\u1eafc (n\u0101ma-r\u016bpa) l\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf – Dukkhasacca (“Sacca” c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c” hay “ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf”. “Dukkhasacca” l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 Kh\u1ed5 hay Kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf – Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t). N\u0103m u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n – nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tham \u00e1i, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 trong Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf th\u1ee9 hai – Kh\u1ed5 T\u1eadp Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf hay s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n sanh kh\u1ed5. Nh\u00e2n sanh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u00e1i, hay trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u00e0 Tham, S\u00e2n, Si. Ch\u00ednh do phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o m\u00e0 danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. Th\u00e2n – t\u00e2m hay danh – s\u1eafc (n\u0103m u\u1ea9n) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng hay \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y, qu\u1ed1c gia n\u1ecd, v.v… Nh\u00e2n sanh (phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o) v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh (n\u0103m u\u1ea9n) \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh – V\u00f4 Th\u01b0\u1eddng, Kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3 – \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ch\u00fang sanh n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ed9t (sabh\u0101vadhamma) v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i “th\u1ebf gian”. (\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang sanh, “th\u1ebf gian” th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 N\u0103m U\u1ea9n, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ch\u00fang ta kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3. “Th\u1ebf gian” n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “th\u1ebf gian c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n” hay “th\u1ebf gian c\u1ee7a danh – s\u1eafc”).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u00e1t-na t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 14 trong 16 Tu\u1ec7 Minh S\u00e1t (Vipassan\u0101\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a) v\u00e0 s\u00e1t-na t\u00e2m qu\u1ea3 li\u1ec1n sau n\u00f3 (Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 15). Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 si\u00eau th\u1ebf b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Th\u00e1i t\u1eed S\u0129-\u0111\u1ea1t-ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng ai d\u1ea1y cho Ng\u00e0i c\u1ea3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Phra Arahant – Sammasambuddha” (B\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1eb3ng Gi\u00e1c).<\/span><\/p>\n

b) Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y \u0111\u00f3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch trong ki\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, trong ki\u1ebfp v\u1ecb lai, \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 – t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (Tham, S\u00e2n, Si) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong Tam t\u1ea1ng Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn cao, t\u1eeb c\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e2u, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u0103n t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang sanh, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb tham, s\u00e2n, si. B\u1ed1 th\u00ed, gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi, h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n, v.v… t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111em l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong chuy\u00ean lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5. C\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, hay th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m (danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc). Khi n\u0103m u\u1ea9n t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00ec Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i – h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5? Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7 trong B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7 trong B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o? B\u1edfi v\u00ec ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y khi n\u1eb1m trong B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Trung \u00d0\u1ea1o, m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Trung \u00d0\u1ea1o, l\u00e0 “Con \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng \u00d0\u1ed9c Nh\u1ea5t” \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trung \u00d0\u1ea1o ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh hai c\u1ef1c \u0111oan – l\u1ee3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh – m\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 sau khi h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129 \u1ea4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129 n\u00e0y ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh s\u1ebd di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham \u00e1i v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ebd di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady. Trung \u00d0\u1ea1o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 tham hay s\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf l\u00e0 g\u00ec? K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra khi s\u00e1t-na t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng – di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 (\u00d0\u1ea1o th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 – A-la-h\u00e1n \u00d0\u1ea1o). Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c l\u1ea1c b\u1edfi l\u1ebd n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ef1c l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a g\u00ec? C\u1ef1c l\u1ea1c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 trong tam gi\u1edbi n\u1eefa. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i “Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u1ea1c t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng”. T\u1ea1i sao \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? B\u1edfi v\u00ec Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n – n\u0103m u\u1ea9n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5 \u00d0\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 gi\u00e0, \u0111au, b\u1ec7nh, ch\u1ebft, s\u1ea7u, bi, v.v… \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac th\u1ebf gian, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o. C\u00e1i n\u00e0o \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc? Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh gi\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh t\u1ecbnh gi\u1edbi r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng?<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 trong B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang ra, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t li\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 ba vi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i u\u1ed1ng h\u1ebft m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ea1c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ef7, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn an ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh (m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ea5t cao). Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 an l\u1ea1c t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 n\u00f3 di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i (nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o trong t\u00e2m), nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i an l\u1ea1c n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i bao l\u00e2u c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i c\u00f2n b\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f2n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m. V\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u1ea5y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn an ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Ch\u00ednh \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eadc cao nh\u1ea5t – \u00d0\u1ec7 b\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecbnh hay Phi t\u01b0\u1edfng phi phi t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m trong t\u00e2m. Sau \u0111\u00f3, Ng\u00e0i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o – ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh theo Trung \u0111\u1ea1o – v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9. T\u1eeb s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, Ng\u00e0i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1, “\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfp ch\u00f3t c\u1ee7a ta”. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, do s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 (Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n), phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00f2ng sanh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, n\u00ean Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c hay h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y? B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e1ng, s\u1ebd ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n sanh kh\u1ed5. C\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh m\u00e3n, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0: (a) G\u00ec l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n? (b) Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? (c) L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n? (\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ta tin Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi, b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n – theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eafn t\u1eaft, tuy nhi\u00ean, khi b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

a) G\u00ec l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n?<\/span><\/p>\n

Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu, hay th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (sabh\u0101va). Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u00e1t-na t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5. Kh\u1ed5 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 “ch\u00fang ta” – m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p g\u1ed3m N\u0103m U\u1ea9n – hay r\u00fat g\u1ecdn l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Danh-S\u1eafc. Kh\u1ed5 \u00d0\u1ebf th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y, v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 “ch\u00fang ta” ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong th\u1eddi gian v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn (lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i) – tr\u1eeb phi th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 n\u00f3 (gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9) v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t n\u00f3 (gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t).<\/span><\/p>\n

b) Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?<\/span><\/p>\n

Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f5i, n\u00ean Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u1ea3. Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ai, d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng si\u00eau nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u. Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi. Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 gi\u00f3 (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh), b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 gi\u00f3 nh\u1edd t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1t m\u1ebb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u00e1t-na t\u00e2m r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t sanh, t\u00e2m v\u1ecb \u1ea5y l\u00fac n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean thanh t\u1ecbnh. \u00d0\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u00e1t-na \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o. Hai s\u00e1t-na n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 14 v\u00e0 15 trong 16 Tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e2m m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. Khi tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t m\u1ea1nh, t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ph\u00e0m nh\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u00e1t-na \u0111\u1ea1o. Theo li\u1ec1n sau n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u00e1t-na qu\u1ea3. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Khi nh\u00e2n sanh kh\u1ed5 b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t th\u00ec kh\u1ed5 (qu\u1ea3) c\u0169ng b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t b\u1edfi s\u00e1t-na \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u1ea5y (t\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1o: Tu-\u0111\u00e0-ho\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1o, T\u01b0-\u0111\u00e0-h\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1o, A-na-h\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o). C\u00f3 10 ki\u1ebft s\u1eed ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho ch\u00fang ta gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0: 1. Th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn; 2. Ho\u00e0i nghi l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt; 3.Gi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m th\u1ee7; 4. D\u1ee5c \u00e1i; 5. S\u00e2n; 6. S\u1eafc \u00e1i; 7. V\u00f4 s\u1eafc \u00e1i; 8. Ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n; 9. Tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed; 10.V\u00f4 minh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u1edf S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ea1o (Tu-\u0111\u00e0-ho\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1o), s\u00e1t-na Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb ba ki\u1ebft s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u; \u1edf Nh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o, s\u00e1t-na Nh\u1ea5t Lai \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu hai ki\u1ebft s\u1eed k\u1ebf; \u1edf Tam \u0111\u1ea1o, s\u00e1t-na B\u1ea5t Lai \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb hai ki\u1ebft s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3; v\u00e0 \u1edf T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1o, s\u00e1t-na A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb n\u0103m ki\u1ebft s\u1eed c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

c) L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (Satipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na) \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: “N\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eb1m thanh t\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a ch\u00fang sanh”.<\/span><\/p>\n

Satipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a 37 Ph\u00e1p Tr\u1ee3 B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 (Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9) – Ph\u00e1p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng. Khi t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh t\u1ecbnh, tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ai kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi v\u00ec Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng. (Paccatta\u1e43 Veditabbo Vi\u00f1\u00f1\u016bhi – B\u1eadc tr\u00ed t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn).<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>II. C\u00c1C GIAI \u0110O\u1ea0N TU\u1ec6<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u1ea3i qua ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.<\/span><\/p>\n

1) Sacca\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a (Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 S\u1ef1 Th\u1ef1c)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “S\u1ef1 Th\u1ef1c Tr\u00ed”, Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf:<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u1ed5 \u00d0\u1ebf (Dukkhasacca) g\u1ed3m m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i: sanh, gi\u00e0, b\u1ec7nh, ch\u1ebft, s\u1ea7u, bi, kh\u1ed5, \u01b0u, n\u00e3o, g\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a, xa ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 v\u00e0o N\u0103m u\u1ea9n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e2n Sanh Kh\u1ed5 hay T\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ebf (Samudayasacca) g\u1ed3m D\u1ee5c \u00e1i (K\u0101mata\u1e47h\u0101), H\u1eefu \u00e1i (Bhavata\u1e47ha), Phi h\u1eefu \u00e1i (Vibhavata\u1e47ha). (Xem ph\u1ea7n IV- T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf sau)<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 Di\u1ec7t Kh\u1ed5 hay Di\u1ec7t \u00d0\u1ebf (Nirodhasacca) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n. Di\u1ec7t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t nh\u00e2n sanh kh\u1ed5 (samadaya), d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5 (dukkha) c\u0169ng b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Con \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn S\u1ef1 \u00d0o\u1ea1n Kh\u1ed5 hay \u00d0\u1ea1o \u00d0\u1ebf (Maggasacca) l\u00e0 B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Trung \u00d0\u1ea1o (Majjhima Patipad\u0101), l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n

2) Kicca\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a (S\u1edf D\u1ee5ng Tr\u00ed)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t. Kh\u1ed5 (dukkha) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh; Nh\u00e2n Sanh Kh\u1ed5 (samudaya) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh; Di\u1ec7t (Nirodha) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh; \u00d0\u1ea1o (Magga) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

3) Kata\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a (S\u1edf T\u00e1c tr\u00ed)<\/span><\/p>\n

Kata -\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, tri ki\u1ebfn hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf. Ba Tu\u1ec7 (Sacca -\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a, Kicca -\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a, Kata -\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a ) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tam Tu\u1ec7 Lu\u00e2n – ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c tr\u00ed li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tu\u1ec7 tr\u00ean trong \u0111\u00eam Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn tri Tam Tu\u1ec7, m\u1ed7i tu\u1ec7 \u0111em nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf th\u00e0nh 12 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u S\u1ef1 Th\u1eadt Tr\u00ed (Sacca\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a); r\u1ed3i theo ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y n\u1eefa, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 S\u1edf D\u1ee5ng Tr\u00ed (Kicca\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a). Khi \u1ea5y, hai lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau, nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang l\u00e0m trong l\u00fac th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 hai, l\u00fac \u1ea5y \u0111em nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 4 x 2 = 8, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ch\u1ee9ng qu\u1ea3 (Kata\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a), th\u00ec 4 x 3= 12, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Si\u00eau Th\u1ebf Ph\u00e1p (Lokuttara Dhamma).<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p tho\u1ea1i ng\u1eafn sau khi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 Tam Tu\u1ec7 Lu\u00e2n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c… N\u00e0y ch\u01b0 t\u1ef3 kheo, bao l\u00e2u tri ki\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf, v\u1edbi ba lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a kh\u00e9o thanh t\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i ta, ch\u1eebng \u1ea5y, n\u00e0y ch\u01b0 t\u1ef3 kheo, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c sa m\u00f4n v\u00e0 b\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n, v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, Ta ch\u01b0a tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y Ta bi\u1ebft r\u00f5.<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

“Nh\u01b0ng n\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo, khi tri ki\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf, v\u1edbi ba lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e9o thanh t\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i Ta, l\u00fac \u1ea5y, n\u00e0y ch\u01b0 t\u1ef3 kheo, Ta tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m thi\u00ean, … \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y Ta bi\u1ebft r\u00f5.<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

“L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, tri ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y kh\u1edfi l\u00ean n\u01a1i Ta: \u201cB\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t Ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng, ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfp ch\u00f3t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i sanh l\u1ea1i n\u1eefa.”<\/i><\/b> (Vinaya, IV,16,21)<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>III. BA M\u01af\u01a0I B\u1ea2Y PH\u00c1P TR\u1ee2 GI\u00c1C NG\u1ed8<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cQu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng truy t\u1ea7m,
\nT\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng.
\nQu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4i qua,
\nT\u01b0\u01a1ng lai l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn.
\nCh\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ,
\nTu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y
\nKh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng rung chuy\u1ec3n,
\nBi\u1ebft v\u1eady n\u00ean tu t\u1eadp.
\nH\u00f4m nay nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m l\u00e0m,
\nAi bi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft ng\u00e0y mai?”<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

(Majjhima Nik\u0101ya, III, 187)<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Bodhipakkhiyadhamma l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/span><\/p>\n

Bodhipakkhiyadhamma l\u00e0 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n hay h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. V\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, ba m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y d\u1eabn h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (S\u0101tipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na) v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u1edbi B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

1. T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (S\u0101tipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thi\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/span><\/p>\n

“N\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ea7u, bi, \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5, \u01b0u, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9”. (Digh\u0101 Nik\u0101ya, S\u0101tipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na-sutta)<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 Th\u00e2n (K\u0101ya), Th\u1ecd (Vedan\u0101), T\u00e2m (Citta), v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p (Dhamma).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

Ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 c\u00f3 44 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, Ng\u00e0i Ananda tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n trong ph\u00e1p ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n (k\u0101yanupassan\u0101) \u1edf oai nghi ph\u1ee5. (Kinh n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, l\u00fac Ng\u00e0i \u0111ang n\u1eb1m xu\u1ed1ng th\u00ec s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 x\u1ea3y ra).<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, h\u00e0nh B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 – b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 Trung \u00d0\u1ea1o. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 37 Ph\u00e1p Tr\u1ee3 B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 Trung \u00d0\u1ea1o. T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n hay n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac Bodhipakkhiyadhamma, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n

1.1 Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9:<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

a) Ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y th\u00e2n, th\u1ecd, t\u00e2m hay ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

b) \u00d0\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t l\u00e0 ba Danh (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Yogavacara) l\u00e0 tinh t\u1ea5n (\u0101pati), ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m (s\u0101ti), t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (sampaja\u00f1\u00f1a). \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, hay l\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

c) Hai \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t tham (abhijjha) v\u00e0 s\u00e2n (domanassa) trong N\u0103m u\u1ea9n, \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t si, ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf, \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean, c\u00f2n hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 T\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh (Yonisomanasik\u0101ra – li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u00fd do khi l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o), v\u00e0 Qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh (Sikkhati – xem x\u00e9t ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh \u0111ang \u0111i \u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng hay sai). T\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sanh tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n, \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/span><\/p>\n

1.2 C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9:<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p duy nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ec1n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y th\u00e2n, th\u00ec ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u00e2n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00e2m bi\u1ebft n\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00e1n danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1eebng l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ecd; th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m; hay th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p. Ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y “th\u00e2n trong th\u00e2n”, “th\u1ecd trong th\u1ecd”, v.v… N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c (ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9) th\u00ec c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecdc trang n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft qua \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t trang kh\u00e1c – ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u0169ng v\u1eady, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang theo tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (Mah\u0101satipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na-sutta). Ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y ra, th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p – t\u1ee9c th\u1ea5y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 trong danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc – b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

a) Th\u00e2n (k\u0101ya). \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 qu\u00e1n “th\u00e2n trong th\u00e2n”. C\u00f3 14 lo\u1ea1i th\u00e2n t\u00f9y qu\u00e1n (k\u0101yanupassan\u0101), nh\u01b0ng trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hai l\u00e0 c\u00e1c oai nghi ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u01a1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c oai nghi ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7, b\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u00e2n d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n danh. Khi th\u00e2n (s\u1eafc) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng xen l\u1eabn v\u1edbi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, l\u00fac \u1ea5y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c danh. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 lau m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng cho th\u1eadt b\u00f3ng, l\u00fac \u1ea5y, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, hi\u1ec7n nay, ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n l\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho c\u0103n t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tham \u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u0169 d\u1ee5c m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi. Qu\u00e1n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1eddm g\u1edbm, s\u1ebd gi\u00fap h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i… Th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 trong 14 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n qu\u00e1n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c oai nghi ch\u00ednh, c\u00e1c oai nghi ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n (t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i). V\u00e0 qu\u00e1n c\u00e1c oai nghi ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 th\u00ec d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 h\u01a1n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

b) Th\u1ecd (vedan\u0101). C\u00f3 9 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ecd t\u00f9y qu\u00e1n (vedananupassan\u0101). \u00d0\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd qu\u00e1n th\u1ecd trong s\u1eafc, ch\u1ec9 qu\u00e1n th\u1ecd trong th\u1ecd. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi s\u1eafc c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111au nh\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00e1n danh bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 \u0111au nh\u1ee9c \u1ea5y, l\u00e0m v\u1eady ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i. Th\u1ecd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 qu\u00e1n b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 9 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ecd – k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 th\u1ecd x\u1ea3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tham \u00e1i m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u0169ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd gi\u00fap h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

c) T\u00e2m (citta). C\u00f3 16 t\u00e2m t\u00f9y qu\u00e1n (cittanupassan\u0101) nh\u01b0 t\u00e2m c\u00f3 tham, t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng tham, t\u00e2m c\u00f3 s\u00e2n, t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng s\u00e2n, t\u00e2m c\u00f3 si, t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng si,… Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u1ea1i \u00edt s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u00ec n\u00ean h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

d) Ph\u00e1p (dhamma). C\u00f3 5 ph\u00e1p t\u00f9y qu\u00e1n (dhammanupassan\u0101) l\u00e0 N\u0103m Tri\u1ec1n C\u00e1i, N\u0103m U\u1ea9n, M\u01b0\u1eddi Hai X\u1ee9 (6 c\u0103n v\u00e0 6 tr\u1ea7n), Th\u1ea5t Gi\u00e1c Chi, T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 Ta v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u00ec th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

1.3 Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9:<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

a) Tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p (sapp\u0101ya) cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i y\u00ean t\u0129nh, kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ai, nh\u1edd v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea5y kh\u1edfi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o do s\u1ef1 luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

b) Ph\u00e1p (dhamma) th\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u0103n t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

c) B\u1eadc th\u1ea7y th\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y m\u00e0 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9, nh\u1edd v\u1eady h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang h\u00e0nh vipassan\u0101 hay kh\u00f4ng. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (sabh\u0101va) – t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ebfn Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (N\u0101ma-r\u016bpa-pariccheda\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a – Danh-S\u1eafc ph\u00e2n t\u00edch tr\u00ed). B\u1eadc th\u1ea7y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb ho\u00e0i nghi m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

d) Th\u1ee9c \u0103n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n ki\u00eang c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f3 n\u01a1i h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh (t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p) th\u00ec n\u00ean r\u1eddi xa n\u01a1i \u1ea5y. N\u1ebfu tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh th\u00ec n\u00ean \u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u01a1i \u1ea5y. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec c\u0169ng n\u00ean \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/span><\/p>\n

e) Th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft th\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 n\u00f3ng hay qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

1.4 K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 Danh-S\u1eafc, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn x\u1ea3 ly v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o hay m\u1ecdi tham \u00e1i, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e1nh tr\u00ed hay \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3, ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n. Khi B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n Potthap\u0101da h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n, t\u1ea1i sao Ng\u00e0i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng hay kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, … thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf, Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i:<\/span><\/p>\n

“N\u00e0y Potthap\u00e0da, Nh\u01b0 Lai cho r\u1eb1ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m h\u1ea1nh, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn y\u1ebfm ly, ly tham, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ecbch di\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eafng tr\u00ed, \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, Ta n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf.” (D\u012bgh\u0101 Nik\u0101ya, S\u012blakhandhavagga)<\/span><\/p>\n

2. T\u1ee9 Ch\u00e1nh C\u1ea7n (Sammapadh\u0101na)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ee9 Ch\u00e1nh C\u1ea7n l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Gi\u1edbi – \u00d0\u1ecbnh – Tu\u1ec7 trong B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p trong khi qu\u00e1n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (danh hay s\u1eafc) trong T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m. T\u1ee9 Ch\u00e1nh C\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m tr\u1eeb b\u1ecf phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam n\u1eefa. B\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

Tinh t\u1ea5n lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m.
\nTinh t\u1ea5n ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m.
\nTinh t\u1ea5n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m
\nTinh t\u1ea5n duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Hai ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o trong t\u00e2m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i (nivarana). Hai ph\u00e1p sau mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c \u1ea5y. C\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ba – t\u1ee9c tinh t\u1ea5n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 d\u1ed9ng di\u1ec7t, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f9ng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. T\u1ee9 Nh\u01b0 \u00dd T\u00fac (Iddhip\u0101da)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1ee5c (chanda) – \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n hay nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5.
\nC\u1ea7n (viriya) – nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1ed5.
\nT\u00e2m (citta) – t\u00e2m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1ed5.
\nTh\u1ea9m (vimams\u0101) – tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

4. Ng\u0169 c\u0103n (Indriya)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00edn c\u0103n (saddhindriya). \u1ede tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y t\u00e2m tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed3n ch\u00e1n. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tin ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5n c\u0103n (viriyindriya): tinh t\u1ea5n trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 d\u1ec5 du\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n (satindriya): ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ecbnh c\u0103n (sam\u0101dhindriya): \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 c\u0103n (pa\u00f1\u00f1indriya): di\u1ec7t si m\u00ea, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00e2m, nh\u1edd v\u1eady m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 oai nghi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

5. Ng\u0169 l\u1ef1c (Bala)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u0169 l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 ng\u0169 c\u0103n nh\u01b0ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00edn l\u1ef1c (saddh\u0101bala): ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ee9c tin trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, tin ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh m\u00ecnh \u0111ang theo l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5n l\u1ef1c (viriyabala): t\u00e2m v\u1edbi t\u1ea5n l\u1ef1c s\u1ebd m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi “danh th\u1ea5y”, bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “ta th\u1ea5y”, …). T\u1ea5n l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ni\u1ec7m l\u1ef1c (s\u0101tibala): t\u00e2m duy tr\u00ec \u1edf s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c (sam\u0101dhibala): t\u00e2m th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i r\u1ea5t r\u00f5.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 l\u1ef1c (pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101bala): tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u00e9n nh\u1ea1y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng “ta \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i” th\u00e0nh “s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i”. Tu\u1ec7 l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u00fac n\u00e0y tu\u1ec7 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng khi m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, v\u00f4 minh v\u00e0 tham \u00e1i (ta\u1e47h\u0101) r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh. Song \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u0169 l\u1ef1c, v\u00f4 minh v\u00e0 tham \u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111i. Sau Tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (N\u0101m\u0101r\u016bpapariccheda\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a, Danh-S\u1eafc Ph\u00e2n T\u00edch Tr\u00ed), \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 m\u1edbi tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n tu\u1ec7.<\/span><\/p>\n

6. Th\u1ea5t Gi\u00e1c Chi (Bojjhanga)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c chi l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.<\/span><\/p>\n

6.1. Ni\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c chi<\/i> (S\u0101ti sambojjhanga). Ni\u1ec7m trong th\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c chi tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n (Ariyapuggala). Mu\u1ed1n ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i:<\/span><\/p>\n

– C\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c trong T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9;
\n– Kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n;
\n– Lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c oai nghi v\u00e0 Danh-S\u1eafc.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

6.2. Tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1c chi<\/i> (Dhammavicaya sambojjhanga): Th\u1ea9m x\u00e9t hay suy x\u00e9t c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n:<\/span><\/p>\n

– Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9c tin qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh, tham \u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xen v\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh, ho\u00e0i nghi c\u0169ng s\u1ebd l\u1edbn theo; Tinh t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u tinh t\u1ea5n, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed (uddhacca) s\u1ebd t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh, ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ea5n s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n, b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t \u1edf Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai, c\u1ee9 ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i m\u00e3i.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (sabh\u0101va).<\/span><\/p>\n

6.3. Tinh t\u1ea5n gi\u00e1c chi<\/i> (Viriya sambojjhanga): Tinh t\u1ea5n tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n. M\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec7n to\u00e0n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n:<\/span><\/p>\n

– Ph\u1ea3i tinh t\u1ea5n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch g\u00ec n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i sanh n\u01a1i b\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

– H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa b\u1edfi v\u00ec gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n

6.4. H\u1ef7 gi\u00e1c chi<\/i> (P\u012bti sambojjhanga). H\u1ef7 n\u00e0y n\u1ea3y sanh t\u1eeb tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t v\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. M\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec7n to\u00e0n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p, T\u0103ng, Gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

6.5. An t\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1c chi<\/i> (Passaddhi sambojjhanga). Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc (v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3) nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. B\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec7n to\u00e0n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n:<\/span><\/p>\n

– H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 an t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Th\u1ecd d\u1ee5ng th\u1ee9c \u0103n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n

6.6. \u00d0\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1c chi<\/i> (Sam\u0101dhi sambojjhanga). B\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec7n to\u00e0n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u00edn v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u1ea5n, tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u1ef7 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec trong t\u1eebng s\u00e1t-na v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ecdi oai nghi.<\/span><\/p>\n

6.7. X\u1ea3 gi\u00e1c chi<\/i> (Upekkh\u0101 sambojjhanga). N\u0103m ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec7n to\u00e0n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n:<\/span><\/p>\n

– H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p – “kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0”, v\u00e0 Danh-S\u1eafc \u1ea5y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p (kamma) – kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c trong t\u1eebng s\u00e1t-na v\u00e0 trong m\u1ecdi oai nghi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ghi nh\u1edb:<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

– M\u1ed7i gi\u00e1c chi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 Tam T\u01b0\u1edbng (v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3) nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

– M\u1ed7i gi\u00e1c chi ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9, sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Tu\u1ec7. Khi tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (yogavacara) h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c chi tr\u1edf n\u00ean ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o (Ariyamagga) s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edf, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.<\/span><\/p>\n

7. B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e1m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a 37 Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 (Bodhipakkhiyadhamma). B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf gian (lokiya), v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p si\u00eau th\u1ebf (lokuttara). Khi c\u00e1c chi ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 (th\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c chi) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u00e3n, n\u00f3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng chuy\u1ec3n sang Lokuttara (Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o – Ariyamagga). \u1ede \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, sau khi Th\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c chi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u00ean m\u00e3n, t\u00e1m Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o s\u1ebd vi\u00ean m\u00e3n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n. Ch\u00ednh ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf n\u00e0y. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u trong 37 Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ee3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 khi B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u00e3n, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh si\u00eau th\u1ebf khi T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9. Trong T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng Kinh (Samyutta Nik\u0101ya), \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cGi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ta v\u1ec1 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u1ea5y v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1ebf gian (si\u00eau th\u1ebf) v\u00e0 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 (su\u00f1\u00f1at\u0101). Trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. Bao l\u00e2u v\u00e0ng th\u1ef1c – ch\u00e2n l\u00fd – c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, v\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng khi v\u00e0ng th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n, v\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao \u00d0\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt suy \u0111\u1ed3i.”<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>IV. T\u1ee8 TH\u00c1NH \u0110\u1ebe<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T<\/b>rong ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc (III), ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a 37 Ph\u00e1p Tr\u1ee3 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf (xem \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00ecnh 1). T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m:<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u1ed5 \u00d0\u1ebf (Dukkhasacca<\/i>) – N\u0103m U\u1ea9n hay Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5.
\nT\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ebf (Samudayasacca<\/i>) – Nh\u00e2n sanh kh\u1ed5, l\u00e0 tham \u00e1i (tanh\u0101)
\n<\/i>Di\u1ec7t \u00d0\u1ebf (Nirodhasacca<\/i>) – Di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5, l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n.
\n\u00d0\u1ea1o \u00d0\u1ebf (Maggasacca<\/i>) – Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5, l\u00e0 B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Kh\u1ed5 \u00d0\u1ebf<\/b> – Dukkhasacca<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t an, kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m. Th\u00e2n b\u1ea5t an do th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t an do lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ea3 l\u1ea1c, th\u1ef1c ra, l\u1ea1c \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ea3 l\u1ea1c, m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 tri t\u00fac.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, ch\u00fang ta (Danh-S\u1eafc) lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd (dukkha-vedan\u0101<\/i>) v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5 (sankh\u0101ra-dukkha<\/i>) m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong m\u1ecdi oai nghi, Danh-S\u1eafc lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, kh\u1ed5 v\u1edbi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (kilesa<\/i>), hay kh\u1ed5 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 v\u1edbi qu\u1ea3 (vip\u0101ka<\/i>) hay kh\u1ed5 th\u00e2n. Lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (kh\u1ed5 t\u00e2m) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, ngay \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh vipassan\u0101<\/i> cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1eafc A-la-h\u00e1n qu\u1ea3. Lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5 th\u1ee9 hai (kh\u1ed5 qu\u1ea3), kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y. Vip\u0101ka<\/i> l\u00e0 “qu\u1ea3” hay “k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3”, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i sanh do c\u00f3 danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc.<\/span><\/p>\n

Danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n ch\u00fang l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i sanh, do v\u00f4 minh (avijj\u0101<\/i>) v\u00e0 \u00e1i (tanh\u0101<\/i>) t\u1ea1o ra. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh – t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eafc V\u00f4 D\u01b0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c N\u0103m U\u1ea9n.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia kh\u1ed5 theo c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

1.1 B\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5:<\/i><\/b><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

a) Th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5<\/i> (dukkhavedan\u0101<\/i>), c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf th\u00e2n (trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, danh bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd n\u00e0y) v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 t\u00e2m ph\u00e1t sanh do s\u1ef1 \u0111au nh\u1ee9c n\u01a1i th\u00e2n. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n, c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 th\u00e2n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kh\u1ed5 t\u00e2m n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\n

b) H\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5<\/i> (dukkhasankh\u0101ra<\/i>), l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c hay b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n t\u00e2m. Trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi. H\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n

c) Kh\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/i> (dukkhalkkhana<\/i>), l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Danh-S\u1eafc: v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. Kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 trong 16 Tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t – Tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n x\u00e9t s\u1ef1 sanh di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a danh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p (Udayabbaya\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

d) Kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf<\/i> (dukkhasacca<\/i>), l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5, cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu, m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1ea5t di b\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch. Lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5 sanh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t A-la-h\u00e1n \u00d0\u1ea1o; nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5 qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n trong b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n. H\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5, v\u00ed nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi y t\u00e1 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu khi ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103m s\u00f3c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u01a1 c\u01a1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c. K\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5 s\u1ebd theo sau, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, kh\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Khi kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, l\u00fac \u1ea5y h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5 trong th\u1ebf gian ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ea1c. Khi kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft th\u00ec c\u1ea3 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 v\u1eady.<\/span><\/p>\n

1.2 M\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1:<\/i><\/b><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0: Sanh; Gi\u00e0; Ch\u1ebft; S\u1ea7u; Bi; Kh\u1ed5; \u01afu; N\u00e3o; C\u1ea7u b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eafc; \u00c1i bi\u1ec7t ly; O\u00e1n t\u0103ng h\u1ed9i kh\u1ed5. Ba lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5 qu\u1ea3 (vip\u0101ka<\/i>), t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i sau thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (kilesa<\/i>). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u do ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n. S\u1ef1 sanh c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t sanh do s\u00e1u c\u0103n (m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u00fd). Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi m\u1eaft g\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n (r\u016bpakhandha<\/i>). Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y (hay nghe v.v…) l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n (vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101nakhandha<\/i>). Th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n g\u1ed3m ba t\u00e2m s\u1edf l\u00e0 th\u1ecd u\u1ea9n, h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng u\u1ea9n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, g\u1ed9p chung l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, v\u00e0 khi n\u0103m u\u1ea9n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t th\u00ec kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u0103n kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Trong \u00d0\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, khi ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i “th\u1ebf gian”, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gian c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, hay th\u1ebf gian c\u1ee7a s\u1edf y x\u1ee9 hay l\u1ee5c x\u1ee9 (\u0101yatana<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

“Ai th\u00edch th\u00fa trong s\u1eafc
\nTrong th\u1ea5y, nghe hay t\u01b0\u1edfng
\nTrong h\u00e0nh ho\u1eb7c trong th\u1ee9c
\nH\u1ecd th\u00edch th\u00fa trong kh\u1ed5
\nV\u00e0 ai th\u00edch trong kh\u1ed5
\nS\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.”<\/strong><\/i><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

(Samyutta Nik\u0101ya<\/i>, XXII, 29)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c (sukha<\/i>), nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1c th\u00ec v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e3i n\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5; v\u00e0 b\u1edfi l\u1ebd n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u00ean n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 ng\u00e3.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 kh\u1ed5 qua ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh. Th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta ra kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. B\u1edfi v\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 dai d\u1eb3ng n\u00ean nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi qu\u00e1n kh\u1ed5, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng Danh-S\u1eafc trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00ec Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf. C\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh. L\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb tham \u00e1i. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y l\u1ea1c, kh\u1ed5 s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb che l\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 thay v\u00ec h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm trong l\u1ea1c (c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh), v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00f2ng tham \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ea1c \u1ea5y. C\u00e1i h\u1ecd th\u00edch, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n. N\u0103m u\u1ea9n c\u00f3 th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 (dukkhavedan\u0101<\/i>), th\u1ecd l\u1ea1c (sukhavedan\u0101<\/i>), th\u1ecd x\u1ea3 (upekkh\u0101vedan\u0101<\/i>). V\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u1ecd th\u00edch th\u1ecd l\u1ea1c, t\u1ee9c th\u00edch n\u0103m u\u1ea9n. Ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ea1c n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00ednh th\u1ecd l\u1ea1c n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sanh s\u1ef1 nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Danh-S\u1eafc, nh\u01b0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m. Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i n\u0103m u\u1ea9n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o ni Vajir\u0101<\/i>, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh A-la-h\u00e1n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, sau khi ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean b\u00e0i k\u1ec7:<\/span><\/p>\n

“Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh
\nKh\u1ed5 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t,
\nNgo\u00e0i kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec sanh,
\nNgo\u00e0i kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec di\u1ec7t.”<\/i><\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

2. T\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ebf – Samudayasacca<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf – Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf th\u1ee9 hai – l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n sanh c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u00e1i hay tanh\u0101<\/i>. C\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i \u00e1i:<\/span><\/p>\n

a)<\/b> D\u1ee5c \u00e1i<\/i><\/b> – K\u0101matanh\u0101<\/i>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a n\u0103m c\u0103n (m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u0103m d\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng hay n\u0103m tr\u1ea7n c\u1ea3nh (k\u0101magu\u1e47a<\/i> – s\u1eafc, thanh, h\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1ecb, x\u00fac kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i). N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i trong c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c tr\u1ea7n th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ee5c \u00e1i. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 l\u1ee5c c\u0103n thu th\u00fac gi\u1edbi (indriyasamvaras\u012bla<\/i>) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u0103n, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ee5c \u00e1i v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. D\u1ee5c \u00e1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb \u1edf A-na-h\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1o (Anagamimagga<\/i>) – t\u1ee9c khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh B\u1ea5t Lai.<\/span><\/p>\n

b)<\/b> H\u1eefu \u00e1i<\/b> – Bhavatanh\u0101<\/i>. Bhava<\/i> ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0 “tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh”, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, t\u00e1i t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u01b0u trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. C\u00f3 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t c\u00f5i h\u1eefu, hay tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh, t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c sanh trong c\u00e1c c\u00f5i kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi cao nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00ednh bhavatanh\u0101<\/i> n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u00f9 b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n, d\u00f9 tr\u1ecdng th\u01b0\u01a1ng hay t\u00e0n t\u1eadt,… v\u1eabn b\u00e1m v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t s\u1ee3 ch\u1ebft. H\u1eefu \u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb \u1edf A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

c)<\/b> Phi h\u1eefu \u00e1i<\/i><\/b> – Vibhavatanh\u0101<\/i>. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng “s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t”, th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “\u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfn” cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 h\u1ebft. Do quan ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng duy nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 l\u1ea1c th\u00fa c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t khi c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng. S\u00e1t-na Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u \u00d0\u1ea1o s\u1ebd di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi h\u1eefu \u00e1i n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 d\u1ee5c \u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb d\u1ee5c \u00e1i n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 h\u1eefu \u00e1i, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 phi h\u1eefu \u00e1i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1t khao hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. C\u1ea3 ba lo\u1ea1i \u00e1i k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Di\u1ec7t \u00d0\u1ebf – Nirodhasacca<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u00ec Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/i>) d\u1eadp t\u1eaft m\u1ecdi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng di\u1ec7t t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft nh\u00e2n sanh kh\u1ed5, t\u1ee9c T\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ebf hay ba \u00c1i. Trong s\u00e1t-na Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t-na t\u00e2m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Maggacitta<\/i> (t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o). Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 kh\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tu\u1ec7 tri r\u1eb1ng \u00c1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tu\u1ec7 tri lu\u00f4n c\u00e1i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u00c1i. Khi nh\u00e2n di\u1ec7t, th\u1eddi qu\u1ea3 di\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi \u00c1i \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t, Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra \u00c1i l\u00e0 tai h\u1ecda, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ch\u1ee9ng Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5. Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 “s\u1ef1 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda tham, s\u00e2n, si; l\u00e0 v\u00f4 vi ph\u00e1p; l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu, c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt; l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, s\u1ef1 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c, t\u1ecbch t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (kilesa<\/i>). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng t\u1ea7m c\u1ea7u, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 trong th\u1ebf gian (n\u0103m u\u1ea9n). N\u1ebfu ai ngh\u0129 th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c, Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1i sanh trong Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Danh-S\u1eafc hay n\u0103m u\u1ea9n; Danh-S\u1eafc c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 minh s\u00e1t. Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00fa x\u1ee9, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 gi\u00f3, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 nh\u1edd t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1t m\u1ebb m\u00e0 n\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i. Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e2m \u00d0\u1ea1o. Ph\u00e0m phu c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eafm trong phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, do \u0111\u00f3 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y – tr\u1eeb phi h\u1ecd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh Vipassan\u0101<\/i> c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. Do v\u1eady khi h\u00e0nhVipassan\u0101<\/i>, t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean thanh t\u1ecbnh, t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 maggacitta<\/i>, c\u00f3 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e2m, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o (maggacitta<\/i>) tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft – kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 n\u00f3i cho h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft. Kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh vipassan\u0101<\/i> cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi tu\u1ec7vipassan\u0101<\/i> tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o (maggacitta<\/i>) c\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111i theo Con \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh. C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n:<\/span><\/p>\n

– H\u1eefu D\u01b0 Y Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n – Saupadisesanibb\u0101na<\/i> – Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc v\u1edbi ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

– V\u00f4 D\u01b0 Y Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n – Anupadisesanibb\u0101na<\/i> – s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u01b0 t\u00e0n c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00e0 ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u1ea3 th\u00e2n l\u1eabn t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u00e1t Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n – parinibb\u0101na<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. \u00d0\u1ea1o \u00d0\u1ebf<\/b> – Maggasacca<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ea1o \u00d0\u1ebf l\u00e0 B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5. “Magga<\/i>” l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111i theo B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (Satipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na<\/i>), ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong 37 Ph\u00e1p Tr\u1ee3 B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a hay di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o bao g\u1ed3m Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7 – l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn<\/i> (Samm\u0101-di\u1e6d\u1e6dhi<\/i>). Th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t T\u1ee9 \u00d0\u1ebf l\u00e0 th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p, hay th\u1ea5y v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf, Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 si\u00eau th\u1ebf, Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh T\u01b0 Duy<\/i> (Samm\u0101-sankappa<\/i>) g\u1ed3m ba lo\u1ea1i: t\u01b0 duy xu\u1ea5t ly (nekkhama<\/i>), t\u01b0 duy v\u00f4 s\u00e2n (aby\u0101p\u0101da<\/i>), t\u01b0 duy v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i (ahimsa<\/i>). Ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy gi\u00fap cho tinh t\u1ea5n – ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c trong T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh T\u01b0 Duy thu\u1ed9c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 TU\u1ec6 (pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>)<\/b> trong B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh Ng\u1eef<\/i> (Samm\u0101-v\u0101c\u0101<\/i>) l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u1eddi th\u00f4 \u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u1eddi v\u00f4 \u00edch hay nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 tai h\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. C\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 tham, s\u00e2n, si. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh Nghi\u1ec7p <\/i>(Samm\u0101-kammanta<\/i>), h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, nh\u01b0 gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi,… Ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh M\u1ea1ng<\/i> (Samm\u0101-\u0101j\u012bva<\/i>), ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec1 tai h\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 mua b\u00e1n v\u0169 kh\u00ed,… Ngay c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c \u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh Ng\u1eef, Ch\u00e1nh Nghi\u1ec7p, Ch\u00e1nh M\u1ea1ng thu\u1ed9c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 GI\u1edaI<\/b> trong B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh Tinh T\u1ea5n<\/i> (Samm\u0101-v\u0101y\u0101ma<\/i>), l\u00e0 T\u1ee9 Ch\u00e1nh C\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. T\u1ee9 ch\u00e1nh c\u1ea7n gi\u00fap cho \u00d0\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 n\u1ea3y sanh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh Ni\u1ec7m<\/i> (Samm\u0101-sati<\/i>). Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ec7m trong T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ecbnh<\/i> (Samm\u0101-sam\u0101dhi<\/i>), l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m hay \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9. Mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m. Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb b\u1ed1n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ee9c T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh Tinh T\u1ea5n, Ch\u00e1nh Ni\u1ec7m, Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u00d0\u1ecaNH<\/b> trong B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

“\u00d0\u1ea1o” \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ea1o l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t – con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. Song “con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng” \u1ea5y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 t\u00e1m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean thu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 t\u00e1m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n u\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p Trung \u00d0\u1ea1o – Majjhim\u0101patipad\u0101<\/i>. Trung \u00d0\u1ea1o n\u00e0y h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t si (moha<\/i>). Khi si \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c ra, B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o l\u00e0 t\u00e1m t\u00e2m s\u1edf (cetasika<\/i>). N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 hay linh h\u1ed3n n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p –<\/i> sabh\u0101va<\/i>. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u1ec5u tri Kh\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi di\u1ec7t T\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng Di\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu \u00d0\u1ea1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

– B\u00e1t th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 8 t\u00e2m s\u1edf: Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn – s\u1edf h\u1eefu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7; Ch\u00e1nh t\u01b0 duy – s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u1ea7m; Ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef – s\u1edf h\u1eefu ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef; Ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p – s\u1edf h\u1eefu ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p; Ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng – s\u1edf h\u1eefu ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng; Ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n – s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ea7n; Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – s\u1edf h\u1eefu ni\u00eam; Ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh – s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Kh\u1ed5 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5; c\u00f3 Nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p; c\u00f3 Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp Ni\u1ebft-b\u00e0n; c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu \u0111\u1ea1o. (Visuddhimagga, XVI)<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf<\/i><\/b>:<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tr\u00ed ch\u1ee9ng Kh\u1ed5 c\u0169ng di\u1ec7t \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng (vipall\u0101sa<\/i>) – ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ea5p th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng v.v…<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tr\u00ed ch\u1ee9ng T\u1eadp (nh\u00e2n sanh kh\u1ed5) l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00d0\u1ebf t\u1ea1o ra, thay v\u00ec qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tr\u00ed ch\u1ee9ng Di\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5p l\u1ea7m Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i an l\u1ea1c do \u0111\u1ecbnh sanh m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Tr\u00ed ch\u1ee9ng \u00d0\u1ea1o t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb m\u1ecdi ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh t\u00e0 v\u1ea1y v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u00e1i (nh\u00e2n) b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb, “th\u1ebf gian” c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u1ed5 c\u0169ng d\u1ee9t theo. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y trong \u00d0\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o (Visuddhi Magga<\/i>) n\u00f3i: Kh\u1ed5 \u00d0\u1ebf t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng; T\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ebf nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng; Di\u1ec7t \u00d0\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng xu\u1ed1ng; \u00d0\u1ea1o \u00d0\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng xu\u1ed1ng. <\/i>(Samyutta Nik\u0101ya<\/i>, III, 26<\/i>)<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>V. THI\u1ec0N MINH S\u00c1T<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Vipassan\u0101<\/i> (th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 – tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c – c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u. Tuy nhi\u00ean ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a Thi\u1ec1n Minh S\u00e1t), l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, do \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u Vipassan\u0101<\/i> l\u00e0 g\u00ec.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vipassan\u0101<\/i> l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tu\u1ec7 (pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>) bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. C\u00e1c tu\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 vipassan\u0101 <\/i>(minh s\u00e1t). Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 vipassan\u00e0. Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u00f9 th\u1eafng.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a vipassan\u0101<\/i> l\u00e0 Danh-S\u1eafc trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i Danh-S\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (sabh\u0101va<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a vipassan\u0101<\/i> l\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o ch\u00fang n\u1ea3y sanh. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i s\u00e1u c\u0103n m\u00f4n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o kh\u1edfi sanh \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a vipassan\u0101<\/i> l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng (vipall\u0101sa<\/i>) ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p (t\u1ecbnh), Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng, Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c, Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3. Khi tu\u1ec7 vipassan\u0101<\/i> ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 (nirodha<\/i>) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh vipassan\u0101<\/i> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong Kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (Mah\u0101satipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101nasutta<\/i>). C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

a) S\u00e1u Vipassan\u0101 Bh\u016bmi<\/i> (tri ki\u1ebfn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n)
\nb) M\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t.
\nc) Th\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vipassan\u0101 Bh\u016bmi<\/i> (tri ki\u1ebfn minh s\u00e1t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t khi h\u00e0nh vipassan\u0101<\/i> nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap cho tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u0101<\/i> pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>) kh\u1edfi sanh. C\u00f3 s\u00e1u Bh\u016bmi<\/i> l\u00e0 N\u0103m U\u1ea9n (khandha<\/i>); 12 X\u1ee9 (Ayatana<\/i>); 18 Gi\u1edbi (Dhatu<\/i>); 22 Quy\u1ec1n (Indriya<\/i>); T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf v\u00e0 Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u00e1u bh\u016bmi<\/i> n\u00e0y r\u00fat g\u1ecdn l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc, b\u1edfi v\u00ec khi \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nhvipassan\u0101<\/i> h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1n Danh-S\u1eafc m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y b\u1edfi tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t. Tu\u1ec7 tri Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t – ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 s\u1ebd h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vipassan\u0101<\/i> Bh\u016bmi<\/i> l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc hay l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tri ki\u1ebfn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t. Vipassan\u0101 Bh\u016bmi<\/i> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p r\u1ea5t th\u00e2m s\u00e2u, uy\u00ean \u00e1o, cho n\u00ean h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng, hi\u1ec3u th\u1eadt th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ec3 khi \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t ch\u00fang (Danh-S\u1eafc). Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 12 X\u1ee9 (ayatana<\/i>) ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed1n oai nghi. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft (pariyatti<\/i>) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t Danh-S\u1eafc, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh vipassan\u0101<\/i> \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch, do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. Ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean cho ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh (patipatti<\/i>) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc, ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p th\u00e0nh (pativedha<\/i>) t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vipassan\u0101<\/i> ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Quy Lu\u1eadt T\u1ef1 Nhi\u00ean hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tam T\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu – v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft Quy Lu\u1eadt T\u1ef1 Nhi\u00ean – \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do v\u00f4 minh (avijja<\/i>), v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 xoay v\u1ea7n m\u00e3i trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5. Trong Kinh \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 minh nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf. V\u1eady kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft Quy Lu\u1eadt T\u1ef1 Nhi\u00ean th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 minh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ba lo\u1ea1i Tu\u1ec7 trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

– Suta pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101 <\/i>(V\u0103n Tu\u1ec7), l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft do h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p (pariyatti<\/i>), ho\u1eb7c do nghe gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p (dhamma<\/i>) tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Cint\u0101 pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i> (T\u01b0 Tu\u1ec7), l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft do th\u1ea9m nghi\u1ec7m, nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Vipassan\u0101 pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i> (Minh S\u00e1t Tu\u1ec7), l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc v\u00e0 Danh-S\u1eafc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c hay minh s\u00e1t tu\u1ec7.<\/span><\/p>\n

(Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Theo \u0111\u00fang thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef, suta pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i> l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 do nghe ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eafc. Cint\u0101 pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i> l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng do m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt m\u1edbi c\u00f3 Cint\u0101 pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta d\u00f9ng Suta pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i> v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec3u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 Cint\u0101 pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i> v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh.)<\/span><\/p>\n

Vipassan\u0101 bh\u0101van\u0101<\/i> (Minh s\u00e1t tu t\u1eadp) kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Samatha bh\u0101van\u0101<\/i> (T\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 tu t\u1eadp). N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1ea3y sanh, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5. Samatha<\/i> bh\u0101van\u0101<\/i> l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p (kusala<\/i>), song n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. (Xem s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Thi\u1ec1n \u00d0\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Thi\u1ec1n Tu\u1ec7, ph\u1ea7n IX.)<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Sam\u0101dthi<\/i><\/b> (\u00d0\u1ecbnh)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Sam\u0101dhi<\/i> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung hay \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m. Sam\u0101dhi<\/i> r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch trong thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eebng th\u1eddi hay s\u00e1t-na \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7. C\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh: S\u00e1t-na \u0111\u1ecbnh (khanikasam\u0101dhi<\/i>); C\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh (upac\u0101rasam\u0101dhi<\/i>); An ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh (appan\u0101sam\u0101dhi<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00fd do ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng s\u00e1t-na \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t l\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u00e1t-na \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec tr\u00ean s\u00e1u c\u0103n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn danh nghe (t\u1eeb \u00fd c\u0103n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u0129 c\u0103n), s\u00e1t-na \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1ea5y. S\u00e1t-na \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i kh\u00ed c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u0101<\/i> pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>) v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 sanh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. Khi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn ra, n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y t\u00e2m n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t (c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3), v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. C\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 sanh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn ra b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>VI. S\u00c1T-NA HI\u1ec6N T\u1ea0I V\u00c0 TH\u1ef0C T\u00cdNH PH\u00c1P
\n<\/span><\/b>(\u0100RAMMANAPACCUPPANN\u0100 & SABH\u0100VA DHAMMA)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

1. S\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/b> (\u0101ramma\u1e47apaccuppann\u0101<\/i><\/b>)<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ea3y sanh c\u1ee7a danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ba Danh l\u00e0 tinh t\u1ea5n (\u0101tap\u012b<\/i>), ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m (sati<\/i>) v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (sampajja\u00f1\u00f1a<\/i>) – g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 yogavacara<\/i> – \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n

(Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0100rammanapaccuppann\u0101<\/i> hay paccuppann\u0101rammana <\/i>\u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i s\u1edf duy\u00ean hay c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i; \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho s\u00e1t na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Danh – S\u1eafc (present moment), m\u1ed9t tho\u00e1ng ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 m\u1edbi ghi nh\u1eadn k\u1ecbp – ND.)<\/span><\/p>\n

Mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ba Danh (l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t) ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (paramattha<\/i>), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc; \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m trong T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (th\u00e2n, th\u1ecd, t\u00e2m, ph\u00e1p); khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi \u0111ang qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111au nh\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00e1n danh bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean qu\u00e1n “th\u00e2n trong th\u00e2n”; Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi \u00fd mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra Danh-S\u1eafc, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh \u0111i th\u1eadt ch\u1eadm v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0m cho tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t sanh, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh co tay, du\u1ed7i ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt ch\u1eadm \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ckalapa<\/i> (t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p) \u0111ang sanh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t. \u00d0\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 cho th\u1ea5y s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c (sati-sampajja\u00f1\u00f1a<\/i>) \u0111ang qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng h\u01a1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o – c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t mong \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i. B\u1ea5t ng\u1edd m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng s\u1ea5m n\u1ed5, s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c bu\u00f4ng s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i v\u00e0 nghe ti\u1ebfng s\u1ea5m. Danh nghe \u1ea5y ph\u00e1t sanh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 (vipassan\u0101<\/i>), b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u1edf s\u00e1t-na \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 th\u1ea9m nghi\u1ec7m (th\u1ea9m tra, th\u1ea9m s\u00e1t) (cint\u0101 \u0101rammanapaccuppa\u00f1\u00f1a<\/i>) v\u00e0 s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u0101-pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>\u0101rammanapaccuppa\u00f1\u00f1a<\/i>). Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ea9m nghi\u1ec7m s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft trong khi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u00f3 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t, theo c\u00e1ch hai thanh c\u1ee7i kh\u00f4 x\u00e1t v\u00e0o nhau sanh ra l\u1eeda.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t tham (abhijjha<\/i>) v\u00e0 s\u00e2n (domanassa<\/i>) trong n\u0103m u\u1ea9n. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sanh.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i minh s\u00e1t r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1eaft m\u1ed9t con c\u00e1 trong h\u1ed3 b\u1eb1ng hai tay kh\u00f4ng. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn ra “s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i” ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i “ta ng\u1ed3i”. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i “ta” bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ba Danh (tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c) bi\u1ebft. Th\u1ef1c ra, s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (sabh\u0101va<\/i>) m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ngay c\u1ea3 Danh bi\u1ebft (\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng) s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i minh s\u00e1t s\u1edf d\u0129 kh\u00f3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft l\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. N\u1eafm b\u1eaft s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i minh s\u00e1t c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdc khi ch\u01b0a h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c m\u1eabu t\u1ef1. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o ta ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u1eabu t\u1ef1, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1c ch\u1eef. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o s\u1ebd xen v\u00e0o. Khi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ng\u0103n ch\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i minh s\u00e1t s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sanh \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t si m\u00ea (moha<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd \u0111ang trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i?<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u1edf trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd (s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c) s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n; s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 (dukkha<\/i>) – Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng nhau trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Danh-S\u1eafc v\u00e0 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t tham s\u00e2n trong “th\u1ebf gian” c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p, l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 “Ta”.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Th\u1ef1c T\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p (Sabh\u0101va Dhamma<\/i>)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Sabh\u0101va Dhamma<\/i> l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p trong th\u1ebf gian. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, song kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng hay \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 hay linh h\u1ed3n, v.v… Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a oai nghi ng\u1ed3i. Th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, khi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p th\u00ec ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 sabh\u0101va<\/i> m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 hay linh h\u1ed3n. Th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc, v\u1edbi Danh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m ba ph\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y:<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 S\u1eafc (r\u016bpa<\/i>), T\u00e2m (citta<\/i>), T\u00e2m s\u1edf (cetasika<\/i>), Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n (Nibb\u0101na<\/i>). C\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (paccuppanna<\/i>), c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc – Danh g\u1ed3m T\u00e2m v\u00e0 T\u00e2m s\u1edf – l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf. S\u1eafc trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u00f3 “v\u00f4 tri”. Danh v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0 danh th\u1ea5y, danh nghe v.v… \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p th\u1ebf gian (lokiya<\/i>), c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p si\u00eau th\u1ebf (lokuttara<\/i>), l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u00e1t-na t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o (maggacitta<\/i>) v\u00e0 t\u00e2m qu\u1ea3 (phalacitta<\/i>). Ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec7t phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (sati<\/i> – sampajja\u00f1\u00f1a<\/i>) l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 vipassan\u0101<\/i>. Trong si\u00eau th\u1ebf, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o. Th\u1ef1c ra t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng – \u00d0\u1ea1o Tr\u00ed (Magga-\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>), Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n trong m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u Tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t. Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p si\u00eau th\u1ebf (lokuttara-dhamma<\/i>), n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i n\u0103m u\u1ea9n.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (paccuppa\u00f1\u00f1a<\/i>), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (paccuppa\u00f1\u00f1adhamma<\/i>) v\u00e0 s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (paccuppa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101rammana<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, Danh-S\u1eafc sanh di\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t nhanh. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y v\u00ec b\u1ecb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o che \u00e1n. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ee9ng, danh th\u1ea5y, danh nghe,… ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i “ch\u00fang ta ng\u1ed3i”, “ch\u00fang ta nghe”,… \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu cho d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y hay kh\u00f4ng, \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, m\u1ecdi l\u00fac n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, Danh-S\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, ch\u00fang ta d\u00f9ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn Danh-S\u1eafc trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ba \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (s\u1eafc, t\u00e2m, t\u00e2m s\u1edf) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng minh s\u00e1t cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ph\u00e1t sanh Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai (Thu\u1eadn th\u1ee9 tu\u1ec7, anuloma-\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>). L\u00fac n\u00e0y, Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u00e2m qu\u1ea3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i si\u00eau th\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

Danh-S\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t \u1edf s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n (kusala<\/i>), b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (akusala<\/i>) hay v\u00f4 k\u00fd (abyakata<\/i>), nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m (t\u1ee9c th\u00e2n, th\u1ecd, t\u00e2m, ph\u00e1p).<\/span><\/p>\n

Vipassan\u0101<\/i> ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh khi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t (b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh vipassan\u0101<\/i>). N\u00f3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o n\u01a1i n\u00e0o phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi nghe m\u1ed9t \u00e2m thanh, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (v\u00f4 minh) khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng “ch\u00fang ta nghe”, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, vipassan\u0101<\/i> nh\u1eafc ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “danh nghe” v\u00e0 t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n

-ooOoo-<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n<\/b>: – Ba danh qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (cint\u0101paccuppannarom)<\/i> v\u00e0 ba danh n\u1eafm b\u1eaft s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (vipassan\u0101pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101paccuppannarom)<\/i> c\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau kh\u00f4ng?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e1p<\/b>: – “S\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i” th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nhau, nh\u01b0ng ba danh qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 ba danh n\u1eafm b\u1eaft n\u00f3 th\u00ec kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 A, B, C,… \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eef v\u1eady. Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ea9m nghi\u1ec7m (cint\u0101 pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101)<\/i> c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc A, B, C,… v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t, n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp theo sau, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n<\/b>: – L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u1eafm b\u1eaft s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e1p<\/b>: – N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c (ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c), h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra quanh m\u00ecnh, ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t, nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i. S\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i s\u1ebd l\u00e0m m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t hay suy y\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u00e2m thanh kh\u00e1c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u1eafm b\u1eaft s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c cao \u0111\u1ed9.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n<\/b>: – C\u00f3 n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t oai nghi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a oai nghi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e1p<\/b>: – H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, ho\u1eb7c \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc \u0111i. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c oai nghi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5 t\u1eeb oai nghi c\u0169. Ch\u1ec9 khi \u1ea5y, s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i ho\u1eb7c s\u1eafc \u0111i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, khi n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sanh.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n<\/b>: – Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7. T\u1ea1i sao?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e1p<\/b>: – Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i b\u1eb1ng tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t, c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o th\u00f4 (lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 b\u1eb1ng gi\u1edbi) b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf Gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. C\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i (nivarana)<\/i> nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u00d0\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, lo\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o vi t\u1ebf (l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c), t\u1ee9c t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf Tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec tu\u1ec7vipassan\u0101<\/i> \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn (samm\u0101di\u1e6d\u1e6dhi)<\/i> r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 “Ta” ng\u1ed3i.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>VII. TINH T\u1ea4N – CH\u00c1NH NI\u1ec6M – T\u1ec8NH GI\u00c1C – T\u00c1C \u00dd CH\u00c2N CH\u00c1NH – QU\u00c1N S\u00c1T PH\u00c1P H\u00c0NH<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

(\u0100T\u0100PI – SATI – SAMPAJA\u00d1\u00d1A – YONISOMANASIK\u0100RA – SIKKH\u0100TI)<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ecaNH NGH\u0128A<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

– Tinh t\u1ea5n<\/b> (\u0101t\u0101pi<\/i>) ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Ni\u1ec7m<\/b> (sati<\/i>) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh (kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 “ch\u00fa \u00fd”, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 “t\u01b0\u1edfng” – sa\u00f1\u00f1a<\/i> – trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n (kusala<\/i>) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i:<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh nh\u1eadt hay trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf, ni\u1ec7m lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c, v\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo…<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Danh-S\u1eafc trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m”.<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c<\/b> (sampaja\u00f1\u00f1a<\/i>) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh. N\u00f3 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng chung v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn oai nghi ng\u1ed3i l\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m, bi\u1ebft oai nghi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c. Khi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c h\u1ee3p chung v\u1edbi nhau, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 “t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c” (ti\u1ebfng Th\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 rusuthua<\/i>). Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng “ph\u00e1p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ch\u00ednh” \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o. Ba ph\u00e1p tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ba Danh (Yogavacara<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c:<\/span><\/p>\n

1) S\u1ed1ng trong tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 hay m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p (nh\u01b0 sanh trong m\u1ed9t tr\u00fa x\u1ee9 c\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt).<\/span><\/p>\n

2) Th\u00e2n c\u1eadn b\u1eadc thi\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n – nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh vipassan\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n

3) T\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o (c\u00f3 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1i chuy\u1ec3n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5).<\/span><\/p>\n

4) \u00d0\u00e3 t\u1eebng t\u1ea1o ph\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ec7n (trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfp qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 – pubbekatapu\u00f1\u00f1at\u0101<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

– T\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh<\/b> (yonisomanasik\u0101ra<\/i> hay yoniso<\/i>) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m hay ch\u00fa \u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1ee9c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh<\/b> (sikkh\u0101ti<\/i> – \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp hay luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp – “to learn, to train oneself”<\/i>). Tuy nhi\u00ean khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u1edf d\u00e2y, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1eef ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh hay qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 “nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf” trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh. N\u00f3 “nh\u1eafc” ch\u00fang ta tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh khi \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

LU\u1eacN<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Tinh t\u1ea5n<\/b> (\u0101pati<\/i>) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec thi\u00eau h\u1ee7y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (tham v\u00e0 s\u00e2n) nh\u1eb1m tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/b> (sati<\/i>) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn oai nghi ng\u1ed3i. Nh\u1edd v\u1eady, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (sampaja\u00f1\u00f1a<\/i>) m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c ra, ch\u00ednh tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t s\u1eafc (r\u016bpa<\/i>) trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng “h\u1ecd” \u0111ang h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Ba Danh (n\u0101ma<\/i> – tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c hayyogavacara<\/i>) \u0111ang h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t tham v\u00e0 s\u00e2n, sau d\u00f3, Tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t n\u1ea3y sanh v\u00e0 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t si m\u00ea.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 h\u00e0nh (cint\u0101 pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>). Khi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t, song t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh v\u1eabn l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 h\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “ch\u00fang ta”. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng – kh\u1ed5 – v\u00f4 ng\u00e3.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho tham, s\u00e2n sanh kh\u1edfi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh v\u00e0 ba danh bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i th\u00ec d\u00f9 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au nh\u1ee9c, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m s\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i \u0111au \u1ea5y, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i kh\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i “ta”. Khi s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ed9t oai nghi kh\u00e1c, t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh cho ta bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m tham kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi oai nghi m\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, n\u00f3 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung yoniso nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd c\u1ea7m n\u1eafm l\u00faa (ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a l\u01b0\u1ee1i h\u00e1i ra c\u1eaft (t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c). Trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i c\u0169ng v\u1eady, yoniso<\/i> \u0111\u01b0a ba danh \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ba danh bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1eafc \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i. Yoniso<\/i> t\u00e1c h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u. Yoniso<\/i> bi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 s\u1eafc \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 ba danh m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng yoniso<\/i> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Khi b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft oai nghi ng\u1ed3i l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i b\u1eb1ng tu\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 yoniso<\/i>. Yoniso<\/i> gi\u00fap cho ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh (sikkh\u0101ti<\/i>) cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft khi ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>VIII. C\u00c1C C\u0102N B\u1ea4T THI\u1ec6N<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

C<\/b>\u00f3 ba c\u0103n b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: tham<\/b> (lobha<\/i>), s\u00e2n <\/b>(dosa<\/i>), si<\/b> (moha<\/i>). Th\u00edch th\u00fa (abhijjha<\/i>) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tham, v\u00e0 gh\u00e9t hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch (domanassa<\/i>) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n.Abhijjha<\/i> v\u00e0 domanassa kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi sanh m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, khi c\u00f3 abhijjha<\/i> th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3domanassa<\/i>, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tham, s\u00e2n, si th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (kilesa<\/i>), nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u0103n (g\u1ed1c) b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. D\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u0103n b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o – ba thu\u1ed9c tham, ba thu\u1ed9c s\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n thu\u1ed9c si. Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed7i c\u0103n b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, do \u0111\u00f3, tham, s\u00e2n, si c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. C\u00f3 ba c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o:<\/span><\/p>\n

– C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t<\/i> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o th\u00f4, t\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t t\u00e1c ra ngo\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

– C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 hai<\/i> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m trong t\u00e2m, hay l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i (nivarana<\/i>), ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m.<\/span><\/p>\n

– C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ba<\/i> l\u00e0 c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m, lo\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o qua c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c “b\u1ea1n” \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i v\u00e0 “b\u1ea1n” c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh “ta” \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1eafc. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o che \u00e1n hay ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t l\u00e0 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, d\u00f9 ch\u00fang n\u1ea3y sanh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c. K\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. L\u1ea1c l\u00e0m cho tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 qu\u00ean \u0111i s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5. Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean tr\u1ed9m. Mu\u1ed1n t\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3, ta ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9, h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft l\u00fac n\u00e0o n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf nh\u00e0 n\u1eefa. Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00f3 s\u00e1u “\u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9”, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u00fd.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ho\u1eb7c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ra l\u1ec7nh cho danh bu\u1ed9c s\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o n\u00f3i, “t\u1ea1i sao ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111i d\u1ea1o?”, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng oai nghi ng\u1ed3i l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, ra l\u1ec7nh cho s\u1eafc “thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5”. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u1ed5 bu\u1ed9c s\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t – phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o th\u00f4 – c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng gi\u1edbi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 hai – c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i – th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u00ea\u00efn trong t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh,… c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t t\u00e1c ra th\u00e0nh l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng – phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o th\u00f4. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m c\u0169ng v\u1eady, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 duy – tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i. C\u00f3 n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o trong t\u00e2m hay n\u0103m tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i l\u00e0 tham d\u1ee5c, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m v\u00e0 ho\u00e0i nghi. Ho\u00e0i nghi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1ec1 Tam B\u1ea3o, ho\u00e0i nghi ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh – kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng, v.v…<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ba – phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m hay l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c – l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o vi t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 si m\u00ea, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u0101 pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>) m\u1edbi di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Khi lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean hai lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean c\u0169ng b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t lu\u00f4n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec7t ngay n\u01a1i ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 kh\u1edfi sanh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 l\u1ea7m c\u00e1i \u0111au l\u00e0 “ta” – th\u1ef1c ra \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta di\u1ec7t t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u1edf n\u01a1i th\u00e2n, do th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc kh\u1ed5. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i “th\u1ea5y” v\u00e0 “nghe” th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 danh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 “ta” th\u1ea5y hay “ta” nghe. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta di\u1ec7t t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u1edf n\u01a1i t\u00e2m. “Danh th\u1ea5y”, “danh nghe” l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p, hay “th\u1ea5y”, “nghe” nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y, ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t tham v\u00e0 s\u00e2n hay \u01b0a v\u00e0 gh\u00e9t (abhijjha<\/i> v\u00e0 domanassa<\/i>). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u00edch ng\u1ed3i “cho qua” c\u01a1n \u0111au, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1i \u0111au bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. L\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o th\u00eam s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eafm tr\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra \u00fd ngh\u0129 sai l\u1ea7m r\u1eb1ng ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1n \u0111au, ta c\u00f3 “t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m c\u0169ng v\u1eady. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh hay s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng – \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i tham. V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m th\u00ec s\u00e2n s\u1ebd sanh kh\u1edfi. Ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m d\u1ea1y cho ta bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3. Ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 danh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “ta” ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 danh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nimitta<\/i> hay t\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong khi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0 ch\u1edbp s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Ch\u00fang k\u00e9o b\u1ea1n ra kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Nimitta<\/i> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 minh s\u00e1t, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u00e2ng l\u00e2ng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ta \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c. \u00d0i kinh h\u00e0nh hay v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh (samatha<\/i> bh\u0101van\u0101<\/i>), h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n tham v\u00e0 s\u00e2n. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u00ec t\u00e2m c\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i: thi\u1ec7n (kusala<\/i>), b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (akusala<\/i>) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd hay trung t\u00ednh (aby\u0101kata<\/i> – kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n).<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, thi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n Danh-S\u1eafc).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 k\u00fd nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc (r\u016bpa<\/i>), Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n (Nibb\u0101na<\/i>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m qu\u1ea3 (vip\u0101kacitta)<\/i>… S\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd b\u1edfi n\u00f3 v\u00f4 tri. T\u00e2m qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd b\u1edfi n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n, kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ec7n hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 “danh nghe” trong vipassan\u0101<\/i> – kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 hay ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n n\u00e0o trong “c\u00e1i nghe” \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00e2m thanh \u0111ang l\u00e0.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e2m duy t\u00e1c (kiriyacitta)<\/i> – t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n – c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 k\u00fd b\u1edfi v\u00ec Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o (maggacitta)<\/i> v\u00e0 t\u00e2m qu\u1ea3(phalacitta),<\/i> c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p si\u00eau th\u1ebf (lokuttaradhamma)<\/i> – kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>IX. KH\u00c1C BI\u1ec6T GI\u1eeeA THI\u1ec0N \u0110\u1ecaNH V\u00c0 THI\u1ec0N MINH S\u00c1T<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\n\n

Thi\u1ec1n \u0110\u1ecbnh
\n(Samatha Bh\u00e0van\u00e0)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Thi\u1ec1n Minh S\u00e1t
\n(Vipassan\u00e0)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m, t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00e2m an l\u1ea1c.<\/td>\nTr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\u0110\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p (pa\u00f1\u00f1atti<\/i>), nh\u01b0 v\u00f2ng kasina<\/i> (\u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n).<\/td>\nThu\u1ed9c ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf(paramattha<\/i>), nh\u01b0 Danh-S\u1eafc trong T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Kh\u00f4ng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/td>\nTr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0m hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u0110\u00e8 n\u00e9n n\u0103m tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i (niv\u0101rana<\/i>): d\u1ee5c, s\u00e2n, tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed, h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m, ho\u00e0i nghi.<\/td>\nH\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 minh (avijj\u0101<\/i> – kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

Qu\u1ea3<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m (ekaggata).<\/i><\/td>\nC\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn, th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a danh, s\u1eafc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

T\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng tham \u0111\u1eafm ng\u0169 d\u1ee5c, th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng an l\u1ea1c trong \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ecd l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m l\u00fac n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n si m\u00ea.<\/td>\nS\u00e1t-na \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u1edd v\u1eady tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ea3y sanh. C\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m l\u00fac n\u00e0y c\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

L\u1ee3i \u00edch<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Trong ki\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o B\u00e1t \u00d0\u1ecbnh (Samapatti<\/i>), \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham, s\u00e2n v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t an l\u1ea1c, ki\u1ebfp v\u1ecb lai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sanh v\u00e0o c\u00f5i Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean.<\/td>\nS\u1ef1 th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau c\u00e1c t\u00edch l\u0169y nghi\u1ec7p hay phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (as\u0101vakkhaya<\/i> – di\u1ec7t l\u1eadu), do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh (vivatta<\/i>), t\u1ee9c Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n. \u00d0\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng – C\u0103n<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t<\/span><\/i> \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 s\u1eed<\/span><\/i> d\u1ee5ng hai c\u0103n m\u1ed9t l\u00fac<\/span><\/i>, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nh\u00e3n c\u0103n v\u00e0 \u00fd c\u0103n khi \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng kasina, ho\u1eb7c th\u00e2n c\u0103n v\u00e0 \u00fd c\u0103n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i th\u1edf (an\u0101panasati<\/i>).<\/td>\nS\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3 s\u00e1u c\u0103n v\u00e0<\/span><\/i>kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/span><\/i> t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o c\u1ea3<\/span><\/i>. Ch\u1ec9 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ra tam t\u01b0\u1edbng. Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng – ph\u00e1p t\u00f9y qu\u00e1n.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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C\u00e1 t\u00ednh<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Theo Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 khi ch\u1ecdn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem c\u00e1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o trong s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n

t\u00e1nh tham (r\u0101gacarita)
\nt\u00e1nh s\u00e2n (dosacarita)
\nt\u00e1nh si (mohacarita)
\nt\u00e1nh t\u00edn (saddh\u0101carita)
\nt\u00e1nh gi\u00e1c (buddhacarita)
\nt\u00e1nh t\u1ea7m<\/i> (vitakkacarita).<\/i><\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tham kh\u1ea3o Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1 t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/span><\/i>. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh tham, \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh (asubha<\/i>) hay th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m (32 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u00ean l\u00e0 n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/td>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem m\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o trong b\u1ed1n c\u00e1 t\u00e1nh<\/span><\/i> nh\u01b0, t\u00e1nh tham \u00e1i<\/i> (tanh\u0101carita<\/i>) + tu\u1ec7 m\u1ea1nh, t\u00e1nh tham \u00e1i<\/i> + tu\u1ec7 y\u1ebfu, t\u00e1nh t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn<\/i> (di\u1e6d\u1e6dhicarita)<\/i> +tu\u1ec7 m\u1ea1nh<\/i>, t\u00e1nh t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn + tu\u1ec7 y\u1ebfu<\/i>. N\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1 t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu tham \u00e1i v\u1edbi tu\u1ec7 m\u1ea1nh th\u00ec n\u00ean d\u00f9ng Th\u1ecd qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u00e0y nay, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tham \u00e1i v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 y\u1ebfu. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y, ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c oai nghi ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5, n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u01a1 c\u01a1. Theo \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o ng\u00e0y nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn do ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

L\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/i>, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.<\/span><\/i><\/td>\nC\u0169ng l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/i> ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/i>, nh\u01b0ngn\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i<\/span><\/i> v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i<\/span><\/i> v\u00e0 do \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/b>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>X. DANH V\u00c0 S\u1eaeC<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p trong th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 Danh (n\u0101ma<\/i>), S\u1eafc (r\u016bpa<\/i>) ho\u1eb7c N\u0103m U\u1ea9n (khandha<\/i>). Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. R\u016bpa<\/i> th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc hay v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u00f2nn\u0101ma<\/i> l\u00e0 t\u00e2m (citta<\/i>), t\u00e2m s\u1edf (cetasika<\/i>) v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n (Nibb\u0101na<\/i>). R\u016bpa<\/i> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u0101ma<\/i> v\u00e0 b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1edfi l\u1ea1nh n\u00f3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1eafc l\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u1ecb bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 danh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 danh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft danh – ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 danh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay c\u00e1i b\u1ecb bi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0 “danh th\u1ea5y”, “danh nghe”. Trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, s\u1eafc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 danh nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t (kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3). N\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec s\u1eafc gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u00e1y m\u00f3c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t robot (ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e1y) v\u00e0 danh l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n. Danh ra l\u1ec7nh hay b\u1ea3o s\u1eafc nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m.<\/span><\/p>\n

Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng Danh-S\u1eafc n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a minh s\u00e1t trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ba lo\u1ea1i danh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 th\u1ecd (vedan\u0101<\/i>), t\u00e2m (citta<\/i>) v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p (dhamma<\/i>). Nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a th\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ecd l\u1ea1c hay kh\u1ed5; c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00e0 t\u00e2m v\u1edbi tham, t\u00e2m v\u1edbi s\u00e2n, t\u00e2m v\u1edbi si, v.v…; c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 “danh nghe”, “danh th\u1ea5y”, ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, v.v…<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u1eafc l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c oai nghi ch\u00ednh (\u0111i, \u0111\u1ee9ng, ng\u1ed3i, n\u1eb1m) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c oai nghi ph\u1ee5 hay oai nghi t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi. Oai nghi t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u oai nghi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho oai nghi ch\u00ednh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0103n, u\u1ed1ng, v.v… (xem ph\u1ea7n Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c: Th\u1ea9m V\u1ea5n Thi\u1ec1n Sinh<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

G\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc?<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (kilesa<\/i>), \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh (avijja<\/i>) v\u00e0 tham \u00e1i (tanh\u0101<\/i>), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. V\u00f4 minh c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra n\u0103m u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, m\u00e0 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng (vipall\u0101sa<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>XI. NH\u00c2N DUY\u00caN CHE \u00c1N TAM T\u01af\u1edaNG<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Tam T\u01b0\u1edbng hay Ba \u00d0\u1eb7c T\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i t\u1edbi V\u00f4 Th\u01b0\u1eddng, Kh\u1ed5 <\/i>v\u00e0 V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3 <\/i>trong Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc \u1edf m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi gian. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 g\u00ec th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tam t\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y trong ch\u00ednh th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. T\u1ea1i sao? B\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang b\u1ecb che \u00e1n do m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n che \u00e1n th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng (anicca<\/i>) trong th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00e0 santati<\/i> hay t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c t\u00ednh. S\u1ef1 sanh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc cho ta c\u00e1i \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, m\u00e0 k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh trong t\u1eebng s\u00e1t-na m\u1ed9t.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1i che \u00e1n th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh kh\u1ed5 (dukkha)<\/i> trong th\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft th\u00e2n \u0111ang \u1edf trong oai nghi n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1i che \u00e1n th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 (anatta)<\/i> trong th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00e0 ghanasa\u00f1\u00f1a<\/i> t\u1ee9c nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra “b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t” c\u1ee7a ba \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n che \u00e1n n\u00e0y trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh?<\/span><\/p>\n

1.<\/b> S\u1ef1 sanh di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Danh-S\u1eafc<\/b> di\u1ec5n ra r\u1ea5t nhanh, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra, v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o cho ta c\u00e1i \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n – t\u00e2m li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u00ean m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh xi-n\u00ea, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh t\u0129nh, t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t. Danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc c\u0169ng v\u1eady, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng sanh di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 suy t\u00e0n nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u00e0y (v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh), tuy nhi\u00ean h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t n\u1ea3y sanh. Ch\u00ednh tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng sanh – di\u1ec7t \u1ea5y. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd di\u1ec7t \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c che \u00e1n th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Danh-S\u1eafc.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn ra trong s\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng tu\u1ec7 th\u1ea9m nghi\u1ec7m (cint\u0101pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101)<\/i>, trong khi danh vi t\u1ebf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 nh\u1eadn ra. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i qua s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ee9ng, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 y\u1ebfu n\u00ean th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n trong T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (K\u0101yanupassanasatipatthan\u0101).<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

2. Th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh kh\u1ed5<\/b> b\u1ecb che \u00e1n do kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c oai nghi. Do kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c oai nghi c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. Kh\u1ed5 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng duy tr\u00ec m\u00e3i m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c). Khi m\u1ed9t oai nghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i do c\u00f3 th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 \u1edf oai nghi c\u0169, nh\u01b0ng do thi\u1ebfu t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh n\u01a1i oai nghi c\u0169 n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng cho ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng khi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t oai nghi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n t\u00e2m phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, tham s\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 trong m\u1ed7i oai nghi c\u0169. V\u00ec v\u1eady, oai nghi m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 che khu\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, khi \u0111au nh\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t sanh, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng “Ta” kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 s\u00e2n s\u1ebd n\u1ea3y sanh, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eefa, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn ta kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch oai nghi c\u0169. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 li\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady, b\u1edfi v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ee9ng, v\u00e0 tham ph\u00e1t sanh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi oai nghi m\u1edbi. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec oai nghi m\u1edbi che khu\u1ea5t c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 \u1edf oai nghi c\u0169 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 trong oai nghi c\u0169. (\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft oai nghi s\u1ebd che khu\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.)<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 trong oai nghi c\u0169 th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn ra khi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, song “h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5” (sankh\u0101radukkha<\/i> – c\u00e1i \u0111au \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o oai nghi m\u1edbi) l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 nh\u1eadn ra, b\u1edfi v\u00ec oai nghi m\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecd l\u1ea1c. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 trong oai nghi m\u1edbi, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00e1i (tanh\u0101<\/i>), hay s\u1ef1 \u01b0a th\u00edch (abhijjha<\/i>) th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ea3y sanh trong oai nghi m\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch hay gh\u00e9t (domanassa)<\/i> n\u1ea3y sanh \u1edf oai nghi c\u0169.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c1i th\u00edch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch kh\u1ed5; v\u00ec th\u1ebf, mu\u1ed1n di\u1ec7t \u00e1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 Tu\u1ec7 Minh S\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 kh\u1ed5. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tu\u1ec7 s\u1ebd di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham \u00e1i, b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u1ed5 trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed1n c\u00e1ch:<\/span><\/p>\n

1) Th\u1ea5y th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 (dukkhavedan\u0101<\/i>) trong oai nghi c\u0169.<\/span><\/p>\n

2) Th\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5 (sankh\u0101radukkha<\/i>) khi chuy\u1ec3n sang oai nghi m\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n

3) Th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u1edbng (dukkhalakkhana<\/i>), t\u1ee9c th\u1ea5y Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 – cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch b\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c t\u00ednh (santati<\/i>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 – Sanh Di\u1ec7t Tu\u1ec7 (udayabbaya\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

4) Ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf (dukkhasacca)<\/i> \u1edf Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t – H\u00e0nh X\u1ea3 Tu\u1ec7 (sankh\u0101rupekkh\u0101\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a).<\/i> \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, n\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai – Thu\u1eadn Th\u1ee9 Tu\u1ec7 (anuloma\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/i>, ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 kh\u1ed5 v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Trung \u00d0\u1ea1o (t\u1ee9c B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o). Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 kh\u1ed5 m\u1edbi d\u1eabn ta ra kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (sams\u0101ravatta),<\/i> n\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfm ly (nibbid\u0101)<\/i> trong n\u0103m u\u1ea9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m – Y\u1ebfm Ly Tu\u1ec7 (nibbid\u0101\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>), th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ly d\u1ee5c (vir\u0101ga<\/i> – v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c, v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t tham \u00e1i), v\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn. Khi, b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed u\u1ec7, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n (y\u1ebfm ly) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thanh t\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n ra kh\u1ed5 trong oai nghi m\u1edbi. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft \u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi; thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi v\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch g\u00ec (tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sanh); v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi th\u00ec sao (phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o s\u1ebd l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o). Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u01a1 c\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd do c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi. H\u1ecd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi, trong khi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Khi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t n\u00f3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra kh\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u1ea5y ra r\u1eb1ng, oai nghi m\u1edbi c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec h\u01a1n oai nghi c\u0169. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady tham s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sanh v\u1edbi oai nghi m\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u00e2n c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi oai nghi c\u0169. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 Danh-S\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 – \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (sabh\u0101va<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn, s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ea5n c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o s\u1ebd suy y\u1ebfu. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, ki\u00ean tr\u00ec s\u1ebd m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 S\u0101tipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na<\/i>(Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9), ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t tham v\u00e0 s\u00e2n trong n\u0103m u\u1ea9n.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/b> (ghanasa\u00f1\u00f1a<\/i>) c\u1ee7a Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (sabh\u0101vadhamma<\/i>) hay ph\u00e1p ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf (paramatthadhamma<\/i>). Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c n\u01a1i Danh-S\u1eafc. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 che khu\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Danh-S\u1eafc, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 (anatta<\/i>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch b\u1ea1ch Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc, nh\u1edd v\u1eady ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 duy nh\u1ea5t. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 Danh, c\u00e1i n\u00e0o l\u00e0 s\u1eafc. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c S\u1eafc c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhau, s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i kh\u00e1c s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ee9ng, s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c s\u1eafc \u0111i, v.v… S\u00e1u l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u0101 bh\u016bmi)<\/i> r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc l\u00e0 N\u0103m U\u1ea9n (khandha)<\/i>, 12 X\u1ee9 (ayatana)<\/i>, 18 Gi\u1edbi (dh\u0101tu)<\/i>, 22 Quy\u1ec1n (indriya)<\/i>, T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf (Ariyasacca<\/i>), Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean (paticcasamupp\u0101da)<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, v\u1edbi Ng\u0169 U\u1ea9n, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n (r\u016bpakhandha)<\/i> \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c u\u1ea9n (vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101nakhandha)<\/i> bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc u\u1ea9n \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i (v\u1edbi ba t\u00e2m s\u1edf l\u00e0 th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc (kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi hai vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y). Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng, danh bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i v\u00e0 danh bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. V\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, “s\u1eafc” khi ng\u1ed3i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “s\u1eafc” khi \u0111\u1ee9ng. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee9 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn do nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5u su\u1ed1t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u00ea\u00efc th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1eady; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n Danh-S\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch b\u1ea1ch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. S\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn do nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t – Tu\u1ec7 Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t Danh-S\u1eafc (N\u0101ma<\/i>–r\u016bpa-pariccheda\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/i>. \u00d0\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn t\u1ecbnh – Di\u1e6d\u1e6dhivisudhi<\/i> – theo b\u1ea3y c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 thanh t\u1ecbnh. N\u1ebfu tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec c\u00e1c Tu\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp theo c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n che \u00e1n Tam T\u01b0\u1edbng, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c c\u1ea3 ba, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 c\u00e1i g\u00ec che \u00e1n v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>XII. PH\u00c1P DUY\u00caN KH\u1edeI<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

P<\/b>h\u00e1p Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi hay Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean (Pa\u1e6dicchasamupp\u0101da)<\/i> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng x\u00edch m\u01b0\u1eddi hai m\u1eafc (nidana<\/i>: nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean), minh h\u1ecda nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 sanh v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sanh. Ch\u00ednh th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. N\u00f3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (sams\u0101ra-vatta)<\/i> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 hay tha l\u1ef1c trong th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y hay th\u1ebf gian kh\u00e1c chi ph\u1ed1i n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi, v\u00e0 trong ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 duy\u00ean (pacc\u0101ya).<\/i> Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, v\u00f4 minh (avijj\u0101)<\/i> l\u00e0 duy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p…<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trong th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u01b0\u1eddi hai m\u1eaft x\u00edch nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

Duy\u00ean V\u00f4 Minh<\/i><\/b>, H\u00e0nh Nghi\u1ec7p sanh
\nDuy\u00ean H\u00e0nh<\/i><\/b> Nghi\u1ec7p<\/i><\/b>, Th\u1ee9c sanh
\nDuy\u00ean Th\u1ee9c<\/i><\/b>, Danh-S\u1eafc sanh
\nDuy\u00ean Danh-S\u1eafc<\/i><\/b>, L\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadp sanh
\nDuy\u00ean L\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadp<\/i><\/b>, X\u00fac sanh
\nDuy\u00ean X\u00fac<\/i><\/b>, Th\u1ecd sanh
\nDuy\u00ean Th\u1ecd<\/i><\/b>, \u00c1i sanh
\nDuy\u00ean \u00c1i<\/i><\/b>, Th\u1ee7 sanh
\nDuy\u00ean Th\u1ee7<\/i><\/b>, H\u1eefu sanh
\nDuy\u00ean H\u1eefu<\/i><\/b>, Sanh sanh
\nDuy\u00ean Sanh<\/i><\/b>, L\u00e3o T\u1eed sanh
\nDuy\u00ean L\u00e3o T\u1eed<\/i><\/b>, S\u1ea7u, Bi, Kh\u1ed5, \u01afu, N\u00e3o sanh<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

T\u1eeb V\u00f4 Minh \u0111\u1ebfn L\u00e3o – T\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t Ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5. “S\u1ea7u, Bi, Kh\u1ed5 v.v…” ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n sanh \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Kh\u1ed5 (dukkha)<\/i> – Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf Th\u1ee9 Nh\u1ea5t. Ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi hay Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u1eefu Lu\u00e2n –Bhavacakka<\/i>. H\u1ec5 c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i th\u00ec b\u00e1nh xe n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\n

1. \u00d0\u1ecbnh Danh<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

1) V\u00f4 Minh (avijj\u0101)<\/i> l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t T\u1ee9 \u00d0\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

2) H\u00e0nh Nghi\u1ec7p (sankh\u0101ra)<\/i> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n trong ng\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n. H\u00e0nh Nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sanh. C\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i: Ph\u01b0\u1edbc H\u00e0nh (pu\u00f1\u00f1\u0101bhasankh\u0101ra)<\/i>, Phi Ph\u01b0\u1edbc H\u00e0nh (apu\u00f1\u00f1\u0101bhasankh\u0101ra)<\/i>, B\u1ea5t \u00d0\u1ed9ng H\u00e0nh (\u0101ne\u00f1j\u0101bhasankh\u0101ra<\/i>, T\u1ee9 thi\u1ec1n v\u00f4 s\u1eafc)<\/span><\/p>\n

3) Th\u1ee9c (vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>) t\u1ee9c Th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sanh (patisandhi vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101na<\/i>)<\/span><\/p>\n

4) Danh-S\u1eafc (n\u0101ma-r\u016bpa)<\/i> l\u00e0 ba t\u00e2m s\u1edf: th\u1ecd, t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u00e0nh, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi s\u1eafc do nghi\u1ec7p sanh (kammaj\u0101r\u016bpa)<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

5) L\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadp (s\u0101la\u00e0yatana)<\/i> t\u1ee9c nh\u00e3n, nh\u0129, t\u1ef7, thi\u1ec7t, th\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u00fd x\u1ee9.<\/span><\/p>\n

6) X\u00fac (phassa)<\/i> n\u00f3i \u0111\u00ea\u00f9n t\u00e2m s\u1edf h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a L\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadp.<\/span><\/p>\n

7) Th\u1ecd (vedan\u0101)<\/i> l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u1ecd l\u1ea1c hay th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5, …<\/span><\/p>\n

8) \u00c1i (tanh\u0101)<\/i> l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu tham (lobha-cetasika),<\/i> c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y mong mu\u1ed1n khi s\u00e1u c\u0103n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

9) Th\u1ee7 (up\u0101d\u0101na) <\/i>l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u1edf h\u1eefu tham, nh\u01b0ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

10) H\u1eefu (bhava<\/i>) l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p h\u1eefu (kammabhava),<\/i> hay s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n \u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

11) Sanh (j\u0101ti)<\/i> n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn N\u0103m U\u1ea9n hay Danh-S\u1eafc.<\/span><\/p>\n

12) L\u00e3o – T\u1eed (jaramarana\u1e43)<\/i> s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a sanh h\u1eefu.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t sanh khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 duy\u00ean. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn ra Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00f4 minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1eafc x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong chu\u1ed7i duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c ra n\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh xe hay m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u hay k\u1ebft th\u00fac. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u1eafc x\u00edch trong chu\u1ed7i duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. S\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t v\u00f4 minh b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 chu\u1ed7i duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. V\u00f4 minh xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c – d\u1ee5c l\u1eadu, h\u1eefu l\u1eadu, ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadu v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh l\u1eadu. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n l\u1eadu n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb v\u00f4 minh. V\u00f4 minh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t tri T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o Ananda th\u01b0a v\u1edbi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng, Ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi n\u00e0y th\u1eadt l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7u v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u. “Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e2u”, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i, “Ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u00e2m s\u00e2u v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea5y.” N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi, t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kinh ng\u1ea1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u00e2m s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. L\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn, do th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t sanh do duy\u00ean v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, linh h\u1ed3n hay Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf v.v… t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng ra c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean (H\u1eefu Lu\u00e2n) th\u00ec h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng Ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi s\u1ebd h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t \u00d0i\u00ean \u00d0\u1ea3o T\u01b0\u1edfng (vipall\u0101sa<\/i>) b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn ra v\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 duy\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd di\u1ec7t t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u00d0\u1ea5ng Quy\u1ec1n N\u0103ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadn ra h\u00e0nh nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m duy\u00ean cho ki\u1ebft sanh th\u1ee9c hay th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sanh s\u1ebd di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn (sakk\u0101yadi\u1e6d\u1e6dhi)<\/i>, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i “ta” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sanh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m duy\u00ean n\u00ean c\u00f3 Danh-S\u1eafc (t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00e0 s\u1eafc do nghi\u1ec7p sanh). \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0m duy\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng “ta” nghe, “ta” th\u1ea5y,…<\/span><\/p>\n

Do l\u1ee5c nh\u1eadp l\u00e0m duy\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f3 x\u00fac v\u00e0 x\u00fac th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng giao gi\u1eefa c\u0103n – tr\u1ea7n – th\u1ee9c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng c\u0103n, tr\u1ea7n, th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do x\u00fac l\u00e0m duy\u00ean m\u00e0 sanh th\u1ecd, nh\u01b0 l\u1ea1c th\u1ecd, kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd, … n\u00ean t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng “ta” l\u1ea1c hay “ta” kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do th\u1ecd l\u00e0m duy\u00ean m\u00e0 sanh \u00e1i (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c t\u00e2m s\u1edf, l\u00e0 tham t\u00e2m s\u1edf), t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c trong c\u00e1c h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u00e1i l\u00e0m duy\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ee7, th\u1ee7 n\u00e0y do tham t\u00e2m s\u1edf v\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn t\u00e2m s\u1edf t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh, v\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i, kh\u1ea3 l\u1ea1c,…\u0111\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eef, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do th\u1ee7 l\u00e0m duy\u00ean m\u00e0 sanh h\u1eefu, nh\u1edd bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u00e0 di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 h\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh. (Th\u1ef1c ra, th\u1ee7 duy\u00ean h\u1eefu \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf trong 29 t\u00e2m g\u1ed3m 12 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m, 8 d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m, 5 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m v\u00e0 4 v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m. S\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u01b0 (cetana)<\/i> l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1o ra qu\u1ea3 (vip\u0101ka)<\/i> – qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e1i sanh hay h\u1eefu).<\/span><\/p>\n

Do h\u1eefu l\u00e0m duy\u00ean n\u00ean c\u00f3 sanh, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng n\u0103m u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do sanh l\u00e0m duy\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e0 – ch\u1ebft. Th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng n\u0103m u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh, l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn theo b\u1ea3y c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0: c\u00e1c chi (12 chi); ba t\u1ee5c \u0111o\u1ea1n (m\u00f3c n\u1ed1i); ba th\u1eddi (qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u1ecb lai); b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u1ee3c; v.v… Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/span><\/p>\n

1) Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i H\u00e0nh T\u01b0\u1edbng<\/b>. N\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n t\u00edch k\u1ef9 th\u00ec 12 chi trong Ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh 20 h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng (\u0101k\u0101ra).<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

N\u0103m nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i: V\u00f4 Minh, H\u00e0nh Nghi\u1ec7p, \u00c1i, Th\u1ee7, H\u1eefu.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u0103m qu\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i: Th\u1ee9c, Danh-S\u1eafc, L\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadp, X\u00fac, Th\u1ecd.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u0103m nh\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i: \u00c1i, Th\u1ee7, H\u1eefu, V\u00f4 Minh v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh .<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u0103m qu\u1ea3 v\u1ecb lai: Th\u1ee9c, Danh-S\u1eafc, L\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadp, X\u00fac, Th\u1ecd.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

CH\u00da TH\u00cdCH<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u00f3 n\u0103m nh\u00e2n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh sanh h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. V\u00f4 minh (1) l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3, l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 si\u00eau th\u1ebf (lokuttara)<\/i>. Do v\u00f4 minh n\u00e0y, s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf gian, ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n l\u1eabn \u00e1c, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 H\u00e0nh Nghi\u1ec7p (2). Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc c\u00e1c thi\u1ec1n h\u1eefu s\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c v\u00f4 s\u1eafc, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m trong tam gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u1eabn t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n). V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u00c1i (8).<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi \u00c1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, n\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh Th\u1ee7 (9). Ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u00c1i, song khi ch\u00fang ta s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Th\u1ee7. Th\u1ee7 n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1eefu (10). C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i h\u1eefu: nghi\u1ec7p h\u1eefu (kammabhava)<\/i> v\u00e0 sanh h\u1eefu (upattibhava)<\/i>. Nghi\u1ec7p h\u1eefu l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n hay b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, n\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Sanh h\u1eefu l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n sanh m\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p h\u1eefu.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i m\u1eafc x\u00edch trong n\u0103m nidana<\/i> (nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean) \u1edf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 l\u00e0m duy\u00ean (pacc\u0101ya)<\/i> cho n\u0103mnidana<\/i> k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m duy\u00ean cho nh\u1eefng nidana<\/i> ti\u1ebfp n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nghi\u1ec7p H\u1eefu (kammabhava)<\/i> h\u00e0m \u00fd s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 sanh h\u1eefu n\u00e0o, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng v\u1eabn \u1edf trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. Th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (sabh\u0101vadhamma)<\/i> v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt – khi t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nghi\u1ec7p g\u00ec th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecd l\u00e3nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3 – m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ho\u1eb7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u0103m qu\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (Th\u1ee9c, Danh-S\u1eafc, L\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadp, X\u00fac, Th\u1ecd) l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong ki\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t (h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng) m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecd l\u00e3nh khi t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t sanh h\u1eefu.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u0103m nh\u00e2n trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (\u00c1i, Th\u1ee7, H\u1eefu, V\u00f4 Minh V\u00e0 H\u00e0nh) do qu\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m (Th\u1ecd) trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn. Nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 \u00c1i, \u00c1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ee7, Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1eefu, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn V\u00f4 minh v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh Nghi\u1ec7p (8, 9, 10, 1, 2). H\u1eefu \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Sanh H\u1eefu (uppattibhava)<\/i>, ch\u00ednh H\u1eefu n\u00e0y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi. H\u1eefu d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 minh b\u1edfi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t T\u1ee9 \u00d0\u1ebf. Nh\u00e2n V\u00f4 minh l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ea1o H\u00e0nh Nghi\u1ec7p. H\u00e0nh, trong nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n (kusala)<\/i> v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (akusala)<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u0103m qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb lai (Th\u1ee9c, Danh-S\u1eafc, L\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadp, X\u00fac, Th\u1ecd), \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean do h\u00e0nh l\u00e0m duy\u00ean cho Th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sanh (patisandhi vi\u00f1\u00f1\u0101na)<\/i>. B\u1ed1n chi k\u1ebf l\u00e0 danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc trong ki\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng. Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh xe, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac. Tuy th\u1ebf, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng V\u00f4 minh v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Tam Lu\u00e2n (tiva\u1e6d\u1e6da)<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd nh\u00ecn Th\u1eadp Nh\u1ecb Nh\u00e2n Duy\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng Tam Lu\u00e2n hay Ba v\u00f2ng xoay.<\/span><\/p>\n

– Phi\u1ec1n N\u00e3o Lu\u00e2n (kilesava\u1e6d\u1e6da)<\/i> mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn V\u00f4 minh (1), \u00c1i (8), Th\u1ee7 (9).
\n– Nghi\u1ec7p Lu\u00e2n (kammava\u1e6d\u1e6da)<\/i> mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1eefu (10), H\u00e0nh (2).
\n– Qu\u1ea3 Lu\u00e2n mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ee9c (3), Danh-S\u1eafc (4), L\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadp (5), X\u00fac (6), Th\u1ecd (7).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Nh\u1ecb C\u0103n (m\u016bla<\/i>)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 hai g\u1ed1c (c\u0103n) t\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 V\u00f4 minh v\u00e0 \u00c1i. V\u00f4 minh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u00c1i, v\u00e0 \u00c1i, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 cho V\u00f4 minh. V\u00f4 minh thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 \u00c1i thu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c (c\u0103n) cho nhau, v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng xoay c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i theo hai c\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/p>\n

G\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean – V\u00f4 minh – d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ecd, m\u1eafc x\u00edch th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y. Th\u1ecd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u00c1i (m\u1eafc x\u00edch g\u1ed1c th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m), \u00c1i \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ee7 (9), Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ebfn H\u1eefu (10), H\u1eefu \u0111\u1ebfn Sanh (11), Sanh \u0111\u1ebfn L\u00e3o – T\u1eed (12). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1nh t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn (di\u1e6d\u1e6dhicarita)<\/i> cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i ph\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sanh. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y V\u00f4 minh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 (g\u1ed1c), m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n (V\u00f4 minh) v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 – trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sanh (3), d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Danh-S\u1eafc (4), L\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadp (5), X\u00fac (6), Th\u1ecd (7). Nh\u1eefng m\u1eafc x\u00edch – t\u1eeb 3 \u0111\u1ebfn 7 – thu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i do V\u00f4 minh v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 t\u1ea1o ra. Bao l\u00e2u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n V\u00f4 minh, ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1ecd qu\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c1i do th\u1ecd l\u00e0m duy\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 H\u1eefu. Ba m\u1eafc x\u00edch n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c xoay v\u00f2ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn V\u00f4 minh v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh. N\u0103m m\u1eafc x\u00edch – \u00c1i, Th\u1ee7, H\u1eefu, V\u00f4 minh, H\u00e0nh – l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 minh. Qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 minh v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb 3 \u0111\u1ebfn 7 trong ki\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi \u00c1i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t th\u00ec \u00c1i, Th\u1ee7, H\u1eefu, V\u00f4 minh v\u00e0 H\u00e0nh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 v\u1eady, b\u00e1nh xe sanh t\u1eed xoay v\u00f2ng m\u00e3i. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1i sanh (11) th\u00ec Th\u1ee9c, Danh-S\u1eafc, L\u1ee5c Nh\u1eadp, X\u00fac, Th\u1ecd l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn L\u00e3o – T\u1eed (12).<\/span><\/p>\n

Do th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u00c1i, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i, hay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eb7ng tham \u00e1i (r\u0101gacarita),<\/i> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ra r\u1eb1ng Danh-S\u1eafc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn L\u00e3o – T\u1eed. Trong v\u00f2ng sanh t\u1eed n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00e1i sanh trong tam gi\u1edbi (loka)<\/i> – D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi, S\u1eafc gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 V\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi – ho\u1eb7c 31 c\u00f5i (bh\u016bmi).<\/i> Mu\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 trong tam gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9, theo nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong Kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9, l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong 37 Ph\u00e1p Tr\u1ee3 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 (Bodhipakkhiyadhamma)<\/i>, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

PH\u1ea6N II:<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

“… N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y k\u1ebb v\u00f4 v\u0103n ph\u00e0m phu \u0111\u1eafm tr\u01b0\u1edbc, xem l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7: c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00f4i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.” (S. II, 94.)<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/i><\/b>“Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7,
\nV\u1edbi ai kh\u00e9o tu t\u1eadp,
\nV\u1ecb \u1ea5y v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kh\u1ecfi
\nTh\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00e1c ma.
\nR\u1ef1c r\u1ee1 v\u00e0 ch\u00f3i s\u00e1ng
\nNh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi ch\u00f3i s\u00e1ng”. (Khuddaka I)<\/i><\/b><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/a>I. PH\u00c1P H\u00c0NH T\u00d3M T\u1eaeT<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1. B\u1ed1n oai nghi<\/b><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc trong b\u1ed1n oai nghi – \u0111i, \u0111\u1ee9ng, ng\u1ed3i, n\u1eb1m.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng oai nghi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n hay oai nghi ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong Kinh \u00d0\u1ea1i Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (Mah\u0101satipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na<\/i>). Ch\u00fang ta kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 n\u1ed9i s\u1eafc m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1eafc d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn ra h\u01a1n danh. C\u00f3 ba l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn s\u1eafc d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n l\u00e0: s\u1eafc “th\u00f4” c\u00f2n danh “t\u1ebf”. B\u1ed1n oai nghi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu (c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a danh nh\u01b0 nghe, th\u1ea5y,… ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t sanh t\u1eebng th\u1eddi. D\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 trong s\u1eafc h\u01a1n \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec, khi ch\u00fang ta qu\u00e1n b\u1ed1n oai nghi, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o che \u00e1n th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

2. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n d\u00f9ng trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Tinh t\u1ea5n (\u0101t\u0101pi<\/i>), Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m (s\u0101ti<\/i>), T\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (sampaja\u00f1\u00f1a<\/i>), T\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh (yonisomanasik\u0101ra<\/i>), Qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh (sikkhati<\/i>).<\/p>\n

a) Tinh t\u1ea5n<\/i> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tinh t\u1ea5n, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i. Khi t\u00e2m ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, tinh t\u1ea5n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a n\u00f3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

b) Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m<\/i> l\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m trong T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9, ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn oai nghi ta \u0111ang qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

c) T\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c<\/i> l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111ang qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 bi\u1ebft to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 oai nghi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

d) T\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh<\/i> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang l\u00fd do l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y, ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec … “Yoniso<\/i>” nh\u1eafc cho ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, khi ta \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, t\u1eafm r\u1eeda, \u0111i v\u1ec7 sinh, hay l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm l\u1ea1c th\u00fa. Yoniso<\/i> c\u0169ng cho ta bi\u1ebft oai nghi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

e) Qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh<\/i> cho ta bi\u1ebft khi ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang ho\u1eb7c khi vu\u1ed9t kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

3. Trung \u00d0\u1ea1o<\/b> (Majjhim\u0101-p\u0101tipad\u0101)<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Trung \u00d0\u1ea1o h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t hay di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 \u01b0a – gh\u00e9t, tham – s\u00e2n, … v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u00ec c\u00e1c thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1ea3y sanh.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta:<\/p>\n

– Ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u1ed5 bu\u1ed9c s\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng cho l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3yoniso<\/i> khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd ghi nh\u1eadn k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 ch\u1ee3t ph\u00e1t sanh, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 \u1ea5y v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n chuy\u1ec3n sang oai nghi m\u1edbi. Khi \u1ea5y t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 nh\u1eafc ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi n\u1ebfu kh\u1ed5 bu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ng\u1ed3i cho qua c\u01a1n \u0111au b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng “ta” c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1n \u0111au, m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ra Danh – S\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 – anatta<\/i>. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ng\u1ed3i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i cho qua c\u01a1n \u0111au \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ng\u1ed3i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady tu\u1ec7 s\u1ebd n\u1ea3y sanh, song l\u00e0m v\u1eady ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o th\u00eam phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng vipassan\u0101<\/i> l\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i luy\u1ec7n th\u00e2n. N\u1ebfu t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e1nh th\u00ec th\u00e2n c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu t\u00e2m ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ng\u1ed3i trong th\u1ebf ki\u1ebft gi\u00e0 m\u1edbi gi\u00fap ta th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh – t\u00e2m s\u1ebd bu\u1ed9c th\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i ki\u1ebft gi\u00e0.<\/p>\n

– \u00d0\u1eebng t\u00ecm an l\u1ea1c trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 oai nghi n\u00e0o. \u00d0\u1eebng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t oai nghi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n oai nghi kh\u00e1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ecdi oai nghi \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n

– \u00d0\u1eebng t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng (\u0111\u1ecbnh) trong thi\u1ec1n. S\u1ef1 v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng hay \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea5y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 \u0111ang ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 d\u1eabn ta \u0111\u1ebfn an l\u1ea1c. Nh\u01b0ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ea1c, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5. Kh\u1ed5 \u00d0\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 “L\u1ea1c \u00d0\u1ebf”, b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u1ea1c c\u0169ng v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

– \u00d0\u1eebng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 mong s\u1edf \u0111\u1eafc, mong gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh theo nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9. Cho d\u00f9 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n hay tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-la-h\u00e1n l\u00e0 cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1eadp t\u1eaft tham mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

– \u00d0\u1eebng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ta s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn cho tham d\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau duy nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

<\/a>II. TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi oai nghi – \u0111i, \u0111\u1ee9ng, ng\u1ed3i, n\u1eb1m. N\u1ebfu oai nghi \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 oai nghi ng\u1ed3i, “ba danh” – tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c – l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 bi\u1ebft oai nghi ng\u1ed3i, v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng oai nghi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

Ba danh (ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i “Ta”) qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang xem m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u v\u1eady. B\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem, kh\u00e1ch quan v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec di\u1ec5n vi\u00ean \u0111ang \u0111\u00f3ng tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Xem m\u1ed9t v\u1edf k\u1ecbch c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 hay v\u1ecb lai. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang xem m\u1ed9t v\u1edf k\u1ecbch l\u00e0 v\u1eady. R\u1ed3i, khi \u0111ang qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, c\u00e1i \u0111au s\u1ebd n\u1ea3y sanh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i kh\u1ed5. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00e1n kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd. Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n (k\u0101ya<\/i>) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ecd (ved\u0101na<\/i>). Nh\u1edd qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i kh\u1ed5 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh kh\u1ed5 trong s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 v\u1eady, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t sanh t\u1eeb s\u1eafc v\u00e0 Danh – S\u1eafc l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ee9ng, s\u1eafc \u0111i c\u0169ng n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 \u0111ang xem m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1ecd. Trong khi s\u1eafc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u00ec minh s\u00e1t l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m (danh). V\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u00e2m ph\u1ea3i t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Thay v\u00ec c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh, t\u00e2m ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 danh nghe, danh th\u1ea5y,…) khi n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sanh. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb qu\u00e1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u00e0o nh\u1eb1m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta ra kh\u1ecfi Trung \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c – qu\u00e1n Danh – S\u1eafc – chung v\u1edbi nhau. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m th\u00ec s\u1ebd l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 ghi nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sikkh\u00e0ti – qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh. Khi sikkh\u00e0ti qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Khi kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, oai nghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u1ed5 bu\u1ed9c n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i (thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 khi ta \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c).<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi “yoniso<\/i>” m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111au nh\u1ee9c bu\u1ed9c s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i sang oai nghi kh\u00e1c. Khi oai nghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u00e1i \u0111au \u1ea5y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang oai nghi m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 “yoniso”<\/i> ghi nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 oai nghi m\u1edbi \u0111ang ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5 cho oai nghi c\u0169. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u01a1 c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch oai nghi c\u0169 v\u00e0 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng oai nghi m\u1edbi s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1edd l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y s\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi oai nghi c\u0169 v\u00e0 tham \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi oai nghi m\u1edbi, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5 \u1edf oai nghi c\u0169. Trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y, “yoniso”<\/i> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 kh\u1ed5 (th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5 – xem c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5).<\/p>\n

Tr\u00fa trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3, do \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 v\u1ea5n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch:<\/p>\n

“C\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111ang \u0111i?” – “S\u1eafc \u0111ang \u0111i.”<\/p>\n

“T\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i?” – “\u00d0\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5 t\u1eeb oai nghi c\u0169.”<\/p>\n

“C\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i?” – “S\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i”, v.v…<\/p>\n

(Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecfi th\u1ea7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 “yoniso<\/i>“, gi\u00fap cho t\u00e2m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c – ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c).<\/p>\n

Khi ta h\u1ecfi “c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i?”, t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t sanh khi\u1ebfn ta tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi “s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i”. Tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Danh – S\u1eafc) v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady ch\u00fang l\u00e0m ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 chung v\u1edbi nhau. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m bi\u1ebft oai nghi, c\u00e1ch ta ng\u1ed3i, v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, v.v… Song kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c m\u1edbi theo sau. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c c\u00f9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0, “hi\u1ec7n s\u1eafc \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i” hay “s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i”, thay v\u00ec “hi\u1ec7n ta \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i”, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y “ta” ra. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft oai nghi c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng “ta” \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i ra v\u1eady th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 hay \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c, ch\u00fang ta hay nghe nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb “c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn”, “bi\u1ebft”, “th\u1ea5y” (b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m), “qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t”, “\u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1” s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ee9ng, v.v… T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang c\u1ea3. Th\u1ef1c ra, t\u1eeb t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft “ch\u00fang ta ng\u1ed3i” l\u00e0 “s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i”, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

“C\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn” l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i c\u00e1ch ta \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (sampaja\u00f1\u00f1a<\/i>). Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea7n th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu ta m\u1eafc v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y ta ra kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng mong mu\u1ed1n, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111au ng\u1ef1c, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ngh\u1eb9t th\u1edf, v.v… \u00d0i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eebng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng “t\u1ea1o ra” s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft n\u00f3. S\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1i ta kh\u00f4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 n\u00f3. Khi ta \u1edf nh\u00e0, ta v\u1eabn c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c ta ng\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. V\u00ec v\u1eady, trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1i “ta ng\u1ed3i” th\u00e0nh “s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i”, v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1eef “suy ngh\u0129” th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00e1nh d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd suy ngh\u0129 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1eafc do thu\u1ea7n suy ngh\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 qua v\u00ed d\u1ee5, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129, h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng vi\u00ea\u00efc s\u1edd v\u00e0 n\u1ebfm n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1nh l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c. N\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m thu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef, nh\u01b0ng bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb \u00fd th\u1ee9c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1eafc t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 tri, t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec c\u1ea3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 danh bi\u1ebft m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Khi \u0111ang qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ghi nh\u1eadn xem c\u00f3 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p kh\u1edfi l\u00ean hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ghi nh\u1eadn k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y ng\u01b0ng h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u00e1t cho l\u00f2ng mong \u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y m\u1ea5t \u0111i. N\u1ebfu \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ch\u00e2n l\u00fd khi tham \u00e1i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec tham \u00e1i che \u00e1n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd (s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c).<\/p>\n

V\u00ec vipassan\u0101<\/i> c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o n\u01a1i n\u00f3 kh\u1edfi sanh n\u00ean h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft xem \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 danh hay l\u00e0 s\u1eafc. \u00d0\u1ec3 x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y xem k\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00ecnh t\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u1ec112 x\u1ee9 (ayatana<\/i>) \u1edf cu\u1ed1i ph\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

1. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh<\/b><\/p>\n

– \u00d0\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd qu\u00e1n c\u1ea3 Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1eebng ngh\u0129 “s\u1eafc \u0111i, danh bi\u1ebft”.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 s\u1edbm h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (c\u1ea3 danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc). Tuy nhi\u00ean \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o th\u00eam phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc trong b\u1ed1n oai nghi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

– \u00d0\u1eebng \u0111i hay ng\u1ed3i trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian quy \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi kh\u1ed5 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

– \u00d0\u1eebng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng “ch\u00fang ta” \u0111ang “h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n” ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hay huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111i hay ng\u1ed3i v\u00ec th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, m\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 thi\u1ec1n tu\u1ec7 theo d\u00f5i th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i hay ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i, v\u1eady th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

– \u00d0\u1eebng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng oai nghi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 ng\u1ed3i trong th\u1ebf ki\u1ebft gi\u00e0, hay \u0111i ch\u1eadm m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng oai nghi n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

– M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u01a1 c\u01a1 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1n khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 s\u00e1ch t\u1ea5n m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd do ta th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5. N\u1ebfu th\u1ed1i ch\u00ed, ta ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh t\u1eed sanh b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (sams\u0101ra-cakka<\/i>).<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m… v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch n\u00f3 – l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Trung \u00d0\u1ea1o. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u01a1 c\u01a1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tham \u00e1i d\u1ec5 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t an. H\u1ecd ao \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng (\u0111\u1ecbnh), ho\u1eb7c mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ph\u1ec9 l\u1ea1c, hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ea3 \u00e1i.<\/p>\n

– Khi \u0111au nh\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t sanh trong s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 “s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i” kh\u1ed5, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i “ta”. S\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i l\u00e0 s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i kh\u1ed5 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb s\u1eafc – ng\u1ed3i – kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0y sang danh bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i \u0111au (c\u00e1i \u0111au hay c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111au l\u00e0 danh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd). Khi ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eefa \u1edf s\u1eafc, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf danh.<\/p>\n

– H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c (ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c) v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc, song kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean mong m\u1ecfi hay d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1ed5 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sanh – l\u00e0m v\u1eady s\u1ebd k\u00e9o h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ra kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi kh\u1ed5 qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c hay \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u00e2n t\u00ea d\u1ea1i \u0111i m\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi. Th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1n \u0111au. M\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5, d\u00f9 l\u1edbn hay nh\u1ecf, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y ra r\u1eb1ng kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

– M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c “th\u1ea5y” s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, v.v…, song m\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y hay nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u1eafc. S\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m – t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c m\u1eaft n\u00ean m\u1edf hay nh\u1eafm, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e9p h\u1edd trong l\u00fac h\u00e0nh, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u00edch m\u1edf m\u1eaft, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00edch nh\u1eafm, trong khi s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i th\u00edch kh\u00e9p h\u1edd.<\/p>\n

– \u00d0\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong l\u00fac h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean coi h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 “danh th\u1ea5y<\/i>“.<\/p>\n

– H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n khi c\u1ea7n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0. Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o – Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7 – n\u00ean Gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 y\u00ean l\u1eb7ng. N\u1ebfu gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7. (\u00d0\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u00e1t-na \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Danh – S\u1eafc lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i). N\u00f3i chung, gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i theo \u0111\u00fang B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

2. Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/b><\/p>\n

– Trong Visuddhi Magga<\/i> (Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o) c\u00f3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n, ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c danh v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n danh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

– Visuddhi Magga<\/i> c\u0169ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c oai nghi c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n che khu\u1ea5t kh\u1ed5 b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ghi nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c oai nghi m\u00ecnh \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, do \u0111\u00f3, oai nghi m\u1edbi s\u1ebd che \u00e1n kh\u1ed5 n\u01a1i oai nghi c\u0169. S\u1edf d\u0129 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00ec b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang ta thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 trong s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, v.v… Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn ra kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t tham v\u00e0 s\u00e2n, v\u00ec c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 thi\u1ec1n tu\u1ec7 theo d\u00f5i th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

– Khi l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i b\u1ed1n oai nghi, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong nh\u00e0, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng yoniso<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh khi \u0103n, u\u1ed1ng, \u0111i v\u1ec7 sinh, t\u1eafm gi\u1eb7t, r\u1eeda ch\u00e9n b\u00e1t, v.v… Khi \u0103n, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1edb l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i mi\u1ebfng \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ghi nh\u1eadn m\u1ed7i l\u00fac nu\u1ed1t (th\u1ee9c \u0103n), xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fac ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5; h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng kh\u1ed5 bu\u1ed9c ta ph\u1ea3i \u0103n, ph\u1ea3i nhai, ph\u1ea3i nu\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 \u0103n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec tham mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

Bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng khi th\u1ee9c d\u1eady, h\u00e3y ghi nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng oai nghi \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 s\u1eafc n\u1eb1m. R\u1ed3i, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady ghi nh\u1edb l\u00fd do – ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 u\u1ed1ng tr\u00e0 cho t\u1ec9nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay ch\u1eefa \u0111\u00f3i, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 s\u1eafc n\u1eb1m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. N\u1ebfu r\u1eeda m\u1eb7t th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

Do lu\u00f4n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n kh\u00f4ng cho l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o qua c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c. Yoniso<\/i> cho ta bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh s\u1eafc \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i “ch\u00fang ta”.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1eadn xem m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t hay v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00e1 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111u\u1ed5i mu\u1ed7i, g\u00e3i ng\u1ee9a, b\u1eadt qu\u1ea1t m\u00e1y, u\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t ly n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1nh, qu\u00e9t ki\u1ebfn ra kh\u1ecfi li\u00eau c\u1ed1c, \u0111i v\u1ec7 sinh, \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, t\u1eafm r\u1eeda, c\u1ea1o r\u00e2u, \u0111\u00e1nh r\u0103ng, c\u1eaft m\u00f3ng tay, m\u00f3ng ch\u00e2n, gi\u1eb7t qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, v.v… T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 trong khi l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i,… S\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ee9ng, v.v… ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t trong b\u1ed1n oai nghi m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc trong c\u00e1c oai nghi ph\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u ni\u1ec7m (sati)<\/i> v\u00e0 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (sampaja\u00f1\u00f1a).<\/i> \u1ede c\u00e1c oai nghi ph\u1ee5, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean qu\u00e1n vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7. \u00d0\u1eebng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m chi ti\u1ebft qu\u00e1, l\u00e0m v\u1eady s\u1ebd gia t\u0103ng ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 suy gi\u1ea3m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 cho xong vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 hay nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 lo “h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n”. \u01af\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y t\u1ea1o cho ta c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed5 trong s\u1eafc. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u00fap ta gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0o th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n

– Thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi.<\/i> H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i sang s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Nh\u00e2n (kh\u1ed5) ph\u1ea3i n\u1ea3y sanh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00ec. \u00d0\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed5i sang m\u1ed9t oai nghi n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed5i. H\u00e3y ch\u1edd cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi kh\u1ed5 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

– \u0102n.<\/i> \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i \u0103n.<\/p>\n

– V\u1ec7 sinh.<\/i> \u00d0\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ea1i ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

– Khi n\u00f3ng,<\/i> c\u0169ng n\u00ean m\u1edf qu\u1ea1t hay \u0111i t\u1eafm \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5…<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o s\u1ebd l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c x\u1ea3y ra ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0 ai \u0111\u00f3 g\u00f5 c\u1eeda; th\u1ee9c \u0103n hay v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn li\u00eau c\u1ed1c; m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3; nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ee5c tr\u1eb7c c\u00e1c trang b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt; v.v… Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft theo l\u1ed1i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m n\u00f3 v\u00e0o ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

3. Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/b><\/p>\n

– Ng\u1ed3i, \u0111i, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 \u0111ang \u1edf nh\u00e0, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng oai nghi th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

– Ng\u1ed3i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u oai nghi ng\u1ed3i kh\u00e1c nhau, thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111i, \u0111\u1ee9ng, ng\u1ed3i, n\u1eb1m theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, r\u1ed3i thay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c (lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5), v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i thay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, khi kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111i.<\/p>\n

– \u00d0i c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5. N\u1ebfu \u0111i v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp th\u00ec n\u00ean t\u00e1c \u00fd l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3, \u0111i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t oai nghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5. \u00d0i cho tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, \u0111i theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, v.v…<\/p>\n

– N\u1eb1m c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean xao l\u00e3ng. N\u1eb1m v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng oai nghi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean, oai nghi n\u1eb1m ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5. Song, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, th\u00e2n s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 khi n\u1eb1m xu\u1ed1ng th\u00ec c\u00e1i \u0111au ch\u1eb3ng m\u1ea5y ch\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu \u0111ang n\u1eb1m ng\u1eeda th\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n sang n\u1eb1m nghi\u00eang, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edb ph\u1ea3i yoniso<\/i> m\u1ed7i khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi.<\/p>\n

– N\u1ebfu \u0111ang trong oai nghi n\u1eb1m m\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7 th\u00ec ng\u1ee7 v\u1edbi t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5. Song, n\u1ebfu th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 m\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng u\u1ec3 o\u1ea3i th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i coi l\u1ea1i xem c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i do \u0103n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u trong b\u1eefa \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00e2m hay b\u1eefa c\u01a1m tr\u01b0a hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i, n\u00ean \u0103n gi\u1ea3m l\u1ea1i ba mi\u1ebfng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi no. N\u1ebfu tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i u\u1ec3 o\u1ea3i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady r\u1eeda m\u1eb7t, ho\u1eb7c \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i h\u00edt th\u1edf kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed trong l\u00e0nh cho t\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i. (Ng\u1ee7 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a tham \u00e1i, v\u00ec th\u1ea5y ng\u1ee7 l\u00e0 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee7 c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t).<\/p>\n

– Khi th\u1ee9c d\u1eady v\u00e0o n\u1eeda \u0111\u00eam, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ghi nh\u1eadn s\u1eafc n\u1eb1m. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t l\u00e1t (do tr\u1edf m\u00ecnh hay gi\u1eadt m\u00ecnh), c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi (l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5).<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean?<\/p>\n

Dhamma Niy\u0101ma<\/i> l\u00e0 Quy Lu\u1eadt T\u1ef1 Nhi\u00ean hay Tr\u1eadt T\u1ef1 T\u1ef1 Nhi\u00ean (t\u1ee9c quy lu\u1eadt Nh\u00e2n Qu\u1ea3). Quy lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i trong th\u1ebf gian v\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra n\u00f3.Dhamma Niy\u0101ma<\/i> c\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh:<\/p>\n

– C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng – Sabba<\/i> sankh\u0101ra anicca<\/i>.<\/p>\n

– C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 – Sabba sankh\u0101ra<\/i> dukkha<\/i>.<\/p>\n

– T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p (h\u1eefu vi & v\u00f4 vi) l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 – Sabba Dhamma anatta<\/i>.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi l\u1ebd v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n n\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/i>) \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 (anatta<\/i>).<\/p>\n

Ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh tr\u00ean hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu trong m\u1ecdi l\u00fac, m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, d\u00f9 cho khi \u1edf nh\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi \u1edf nh\u00e0, danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0m cho ta ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng “Ta” hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1, m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (Dhamma<\/i>Niy\u0101ma<\/i>) n\u00e0y. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1eadm m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, quy lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd b\u1ecb che \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 quan s\u00e1t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t to\u00e0n th\u00e2n, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i trong khi ng\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf trong \u0111o\u1ea1n Kinh sau:<\/p>\n

“L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, n\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo khi \u0111i tu\u1ec7 tri r\u1eb1ng: ta \u0111ang \u0111i; ho\u1eb7c khi \u0111\u1ee9ng, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y tu\u1ec7 tri r\u1eb1ng: ta \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng; ho\u1eb7c khi ng\u1ed3i, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y tu\u1ec7 tri r\u1eb1ng: ta \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i; ho\u1eb7c khi n\u1eb1m, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y tu\u1ec7 tri r\u1eb1ng: ta \u0111ang n\u1eb1m. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, d\u00f9 khi th\u00e2n \u1edf oai nghi n\u00e0o, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y tu\u1ec7 tri n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.”(Digh\u0101 Nik\u0101ya, Mah\u0101satipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na Sutta)<\/i><\/p>\n

(\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n x\u01b0ng “ta”, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ng\u00e3 n\u00e0o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng oai nghi n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc. Danh, S\u1eafc \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t ngay tr\u00ean th\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ean th\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.)<\/i><\/p>\n

Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Achan Naeb \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

– L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 s\u1eafc \u0111i?<\/i><\/p>\n

– C\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1eafc \u0111i v\u1eady. Nh\u1edb l\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 oai nghi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n. S\u1eafc \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ba danh – tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (yogavacara).<\/i><\/p>\n

4. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang hay sai?<\/b><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn ra khi n\u00e0o th\u00ec ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 khi n\u00e0o sai r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c oai nghi m\u00ecnh \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng oai nghi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i. Bi\u1ebft oai nghi l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft hai \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i b\u1eb1ng tu\u1ec7 th\u1ea9m nghi\u1ec7m, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. N\u1ebfu tu\u1ec7 th\u1ea9m nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00fang n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i m\u00e3i s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u0101 pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>).<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 l\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t tham – s\u00e2n hay \u01b0a – gh\u00e9t. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u00e2n s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u00edch tr\u00fa trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ea1c, l\u00fac \u1ea5y, tham s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sanh. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t – ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t tham v\u00e0 s\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, khi t\u00e2m g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u00e1c \u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang hay kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e8m v\u1edbi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (t\u1ee9c s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i), ho\u1eb7c k\u00e8m v\u1edbi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i) s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sanh. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed t\u00e2m g\u1eb7p “ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m”, n\u1ebfu yoniso<\/i> kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, s\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ea3y sanh. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu yoniso<\/i> ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e1ng, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 Danh (ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m), ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i “ta” (ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m), v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd s\u1edbm tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

5. Gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb h\u00f3a ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u01a1 c\u01a1<\/b><\/p>\n

L\u00e0m cho ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng hay. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u01a1 c\u01a1, t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean d\u00f9ng s\u1eafc l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd s\u1eafc th\u00f4 n\u00ean d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n, trong khi danh t\u1ebf r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

– Ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ee9ng, v.v… trong m\u1ecdi l\u00fac b\u1eb1ng ba Danh – tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c – ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u00fa trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 th\u1ea9m s\u00e1t (ci\u00f1ta pa\u00f1\u00f1a –<\/i> present moment<\/i>) c\u00e0ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

– Ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 l\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m n\u00e0o xen v\u00e0o hay x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i,… (Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111ang qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i th\u00ec “danh nghe” hay “danh th\u1ea5y” n\u1ea3y sanh.)<\/p>\n

– Duy tr\u00ec trong m\u1ed9t oai nghi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1i \u0111au bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i, l\u00fac \u1ea5y, t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i \u0111au nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1i \u0111au chuy\u1ec3n sang oai nghi m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

– Ph\u1ea3i yoniso<\/i> m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c (\u0103n, u\u1ed1ng, t\u1eafm r\u1eeda hay l\u00e0m c\u00e1c ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 trong nh\u00e0 v.v…) nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u01a1 c\u01a1 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1eafc trong m\u1ecdi oai nghi cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc trong, d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i h\u1ea1nh (katukanut) r\u1ed3i th\u1ecdc tay v\u00e0o trong b\u00ecnh qu\u1ea5y hai, ba l\u1ea7n, n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a trong. Nh\u01b0ng y kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 qu\u0103ng tr\u00e1i h\u1ea1nh \u0111i, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, y s\u1ebd ch\u00e0 \u0111i, ch\u00e0 l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. Khi y l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1ea5t b\u00f9n s\u1ebd l\u00f3ng xu\u1ed1ngv\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean trong v\u1eaft. V\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean th\u1ed1i ch\u00ed m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o, t\u00e1c \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 ch\u1ec9 n\u1ed9i s\u1eafc m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/i><\/p>\n

<\/a>III. LU\u1eacN V\u1ec0 PH\u00c1P H\u00c0NH<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1. Li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf<\/b><\/p>\n

Kh\u1ed5 \u00d0\u1ebf <\/b>(dukkhasacca<\/i>). Trong m\u1ed7i oai nghi, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 – \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd (dukkhavedan\u0101<\/i>) v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5 (sankh\u0101radukkha<\/i>). C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5 \u00d0\u1ebf (dukkhasacca<\/i>) – t\u1ee9c Danh – S\u1eafc l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

T\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ebf<\/b> (samudayasacca<\/i>). \u00c1i (tanha<\/i>) l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n sanh kh\u1ed5. Trong khi t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, v.v… (trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i), tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t n\u1ea3y sanh, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh “Ta” \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i – t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 di\u1ec7t th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn (sakk\u0101yadi\u1e6d\u1e6dhi<\/i>).<\/p>\n

Di\u1ec7t \u00d0\u1ebf <\/b>(nirodhasacca<\/i>). Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5 (nirodha) h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t (tadanganirodha<\/i>) nh\u01b0 trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c di\u1ec7t \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t (samucchedanirodha)<\/i> nh\u01b0 trong s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u00e1i di\u1ec7t, th\u1eddi kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00e1i l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n sanh kh\u1ed5. Khi nh\u00e2n di\u1ec7t th\u1eddi qu\u1ea3 (kh\u1ed5) c\u0169ng di\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 thi\u1ec1n tu\u1ec7 theo d\u00f5i th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a T\u00e2m \u00d0\u1ea1o (Maggacitta)<\/i>. T\u00e2m \u00d0\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i s\u00e1t tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ea1o \u00d0\u1ebf <\/b>(maggasacca)<\/i>. Trong khi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0o oai nghi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tu t\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7 – \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o hay \u00d0\u1ea1o \u00d0\u1ebf. C\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 kh\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, ch\u00fang ta c\u00e0ng tu t\u1eadp B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

2. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5 trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh Vipassan\u0101<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1eafc (r\u016bpa<\/i>)<\/b>, c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5, l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd (dukkhavedan\u0101<\/i>) v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5 (sankh\u0101radukkha<\/i>). Th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, \u0111au nh\u1ee9c n\u01a1i th\u00e2n. H\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111au \u0111ang di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn hay \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa. Kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Danh – S\u1eafc<\/i><\/b> (n\u0101ma-r\u016bpa<\/i><\/b>), c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u1edbng (dukkhalakkhana<\/i>) – \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a danh s\u1eafc; v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf (dukkhasacca<\/i>) l\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n

Kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd<\/i><\/b> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c oai nghi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu trong b\u1ed1n oai nghi. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 kh\u1ed5, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra Danh – S\u1eafc b\u1ecb kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd n\u00e0y bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5<\/i><\/b> l\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang qua oai nghi m\u1edbi do bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb oai nghi c\u0169. H\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, th\u1edf v\u00e0o, th\u1edf ra, v.v…<\/p>\n

Kh\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u1edbng<\/i><\/b> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Danh – S\u1eafc. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. Lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra b\u1eb1ng tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t. Tam t\u01b0\u1edbng hay ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u1edf Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 trong 16 Tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t, l\u00e0 Sanh Di\u1ec7t Tu\u1ec7 (Udayabbaya\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>).<\/p>\n

Kh\u1ed5 \u00d0\u1ebf<\/i><\/b> l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf. Kh\u1ed5 \u00d0\u1ebf \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc. Khi Kh\u1ed5 \u00d0\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9, c\u00e1c ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

3. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft<\/b><\/p>\n

3.1. Ng\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u<\/i><\/b>?<\/b><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o qua Danh (c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c). Nh\u01b0 khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i v\u00e0 Danh c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh “ta” \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i hay t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ta \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i. H\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tinh t\u1ea5n – ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

3.2. C\u00e1i g\u00ec bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i?<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Ba Danh – tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c – bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

3.3. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n oai nghi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

– Ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn “ta” \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i, \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng, v.v… V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u00f5 l\u00fd v\u00f4 ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n

– Khi s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111au nh\u1ee9c, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 kh\u1ed5. Khi kh\u1ed5 bu\u1ed9c s\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng (anicca<\/i>). V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u1edf y\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t oai nghi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u. L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, khi ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i (t\u1ee9c th\u1ea5y v\u00f4 ng\u00e3), t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra hai \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u1ea9m nghi\u1ec7m (cinta<\/i> pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101)<\/i>.<\/p>\n

3.4. T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1i \u0111au t\u1eeb oai nghi c\u0169 sang oai nghi m\u1edbi, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i qua s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ee9ng?<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Khi s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111au nh\u1ee9c, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i kh\u1ed5. Khi chuy\u1ec3n sang s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ee9ng, c\u00e1i \u0111au \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u0169ng v\u1eabn kh\u1ed5. Khi c\u00e1i \u0111au \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ra r\u1eb1ng oai nghi m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o – kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi oai nghi c\u0169, ho\u1eb7c th\u00edch th\u00fa v\u1edbi oai nghi m\u1edbi. S\u1edf d\u0129 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n l\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u00fac n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 “ch\u00fang ta” trong oai nghi c\u0169 ho\u1eb7c m\u1edbi, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ee9ng,… m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc n\u00e0o l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c c\u1ea3. Nh\u1edd th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi v\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f2n nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng b\u1ed1n oai nghi lu\u00f4n che \u00e1n th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

3.5.<\/i><\/b> T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i “s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i”, “s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ee9ng”?<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec trong m\u1ed7i oai nghi s\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc, s\u1eafc \u0111i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c, v.v… Ngay c\u1ea3 danh bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi danh bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc \u0111i… S\u1edf d\u0129 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00ec danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc sanh di\u1ec7t trong t\u1eebng s\u00e1t-na, do v\u1eady ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd gi\u1ed1ng nhau. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1edfng (ghanasa\u00f1\u00f1a<\/i>, th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng Danh – S\u1eafc l\u00e0 “ta”, l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a “ta”).<\/p>\n

3.6.<\/i><\/b> Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 v\u1ea5n:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

S\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng hay v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng? – S\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

L\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft? – B\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u1ed5 bu\u1ed9c s\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn cho ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ed5? – Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

Danh l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng hay v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng? – V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

L\u00e0m sao bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? – Danh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00fa l\u00e2u tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bao gi\u1edd. Ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sanh.<\/p>\n

Danh c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5 hay kh\u00f4ng? – Kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

L\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5 trong danh? – N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u1edf y\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 (n\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5). Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t; ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “ch\u00fang ta”. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00e1p. Ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 (dukkha)<\/i>. Ch\u00ednh kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Kh\u1ed5 \u00d0\u1ebf (dukkhasacca)<\/i>. Kh\u1ed5 \u00d0\u1ebf l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed5 trong danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eefa t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi. C\u1ea3 danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u sanh di\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i? – To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 oai nghi, hay c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta ng\u1ed3i, l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i g\u00ec qu\u00e1n oai nghi ng\u1ed3i? – “Ta” kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1n oai nghi ng\u1ed3i, m\u00e0 ba danh (tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c) qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

4. Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00d0i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Danh hay S\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 danh hay s\u1eafc th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c th\u00ec d\u00f9 c\u00f3 tinh t\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i qu\u00e1 kh\u00f3 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t Danh – S\u1eafc k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 danh, c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 s\u1eafc. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u1eef, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u1eabu t\u1ef1 A, B, C,… th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng v\u1eady, ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 danh hay s\u1eafc l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi \u00fd ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng “ta kh\u1ed5”, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

5. \u00d0\u1ecbnh (sam\u0101dhi)<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t. \u00d0\u00f4i khi trong oai nghi ng\u1ed3i, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft oai nghi ng\u1ed3i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, ho\u1eb7c trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra oai nghi m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u1eefa. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m th\u00e1i qu\u00e1. \u00d0\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng linh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, \u0111i th\u1eadt nhanh hay ch\u1ea1y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v.v… Trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 oai nghi n\u00e0o th\u00ec n\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh, Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Achan Naeb n\u00f3i: “\u00d0\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o l\u1ea5y Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 <\/i>(satipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na) l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea5y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tham <\/i>(abhijjha<\/i>), b\u1edfi l\u1ebd n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 – tu\u1ec7 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 kh\u1ed5. (\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft xem ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang hay kh\u00f4ng). \u00d0\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o l\u00e0m cho ta an l\u1ea1c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng thanh t\u1ecbnh, m\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u1edbi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ea1c, song n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng <\/i>(vipall\u0101sa<\/i>). Lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh u\u1ea9n (sankh\u0101rakhandha), v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u1ee7 u\u1ea9n (Danh – S\u1eafc), v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t kh\u1ed5, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n (Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 danh nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c b\u1edfi v\u00ec Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n n\u1eb1m<\/i> ngo\u00e0i<\/i> n\u0103m u\u1ea9n<\/i>“. S\u00e1t-na t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n, do v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ecd (Khi Ng\u00e0i Udayi<\/i> h\u1ecfi Ng\u00e0i X\u00e1 L\u1ee3i Ph\u1ea5t, Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ecd, B\u1eadc T\u01b0\u1edbng Qu\u00e2n Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: “Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1i ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ecd \u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c” – Anguttara-Nik\u0101ya, Nibb\u0101nasutta<\/i>)..<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 thi\u00ean qu\u00e1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i m\u1ea5t \u0111i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh (sikkh\u0101ti)<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn n\u1eefa. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 sikkh\u0101ti,<\/i> h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh “anh ta” \u0111ang c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi \u00fd ni\u1ec7m “ta” ng\u1ed3i, “ta” kh\u1ed5, v.v… V\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 (th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn).<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh; k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i v\u1edbi ba danh – tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c – hay n\u00f3i g\u1ecdn l\u00e0 yogavacara<\/i>. Khi \u0111au nh\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t sanh, yogavacara<\/i> bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i kh\u1ed5. Khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi, t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u00fd n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n tham v\u00e0 s\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng cho xen v\u00e0o trong l\u00fac thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi.<\/p>\n

6. Ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m (uddhacca<\/i>)<\/b><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n sanh ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u tinh t\u1ea5n (\u0101t\u0101p\u012b)<\/i>. Nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 xua \u0111u\u1ed5i ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n. Ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 danh; ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eb1m trong Ph\u00e1p T\u00f9y Qu\u00e1n(Dhamm\u0101nupassan\u0101)<\/i> c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. Ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m d\u1ea1y cho ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng danh n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t (v\u00f4 ng\u00e3).<\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t tham – s\u00e2n (abhijjha – domanassa)<\/i>v\u1edbi tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u00edch \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tham. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m khi n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sanh ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u00e2n. Trong c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t tham v\u00e0 s\u00e2n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00edch hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p (kusala).<\/i> Nh\u01b0ng, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7t b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p (akusala)<\/i>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi t\u00e2m s\u00e2n v\u1edbi ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m. S\u1ef1 s\u00e2n h\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do thi\u1ebfu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh. T\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh bi\u1ebft ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 danh, ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. Ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m n\u1ea3y sanh l\u00e0 v\u00ec ba danh qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1edf trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn ra ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 danh (t\u00e2m s\u1edf), n\u00f3 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 ba danh s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. \u00d0\u1eebng theo d\u00f5i “c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n” (d\u00f2ng suy ngh\u0129) c\u1ee7a ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111i c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng xa kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 bi\u1ebft “c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n” l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft “c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n”. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1eadn ra n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i r\u1ea5t r\u00f5. \u00d0\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u00fac n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i (do kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o). \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c hay s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c – v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec, song kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u01b0\u1ee1ng bu\u1ed9c. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n Danh – S\u1eafc nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thay \u0111\u1ed5i hay ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00fang. Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, “con v\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u00e2m” (t\u00e2m lang thang) s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd tr\u00fa trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. L\u00fac \u1ea5y, vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i hay s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

7. Ph\u1ea7n linh tinh<\/b><\/p>\n

B\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i b\u1edfi v\u00ec qu\u00e1 \u0111au. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 l\u00fac n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean qu\u00e1n c\u00e1i \u0111au, b\u1ecf qua oai nghi, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc th\u00e2n l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 (S\u1eafc (r\u016bpa<\/i>) khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i \u0111au, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, v.v… n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1eafc th\u00e2n (r\u016bpak\u0101ya),<\/i> t\u1ee9c s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 th\u00e2n v\u1eady), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf. h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (Trong T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng Kinh, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i v\u1edbi nam c\u01b0 s\u0129 Nakulapit\u0101,<\/i> l\u00fac \u1ea5y \u0111ang b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n gi\u00e0 y\u1ebfu, r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ph\u00e0m nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng tu t\u1eadp, khi b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t sanh, th\u00e2n b\u1ea5t an v\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u0169ng b\u1ea5t an; nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn (sakk\u0101yadi\u1e6d\u1e6dhi),<\/i> th\u00e2n b\u1ea5t an nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng).<\/p>\n

L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi t\u00e2m c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c kh\u1edfi sanh (trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i)?<\/p>\n

Khi t\u00e2m c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c oai nghi (\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m), t\u00e2m bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng oai nghi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, v.v… (\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c). Khi sati – sampaja\u00f1\u00f1a<\/i> (ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c ) c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed, h\u1ed1i qu\u00e1, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t an v\u00e0 ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebfu tinh t\u1ea5n, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh. Thi\u1ebfu tinh t\u1ea5n l\u00e0 do \u00edt hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (kilesa<\/i>), \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebft b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 (\u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n). \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i di s\u1ea3n Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p cho ch\u00fang ta, ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0Satipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na<\/i> (T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9); do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng m\u1ecdi c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00f3 trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u01a1 c\u01a1 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1i cao (di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o), n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian. S\u1edf d\u0129 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1i cao v\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 mong ch\u00f3ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang n\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh theo \u0111\u00fang ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

<\/a>IV. K\u1ebeT LU\u1eacN<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00fang. Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

\u00d0i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng Danh – S\u1eafc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 “Ta”, l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y th\u00ec kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (Tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t danh – s\u1eafc), v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n 16 tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Khi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c n\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng – b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y b\u1ea3o cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 tham \u00e1i v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1eady b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t d\u00e0nh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 vua ch\u00faa m\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a), nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ee7a v\u00e2y chung quanh l\u00e0m chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m ch\u00fang ta. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ta r\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd s\u1edbm th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p (Dhamma)<\/i>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. H\u1ecd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u00e0 v\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, do \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi trong h\u1ecd, m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh g\u1ea1n l\u1ecdc t\u1eeb t\u1eeb. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o trong t\u00e2m, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh qua vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (pariyatti)<\/i> v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Achaan Naeb n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Vipassan\u0101<\/i> n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3, kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i tr\u00ean d\u00e2y n\u1eefa. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ee9ng d\u1eady v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng m\u00e3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m tinh t\u1ea5n (\u0101t\u0101p\u012b) <\/i>h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (sati <\/i>– sampaja\u00f1\u00f1a)<\/i> tr\u00fa trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec Trung \u00d0\u1ea1o (kh\u00f4ng tham c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng s\u00e2n) – s\u1ef1 qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh – n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng. N\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 kh\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 – n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

“\u00cdt ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i,
\n\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edd b\u00ean kia.
\nS\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n \u1edf l\u1ea1i,
\nXu\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1y b\u1edd n\u00e0y.
\nNh\u1eefng ai h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec ph\u00e1p,
\nTheo ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p kh\u00e9o d\u1ea1y,
\nS\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd b\u00ean kia,
\nV\u01b0\u1ee3t ma l\u1ef1c kh\u00f3 tho\u00e1t.
\nK\u1ebb tr\u00ed b\u1ecf ph\u00e1p \u0111en,
\nTu t\u1eadp theo ph\u00e1p tr\u1eafng,
\nB\u1ecf nh\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e0,
\nS\u1ed1ng vi\u1ec5n ly kh\u1ed5 l\u1ea1c.
\nH\u00e3y c\u1ea7u vui Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n.
\nB\u1ecf d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu,
\nB\u1eadc tr\u00ed t\u1ef1 r\u1eeda s\u1ea1ch
\nC\u1ea5u u\u1ebf t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m.
\nNh\u1eefng ai v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh t\u00e2m,
\nKh\u00e9o tu t\u1eadp Gi\u00e1c Chi,
\nT\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi \u00e1i nhi\u1ec5m,
\nHoan h\u1ef7 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7,
\nKh\u00f4ng l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i,
\nS\u1ed1ng t\u1ecbch t\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi.” (Dhammapada 85 – 89)<\/i><\/b><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/a>PH\u1ea6N III:<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

K\u1ebeT QU\u1ea2<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

“Khi b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t v\u00f2ng t\u00e1i sanh lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn m\u1ecdi tham \u00e1i, d\u00f2ng \u00e1i d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4 c\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ea3y n\u1eefa; b\u00e1nh xe b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa – \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5, l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n.” (Khuddaka Nik\u0101ya)<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/a>VI. T\u00d3M T\u1eaeT 12 X\u1ee8<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

(C\u00e1c C\u0103n v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed1i T\u01b0\u1ee3ng Qu\u00e1n Ph\u00f9 H\u1ee3p)<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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C\u0103n<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

L\u00dd THUY\u1ebeT<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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S\u1eafc<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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Danh<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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Ch\u1ecdn Danh hay S\u1eafc<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

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L\u00fd do<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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1. M\u1eaft<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

H\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng l\u00e0 s\u1eafc<\/td>\nBi\u1ebft h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng l\u00e0 Danh<\/td>\n“Danh th\u1ea5y” (1)<\/td>\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129\u00a0“Ta th\u1ea5y”, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn. “Danh th\u1ea5y” (th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh), \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Ba Danh (2)qu\u00e1n “Danh th\u1ea5y”<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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2. Tai<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u00c2m thanh l\u00e0 s\u1eafc<\/td>\nBi\u1ebft \u00e2m thanh l\u00e0 danh<\/td>\n“Danh nghe”<\/td>\n\n

Ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129\u00a0“Ta nghe”, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn. “Danh nghe” (th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh), \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

Ba Danh qu\u00e1n “Danh nghe”<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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3. M\u0169i<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

M\u00f9i l\u00e0 s\u1eafc<\/td>\nBi\u1ebft\u00a0m\u00f9i l\u00e0 danh<\/td>\nM\u00f9i l\u00e0 s\u1eafc (r\u00f9pa)<\/td>\nCh\u00fang ta ngh\u0129\u00a0“Ta ng\u1eedi”, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn.\u00a0Bi\u1ebft “m\u00f9i l\u00e0 s\u1eafc”, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/td>\nBa danh qu\u00e1n m\u00f9i l\u00e0 s\u1eafc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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4. L\u01b0\u1ee1i<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

V\u1ecb l\u00e0 s\u1eafc<\/td>\nBi\u1ebft\u00a0v\u1ecb l\u00e0 danh<\/td>\nV\u1ecb\u00a0l\u00e0 s\u1eafc (r\u00f9pa)<\/td>\nCh\u00fang ta ngh\u0129\u00a0“Ta n\u1ebfm”, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn.\u00a0Bi\u1ebft “v\u1ecb l\u00e0 s\u1eafc”, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/td>\nBa danh qu\u00e1n\u00a0v\u1ecb l\u00e0 s\u1eafc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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5. Th\u00e2n<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

L\u1ea1nh, n\u00f3ng, c\u1ee9ng, m\u1ec1m. Th\u00e2n x\u00fac l\u00e0 s\u1eafc<\/td>\nBi\u1ebft c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m l\u00e0 danh<\/td>\nNh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m l\u00e0 s\u1eafc<\/td>\nCh\u00fang ta ngh\u0129\u00a0“Ta n\u00f3ng, ta l\u1ea1nh”,\u00a0\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn.\u00a0Bi\u1ebft “s\u1eafc n\u00f3ng, s\u1eafc l\u1ea1nh”, \u0111\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn<\/td>\nBa danh qu\u00e1n c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u1edf th\u00e2n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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6. T\u00e2m<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

C\u00e1c oai nghi ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc<\/td>\nBi\u1ebft c\u00e1c o\u1ea1i nghi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 danh; ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi l\u00e0 danh; ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 danh; th\u01b0\u01a1ng gh\u00e9t l\u00e0 danh; bi\u1ebft \u0111au l\u00e0 danh<\/td>\nC\u00e1c o\u1ea1i nghi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00e0 danh<\/td>\nCh\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 “ta ng\u1ed3i, ta \u0111\u1ee9ng,…” l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 “s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ee9ng,…”. Ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 “ta th\u01b0\u01a1ng, ta gh\u00e9t,…” l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 “th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 danh, gh\u00e9t l\u00e0 danh,..”. \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn.<\/td>\nBa danh qu\u00e1n c\u00e1c oai nghi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fa\u00a0 th\u00edch:<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

(1) a) \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eaft v\u00e0 tai, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng minh s\u00e1t hay \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 danh th\u1ea5y hay danh nghe; c\u00e1c c\u0103n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i, th\u00e2n th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c danh -t\u00f9ytheo phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o kh\u1edfi l\u00ean m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n khi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn) ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “ta ng\u1eedi”, “ta n\u1ebfm”, “ta x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m” th\u00ec di\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “danh ng\u1eedi”, “danh n\u1ebfm”, … C\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 qu\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ea7n, v\u1ecb tr\u1ea7n, x\u00fac tr\u1ea7n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft m\u00f9i \u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1eafc; v\u1ecb \u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1eafc; n\u00f3ng l\u1ea1nh \u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1eafc… \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u0103n th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u th\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3 hai danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc.
\nb)Th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m (sati)<\/i>, bi\u1ebft danh \u0111ang th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (sampaja\u00f1\u00f1a)<\/i><\/p>\n

(2) a) “ba danh” hay yogavacara<\/i>: tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c
\nb) Nghe l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m. Bi\u1ebft danh \u0111ang nghe la t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

<\/a>VII. M\u01af\u1edcI S\u00c1U TU\u1ec6 MINH S\u00c1T<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

1) N\u0101mar\u016bpapariccheda\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a – <\/i><\/b>Tu\u1ec7 Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t Danh – S\u1eafc<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn ra th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (sabh\u0101va dhamma)<\/i>. Sabh\u0101va<\/i> l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Danh (n\u0101m<\/i>a) v\u00e0 S\u1eafc (r\u016bpa<\/i>). Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng n\u0101ma<\/i> – r\u016bpa<\/i> l\u00e0 “ta”. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn (phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o) cho r\u1eb1ng Danh – S\u1eafc l\u00e0 “ta” hay “c\u1ee7a ta” \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 th\u00e2m s\u00e2u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t Danh – S\u1eafc n\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong Kinh Mah\u0101satipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na<\/i> (\u00d0\u1ea1i Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9).<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm b\u1eaft Danh – S\u1eafc trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, v\u1edbi c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u1ea9m nghi\u1ec7m (cinta<\/i> pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>) c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. L\u00fac \u1ea5y, ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn (samm\u0101 – di\u1e6d\u1e6dhi)<\/i> s\u1ebd n\u1ea3y sinh. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, khi ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t sanh, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft, trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, danh n\u00e0o, s\u1eafc n\u00e0o \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1n (s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, danh nghe,…), v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh Danh (l\u00e0 c\u00e1i) bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, v.v… H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p trong th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ngo\u00e0i Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc – kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 hay linh h\u1ed3n g\u00ec c\u1ea3. Khi t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay, ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 “ta” hay “c\u1ee7a ta” c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1edd tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u0101 pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101)<\/i> c\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ed5 b\u1eadt g\u1ed1c nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn) ra kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft l\u1ea5y. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c n\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ai n\u00f3i cho ta bi\u1ebft v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

Trong Anguttara – Nik\u0101ya<\/i> (T\u0103ng Chi Kinh), \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i Ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/i>) n\u00e0y l\u00e0: “Paccatta\u1e43 veditabbo vi\u00f1\u00f1uhi<\/i>” – b\u1eadc tr\u00ed t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh tr\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. Dhamma<\/i> (Ph\u00e1p) kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0o, m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft do tr\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u1eafm. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn th\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u1ec7 \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Di\u1e6d\u1e6dhivisuddhi<\/i> – Ki\u1ebfn t\u1ecbnh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u00e0o s\u00e1t-na ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 tam t\u01b0\u1edbng (v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3), c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i “n\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1edd” (quy y) c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn ra th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn Danh – S\u1eafc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ebfm v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 sau, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft, “ta kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ed3i m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i”, “ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u00e0 l\u00e0 danh th\u1ea5y”, v.v… H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh m\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y th\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh “Th\u1ea7y” c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

2) Paccayapariggaha\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a – <\/i><\/b>Tu\u1ec7 N\u1eafm B\u1eaft Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi<\/b><\/p>\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9ng tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu v\u1eabn qu\u00e1n Danh – S\u1eafc trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc, song vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn hai th\u1ee9 v\u1edbi nhau. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111au nh\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i \u0111au \u1ea5y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i \u0111ang kh\u1ed5, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 danh th\u1ecd (n\u0101ma <\/i>– vedana<\/i>). Nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 danh th\u1ecd (n\u0101ma <\/i>– vedan\u0101<\/i>) bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc kh\u1ed5. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc c\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu do nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ch\u00fang l\u00e0m duy\u00ean cho nhau. Mu\u1ed1n cho danh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1eafc \u00fd c\u0103n, c\u0103n m\u00f4n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (ph\u00e1p tr\u1ea7n).<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, s\u1eafc tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o danh \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng – nh\u01b0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ee9ng, di chuy\u1ec3n, v.v… Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn ra Danh – S\u1eafc trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i do nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f3, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, danh s\u1eafc \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf hay m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng si\u00eau nhi\u00ean n\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra.<\/p>\n

Danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 minh (avijj\u0101<\/i>), tham \u00e1i (tanh\u0101<\/i>), th\u1ee7 (upad\u0101na<\/i>), nghi\u1ec7p (kamma<\/i>). V\u00e0 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ed1ng. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3, b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c n\u00e0y trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u1eady trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd l\u00e0 v\u1eady trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Tu\u1ec7 tri ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (t\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eeba k\u1ec3), l\u00fac n\u00e0y h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ho\u00e0i nghi g\u00ec v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

Trong Th\u1ea5t T\u1ecbnh (B\u1ea3y b\u01b0\u1edbc thanh t\u1ecbnh), Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kankh\u0101vitara\u1e47a visuddhi<\/i> – \u00d0o\u1ea1n nghi thanh t\u1ecbnh, hay Tho\u00e1t ly ho\u00e0i nghi thanh t\u1ecbnh. \u1ede Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o thi\u1ec7n th\u00fa (sugati<\/i>) sau khi ch\u1ebft. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u (Culla Sotapanna<\/i>).<\/p>\n

3) Sammasana\u00f1a\u1e47a<\/i><\/b> – Tu\u1ec7 Th\u1ea9m S\u00e1t Tam T\u01b0\u1edbng<\/b><\/p>\n

\u1ede Tu\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Tu\u1ec7 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn ra nh\u00e2n (sanh) c\u1ee7a Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc, ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp qu\u00e1 nhanh c\u1ee7a Danh – S\u1eafc. V\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, Tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y danh s\u1eafc th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Danh – S\u1eafc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch b\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c (santati<\/i>). Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i, v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111\u1ee9ng, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t \u1edf oai nghi c\u0169 (ng\u1ed3i). Song khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 sanh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh (tam t\u01b0\u1edbng: v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3) trong Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc. \u00d0\u00e2y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t sanh \u1edf tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0.<\/p>\n

Visu\u1e0d\u1e0dhi Magga<\/i> (Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o) g\u1ecdi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 T\u012bra\u1e47apari\u00f1\u00f1a<\/i>\u00f8 – Th\u1ea9m \u00d0\u1ea1t Tri.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n trong Th\u1ea5t T\u1ecbnh th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh danh tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Magg\u0101magga\u00f1\u0101\u1e47adassanavisu\u1e0d\u1e0dhi<\/i> – \u00d0\u1ea1o Phi \u00d0\u1ea1o Tri Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u1ec7 k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

4) Udayabbaya\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i><\/b> – Sanh Di\u1ec7t Tu\u1ec7<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 sanh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Danh – S\u1eafc, v\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee5c – santati<\/i> (\u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n t\u00e2m) – gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc, ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u0101)<\/i>. \u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc sanh di\u1ec7t c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Th\u1ef1c ra, theo \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, Danh sanh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t nhanh h\u01a1n S\u1eafc g\u1ea5p 17 l\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 nhanh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 hai (n\u0101ma<\/i> v\u00e0 r\u016bpa<\/i>) sanh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t c\u00f9ng nhau. Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 tam t\u01b0\u1edbng trong Danh – S\u1eafc, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m trong t\u00e2m (n\u0101ma<\/i>), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00e1i (ta\u1e47h\u0101<\/i>), ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n (\u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3), ki\u1ebfn (di\u1e6d\u1e6dhi)<\/i>, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng (vipall\u0101sa<\/i>).<\/p>\n

Sanh Di\u1ec7t Tu\u1ec7 c\u00f2n cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111ang theo \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n. Tr\u00ed hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 – c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u1ef3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, t\u1eeb P\u0101li<\/i> g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Vipassan\u016bpakkilesa<\/i> (T\u00f9y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o trong thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t – xem chi ti\u1ebft \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n sau).<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c tu\u1ef3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra ch\u00fang, b\u1edfi v\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (kilesa<\/i>) r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u k\u00edn v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 y\u1ebfu th\u00ec kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra n\u00f3. Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ph\u00e1t sanh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 do c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y k\u00e9o h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ra kh\u1ecfi tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t, l\u00e0m cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 l\u1ea7m ch\u1ea5p v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u1ee9 ng\u1ee1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n. C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m h\u00e0o quang s\u00e1ng ch\u00f3i, h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 an t\u1ecbnh c\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m x\u1ea3y ra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i l\u1edbn cho tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t. T\u00edn (saddh\u0101<\/i>) v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ea5n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i. M\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f9y phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t quy\u1ebfn r\u0169, v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb k\u00e9o v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh \u1ea5y v\u00e0 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng tin l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 khi h\u1ecd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c tu\u1ef3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng Tu\u1ec7 cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c .<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ea1o tri ki\u1ebfn t\u1ecbnh (Pa\u1e6dipad\u0101\u00f1\u0101\u1e47adas-sanavisu\u1e0d\u1e0dhi)<\/i> hay Thanh t\u1ecbnh tri ki\u1ebfn li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh. \u00d0\u1ea1o tri ki\u1ebfn t\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y n\u1ea3y sanh trong Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang. S\u1edf d\u0129 tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1o tri ki\u1ebfn t\u1ecbnh v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng l\u1eabn phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, tham \u00e1i v\u00e0 si m\u00ea. C\u1ea3 ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh hay Tam t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 trong tu\u1ec7 sanh di\u1ec7t n\u00e0y, v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh th\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb tr\u1eeb di\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Khi vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t S\u1eafc tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y Danh.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c tu\u1ef3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o trong minh s\u00e1t (vipassa-n\u016bpakkilesa)<\/i>, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi:<\/p>\n

H\u00e0o quang<\/i> (obh\u0101sa<\/i>). Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u00e1t ra quanh m\u00ecnh, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y, l\u00e0m cho \u00e1i ph\u00e1t sanh. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn, ch\u00ednh t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/i> (\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t sanh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n th\u1ea5u r\u00f5 ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u0129 m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd k\u00e9o h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ra kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

H\u1ef7<\/i> (p\u012bti<\/i>). Do h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh (sam\u00e0dhi) n\u00ean c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c ph\u00e1t sanh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Khi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u1ef7, b\u1edfi v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n tam t\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ecd h\u1ef7.<\/p>\n

An t\u1ecbnh<\/i> (passaddhi)<\/i>. C\u00f3 l\u00fac, m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i r\u1ea5t an l\u1ea1c s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sanh, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tam t\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 v\u1edbi an t\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

L\u1ea1c<\/i> (sukha)<\/i>. Th\u1ecd l\u1ea1c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 do c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh. Khi l\u1ea1c sanh, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 (dukkha)<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ebft t\u00edn<\/i> (adhimokkha – saddh\u0101)<\/i>. \u00d0\u1ee9c tin ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng tin ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, khi v\u1ecb n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch (ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang). S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t sanh do c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 \u00edt tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec t\u00edn v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh).<\/p>\n

Tinh c\u1ea7n<\/i> (paggaha)<\/i>. Tinh t\u1ea5n th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng trong s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m. Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng, tinh t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh. Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u tinh t\u1ea5n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m; trong khi \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 th\u00ec khi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0ng h\u00e0nh (qu\u00e1n).<\/p>\n

Ni\u1ec7m<\/i> (upa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na)<\/i>. Ni\u1ec7m th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng (nimitta<\/i>, c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3). Khi \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Danh – S\u1eafc s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

X\u1ea3 <\/i>(upekkh\u0101)<\/i>. C\u00f3 khi x\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea7m m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o n\u1eefa – ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb – m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ra, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean; tham, s\u00e2n, si ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t. \u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1c tu\u1ef3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

D\u1ee5c c\u1ea7u<\/i> (nikanti)<\/i>. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y vui th\u00edch v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tu\u1ef3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o tr\u00ean v\u00e0 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n khi duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Vipassan\u016bpakkilesa<\/i> l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t, ch\u00fang n\u1ea3y sanh v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e1i qu\u00e1. Nh\u1eefng tu\u1ef3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o n\u00e0y cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 quan ki\u1ebfn sai l\u1ea7m r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o hay \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n. Ch\u00ednh do c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ngh\u0129 “Ta” \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, v\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u1ea5y l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i “Ta” \u1edf trong t\u00e2m. (\u00d0\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vipassan\u0101<\/i>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec vipassan\u0101<\/i> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i “Ta”).<\/p>\n

C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u0101).<\/i> Thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m m\u1ea1nh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c \u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng (nimitta<\/i>), nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c tu\u1ef3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sanh \u1edf ba lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3:<\/p>\n

– H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh Vipassan\u0101<\/i> \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u0169ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n tu\u1ec7 hay tu\u1ef3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c .<\/p>\n

– H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0o tinh t\u1ea5n y\u1ebfu. Do y\u1ebfu tinh t\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sanh.<\/p>\n

– H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh (Ariya)<\/i> v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c tu\u1ef3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ch\u1ed1c, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 sanh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc th\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Trong Th\u1ea5t T\u1ecbnh th\u00ec Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 n\u00e0y cho \u0111\u1ebfn Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t (Anuloma<\/i>: Thu\u1eadn Th\u1ee9 Tu\u1ec7) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Pa\u1e6dipad\u0101\u00f1\u0101\u1e47adassanavisu\u1e0d\u1e0dhi <\/i>– \u00d0\u1ea1o Tri Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

5) Bhanga\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i><\/b> – Ho\u1ea1i Di\u1ec7t Tu\u1ec7<\/b><\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n c\u1ee7a n\u0103m u\u1ea9n c\u1ea3 b\u00ean trong (t\u00e2m) l\u1eabn b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng). Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y lu\u00f4n danh bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i di\u1ec7t n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kinh ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i n\u01a1i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3. Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ed5 b\u1eadt g\u1ed1c si m\u00ea (moha<\/i>) v\u1edbi tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c. C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh sanh (c\u1ee7a Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc). Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Danh – S\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ho\u1ea1i Di\u1ec7t Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng (vipall\u0101sa)<\/i> – t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng (nicca<\/i> – vipall\u0101sa)<\/i>. Khi \u0111\u1eafc Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t ch\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u1eeb di\u1ec7t phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (t\u1ee9c m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1nPah\u0101napari\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i> – Tr\u1eeb \u00d0\u1ea1t Tri – t\u1eeb Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 5 cho \u0111\u1ebfn Tu\u1ec7 14 (\u00d0\u1ea1o Tu\u1ec7, Magga\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/i>. C\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111a mang qua bao cu\u1ed9c du h\u00e0nh trong v\u00f2ng sanh t\u1eed lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (sams\u0101ra vatta)<\/i> gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ecb b\u1ee9ng g\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111em l\u1ea1i 8 l\u1ee3i \u00edch:<\/p>\n

– H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ea1c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t sanh h\u1eefu t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

– Trong ki\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u1ea1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra t\u00ednh kh\u1ed5 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

– H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t – mu\u1ed1n \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

– N\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129, Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tri t\u00fac v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

– N\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m cho v\u1ecb tu s\u0129 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng tha thi\u1ebft: s\u1ed1ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

– H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ph\u00e1 gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

– \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 d\u1ec5 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 b\u1ecb khi\u00eau kh\u00edch c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 n\u00f3ng gi\u1eadn, bi\u1ebft kham nh\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

– Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng n\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n, v.v…<\/p>\n

6) Bhayatupa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i><\/b> – Kinh \u00day Tu\u1ec7<\/b><\/p>\n

\u1ede Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng Danh – S\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 nguy h\u1ea1i. \u1ede Tu\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh tan ho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Danh – S\u1eafc, ch\u00fang sanh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t qu\u00e1 nhanh. Ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kinh ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ea1c \u1edf danh s\u1eafc hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t sanh h\u1eefu n\u00e0o trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u1eady. Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho tham \u00e1i d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i, song ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb n\u00f3. Kinh \u00day Tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00e1i (tanh\u0101)<\/i>, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 x\u1ee9c thu\u1ed1c l\u00ean ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ee9a. Khi thu\u1ed1c tan, th\u00ec da ng\u1ee9a tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

7) \u0100d\u012bnav\u0101nupassan\u0101\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i><\/b> – Qu\u00e1 Ho\u1ea1n Tu\u1ec7<\/b><\/p>\n

Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u (Kinh \u00day Tu\u1ec7), vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y n\u00e0y – tu\u1ec7 th\u1ea5y Danh – S\u1eafc nh\u01b0 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda v\u00e0 nguy h\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y n\u00e0y, m\u1ed7i tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0m duy\u00ean cho tu\u1ec7 k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tu\u1ec7 tri danh s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1ebft l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Danh – S\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m nguy h\u1ea1i m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn ra l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

1. Danh – S\u1eafc trong tam gi\u1edbi (d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi, s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi, v\u00f4 s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi) hi\u1ec7n ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ea7m l\u1eeda.<\/p>\n

2. Tu\u1ec7 tri r\u1eb1ng Danh – S\u1eafc d\u00f9 trong sanh h\u1eefu n\u00e0o c\u0169ng b\u1ecb bao v\u00e2y b\u1edfi 11 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0: sanh, gi\u00e0, ch\u1ebft, s\u1ea7u, bi,… (xem l\u1ea1i 11 lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5). H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng Danh – S\u1eafc qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt nguy hi\u1ec3m, tai h\u1ecda v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/p>\n

3. Tu\u1ec7 tri nh\u00e2n sanh Danh – S\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh (avijja)<\/i>, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i nguy h\u1ea1i v\u00ec n\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn sanh, l\u00e3o, b\u1ec7nh, t\u1eed.<\/p>\n

4. Tu\u1ec7 tri r\u1eb1ng Danh – S\u1eafc \u0111ang l\u00e3o suy v\u00e0 tan r\u00e3 trong t\u1eebng s\u00e1t-na, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nguy h\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

5. Tu\u1ec7 tri r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i sanh l\u1ea1i trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u nguy h\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3m nguy, b\u1edfi v\u00ec Danh – S\u1eafc l\u00e0 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a \u0111au kh\u1ed5, d\u00f9 sanh h\u1eefu n\u00e0o c\u0169ng v\u1eady, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111au kh\u1ed5 th\u00eam n\u1eefa m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Khi n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec1u nguy h\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn ra th\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn ra. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n

– Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Danh – S\u1eafc th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e1ng mong c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

– N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 sanh h\u1eefu n\u00e0o, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd an l\u1ea1c, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

– N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u00e2n sanh (samudaya)<\/i> Danh – S\u1eafc, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

– N\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Danh – S\u1eafc bi\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1i, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i an l\u1ea1c (Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n).<\/p>\n

– Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1i sanh trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i l\u00e0 ph\u00fac l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.<\/p>\n

\u1ede Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng Danh – S\u1eafc hay ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh (sabh\u0101va)<\/i> c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i g\u00e2y ra nguy h\u1ea1i. Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham \u00e1i, kh\u00f4ng cho t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf trong t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u1edf Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a tham \u00e1i, n\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho tham \u00e1i kh\u00f3 b\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u00f3i chung, tham \u00e1i l\u00fac n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 tr\u00fa ng\u1ee5 trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd v\u00ec to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gian (n\u0103m u\u1ea9n) l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda, nguy h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n

\u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y ni\u1ec7m (sati)<\/i> l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 mang d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a tam t\u01b0\u1edbng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ni\u1ec7m v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101)<\/i> l\u00fac n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u01b0a hay gh\u00e9t trong \u0111\u00f3. S\u1edf d\u0129 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y b\u1edfi tham \u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i \u01b0a th\u00edch ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

T\u00e2m n\u00e0o s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y (t\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c tham \u00e1i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9). L\u00fac \u1ea5y, t\u00e2m s\u1ebd t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng Danh – S\u1eafc l\u00e0 t\u1ecbnh, l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c, l\u00fac \u1ea5y t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. T\u00e2m ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn ra kh\u1ed5 (dukkha)<\/i>, v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 ch\u1ee9ng tri kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n. Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh (sam\u0101dhi)<\/i>, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sanh \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng cho r\u1eb1ng n\u0103m u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c (sukhavipall\u0101sa)<\/i> v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng Danh – S\u1eafc l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda.<\/p>\n

8) Nibbid\u0101nupassan\u0101\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i><\/b> – Y\u1ebfm Ly Tu\u1ec7<\/b><\/p>\n

Qua m\u1ed7i c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 Tu\u1ec7, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n. \u00d0\u1ebfn Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c y\u1ebfm ly hay nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Danh – S\u1eafc (n\u0103m u\u1ea9n), do k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Tu\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc (Qu\u00e1 Ho\u1ea1n Tu\u1ec7). Trong s\u1ef1 nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m s\u00e2n, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n t\u00e1i sanh l\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, d\u00f9 trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 sanh h\u1eefu n\u00e0o, ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 vua ch\u00faa hay \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00fa gia c\u0169ng v\u1eady. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc hai con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng: h\u1eafc l\u1ed9 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sanh trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 b\u1ea1ch l\u1ed9 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n. Do c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfm ly \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Danh – S\u1eafc n\u00ean h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u1ea1c trong h\u1eafc l\u1ed9, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1ch l\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n h\u01a1n. Tu\u1ec7 Y\u1ebfm Ly n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c tho\u00e1t ly kh\u1ecfi tham \u00e1i. N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1t ly tham \u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Vir\u0101ga<\/i>(ly tham). T\u1eeb ly tham, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t (vimutti)<\/i>. Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Y\u1ebfm Ly Tu\u1ec7 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng tri m\u1ed9t trong ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Tam T\u01b0\u1edbng. N\u1ebfu trong s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfm ly \u1ea5y c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u00e2n (dosa)<\/i> th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Nibbid\u0101 -\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>(Y\u1ebfm Ly Tu\u1ec7), b\u1edfi v\u00ec lo\u1ea1i y\u1ebfm ly n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh vipassan\u0101 <\/i>mong t\u1ea7m c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, m\u1ecdi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cho mu\u1ed9i l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 tho\u00e1t ly. T\u1eeb Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m (vith\u012b-citta)<\/i> b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1eabn v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n \u1edf Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng trong b\u00e0i k\u1ec7 Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa sau:<\/p>\n

“Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u00e0nh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng,
\nD\u0129 tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu th\u1eddi
\n\u00d0\u1eafc y\u1ebfm ly \u01b0 kh\u1ed5
\nTh\u1eed n\u00e3i thanh t\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1o”<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n

“T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng,
\nV\u1edbi tu\u1ec7, qu\u00e1n th\u1ea5y v\u1eady
\n\u00d0au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n,
\nCh\u00ednh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thanh t\u1ecbnh”.<\/strong><\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ch\u00fa th\u00edch:<\/span><\/i><\/i><\/p>\n

(1) Vith\u012b-citta (l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m hay \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m) \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111aonj di\u1ec7t (nirodha) l\u00e0: nibbid\u00e0 (y\u1ebfm li), vir\u00e0ga (ly tham) v\u00e0 tadanganirodha (nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 tahy th\u1ebf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch ph\u00e1p). M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 tadanganirodha n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u1edf Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

9) Mu\u00f1citukamyat\u0101\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i><\/b> – D\u1ee5c Tho\u00e1t Tu\u1ec7<\/b><\/p>\n

Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 tai ho\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a Danh – S\u1eafc \u1edf Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, v\u00e0 y\u1ebfm ly \u1edf Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t – gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi Danh – S\u1eafc (D\u1ee5c Tho\u00e1t Tu\u1ec7). C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb nh\u1ed1t trong t\u00f9, l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng mong tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi nhau, m\u1ed7i c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed7i m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Kinh U\u00fd Tu\u1ec7 (6) d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Qu\u00e1 Ho\u1ea1n Tu\u1ec7 (7), Qu\u00e1 Ho\u1ea1n Tu\u1ec7 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Y\u1ebfm Ly Tu\u1ec7 (8). T\u1eeb Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn (D\u1ee5c Tho\u00e1t Tu\u1ec7) n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n. Ch\u00ednh \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tinh t\u1ea5n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

10) Pa\u1e6disankh\u0101nupassan\u0101\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a <\/i><\/b>– <\/i>Gi\u1ea3n Tr\u1ea1ch Tu\u1ec7<\/b><\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c Tu\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1ef1 kinh s\u1ee3, nguy h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 y\u1ebfm ly d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi Danh – S\u1eafc (Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn). \u1ede Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi Danh – S\u1eafc, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u ch\u1ee9 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 – pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101 –<\/i> l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00ec c\u1ea3) c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tho\u00e1t ly, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Khi v\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ra tam t\u01b0\u1edbng trong Danh – S\u1eafc th\u00ec c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c tho\u00e1t ly kh\u1ecfi n\u00f3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sanh \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn. C\u1ea3 ba Tu\u1ec7 h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 trong s\u00e1ng. Ch\u00ednh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t: con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (sams\u0101ravata)<\/i> – m\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i v\u00f2ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn. \u1ede Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y tam t\u01b0\u1edbng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n \u1edf c\u00e1c Tu\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng Danh – S\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 s\u1ebd kh\u1edfi l\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

(\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tu\u1ec7 tri Tam T\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n khi ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tam T\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n – ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y Danh – S\u1eafc nh\u01b0 V\u00f4 Th\u01b0\u1eddng – Kh\u1ed5 – V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3).<\/i><\/p>\n

11)<\/i><\/b> Sankh\u0101rupekkh\u0101\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i><\/b> – X\u1ea3 H\u00e0nh Tu\u1ec7<\/b><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn t\u00e2m th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Danh – S\u1eafc (sankh\u00e0ra hay th\u00e2n h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u00fd h\u00e0nh) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 hay luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Danh – S\u1eafc m\u00e0 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn ngh\u0129 n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 “ta”, “c\u1ee7a ta”, “t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ta” n\u1eefa. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean (x\u1ea3) n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00e2m y\u1ebfm ly.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh X\u1ea3 Tu\u1ec7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Tu\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng N\u0103m U\u1ea9n (Sankh\u0101ra)<\/i> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 – kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay th\u00fa g\u00ec c\u1ea3 – v\u00e0 c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111ang r\u00fat ng\u1eafn l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng s\u1edbm th\u00ec mu\u1ed9n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ea1c trong Danh – S\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

Khi t\u00e2m v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u1eadn ra Danh – S\u1eafc l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng (Su\u00f1\u00f1ata)<\/i>, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn Danh – S\u1eafc n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf gian l\u00e0 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m c\u00f3 x\u1ea3 – kh\u00f4ng gh\u00e9t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc, m\u00e0 th\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfm ly. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y t\u00e2m mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u0101)<\/i> cao nh\u1ea5t trong hi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2m \u00d0\u1ea1o (Magga Citta)<\/i> v\u00e0 T\u00e2m Qu\u1ea3 (Phala Citta)<\/i>, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh (Ariyapuggala)<\/i>. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 th\u1ea5y Tam T\u01b0\u1edbng r\u1ea5t r\u00f5. Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n (chanda)<\/i> ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn (D\u1ee5c Tho\u00e1t Tu\u1ec7), Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi (Gi\u1ea3n Tr\u1ea1ch Tu\u1ec7) v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t (X\u1ea3 H\u00e0nh Tu\u1ec7) c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi nhau, nh\u01b0ng tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y v\u1eabn m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

T\u00e2m c\u00f3 x\u1ea3 v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t trong ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh n\u00e0o c\u0169ng v\u1eady, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. N\u1ebfu t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng tu\u1ef3 qu\u00e1n (Anicc\u0101nupassan\u0101),<\/i> th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u00f4 T\u01b0\u1edbng Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n (Animitta-nibb\u0101na)<\/i>.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng Kh\u1ed5 tu\u1ef3 qu\u00e1n (Dukkhanupassan\u0101),<\/i> th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u00f4 Nguy\u1ec7n Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n (Appa\u1e47ihita-nibb\u0101na)<\/i><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng V\u00f4 ng\u00e3 tu\u1ef3 qu\u00e1n (Anatt\u0101nupassan\u0101)<\/i>, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng T\u00e1nh Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n (Su\u00f1\u00f1ata-nibb\u0101na)<\/i>.<\/p>\n

12) Anuloma\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i><\/b> –<\/b> Thu\u1eadn Th\u1ee9 Tu\u1ec7<\/b><\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y gi\u00fap h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng t\u00edn, t\u1ea5n, ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n – b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 Kh\u1ed5 \u00d0\u1ebf (Dukkhasacca)<\/i> v\u00e0 T\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ebf (Samudayasacca)<\/i>. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3i d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng 37 Ph\u00e1p Tr\u1ee3 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 (Bodhipakkhiyadhamma)<\/i>, th\u00ec Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y vi\u00ean m\u00e3n \u1edf m\u1ee9c Th\u1ea5t Gi\u00e1c Chi (Bojjhanga<\/i>) b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 gi\u00fap ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 ba b\u1eadc tu\u1ec7 trong \u00d0\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt (xem h\u00ecnh 3-1).<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ed \u00d0\u1ea1t Tri (\u00d1\u0101tapari\u00f1\u00f1\u0101)<\/i> g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai.
\nTh\u1ea9m \u00d0\u1ea1t Tri (T\u012bra\u1e47apari\u00f1\u00f1\u0101)<\/i> g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0.
\nTr\u1eeb \u00d0\u1ea1t Tri (Pah\u0101napari\u00f1\u00f1a)<\/i> g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c Tu\u1ec7 t\u1eeb th\u1ee9 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

Vipassan\u0101-dh\u016bra<\/i> (ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a minh s\u00e1t) b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t, cho \u0111\u1ebfn Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai (Anuloma)<\/i>. Tu\u1ec7 \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 th\u1ebf gian (lokiya)<\/i>, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf. \u1ede Tu\u1ec7 Thu\u1eadn Th\u1ee9 (Anuloma\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/i>, hai Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf Kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 T\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9, d\u00f9ng Tam T\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady Danh – S\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu cho \u0111\u1ebfn Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Vipassan\u0101\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i> (Minh s\u00e1t tu\u1ec7).<\/p>\n

Anuloma\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i> (Thu\u1eadn Th\u1ee9 Tu\u1ec7) l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t trong tam t\u01b0\u1edbng sangMaggav\u012bthicitta<\/i> (Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m)<\/i>. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra ch\u1ec9 trong ba s\u00e1t-na t\u00e2m (cittakha\u1e47a)<\/i>. Thu\u1eadn Th\u1ee9 Tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb X\u1ea3 H\u00e0nh Tu\u1ec7 (Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 11) v\u00e0 n\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 hay tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean (paccaya)<\/i> cho Tu\u1ec7 Chuy\u1ec3n T\u1ed9c (Gotrabh\u016b\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/i> th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ba.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Anuloma\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i> sang Gotrabh\u016b\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i> n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111u tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua d\u00f2ng su\u1ed1i. Vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Parikamma<\/i> – chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00e2m (Maggacitta)<\/i>. K\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp, s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ra gi\u1eefa d\u00f2ng hay Upac\u0101ra<\/i> – C\u1eadn Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00e2m; v\u00e0 Thu\u1eadn Th\u1ee9 Tu\u1ec7 – Anuloma\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i> – s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ea1m b\u1edd b\u00ean kia. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 bu\u00f4ng xu\u1ed1ng b\u1edd kia, t\u00e2m li\u1ec1n \u1edf trong Chuy\u1ec3n T\u1ed9c Tu\u1ec7 – Gotrabh\u016b\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, t\u00e2m l\u1ea5y Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

Anuloma\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i> l\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u1eb1m trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf – ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u1ea5y Danh – S\u1eafc l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u1eeb Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y tr\u1edf \u0111i, Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u1edf tr\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e2m hi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh si\u00eau th\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p (dhammaniy\u0101ma)<\/i>.<\/p>\n

13) Gotrabh\u016b\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i><\/b> – Tu\u1ec7 Chuy\u1ec3n T\u1ed9c<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 n\u1ea3y sanh trong Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m (Maggav\u012bthicitta)<\/i>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111\u1ea1o tu\u1ec7 (magga\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/i>, t\u1ee9c Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n. Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Tu\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u1ed7 trong khi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u00e2m hi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Danh – S\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bu\u00f4ng b\u1ecf, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 t\u00e2m si\u00eau th\u1ebf (lokuttaracitta<\/i>). \u1ede tu\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m trong Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u1eeb ph\u00e0m sang Th\u00e1nh. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i c\u00f3 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, song Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1ecdi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (samuccheda<\/i>).<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Achaan Naeb n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi v\u00e0o ngh\u1ec1, ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1ecdi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

14) Magga-\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i><\/b> – \u00d0\u1ea1o Tu\u1ec7<\/b><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t sanh trong t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Maggacitta<\/i> – T\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o.Maggacitta<\/i> ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t, hay ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn duy\u00ean tr\u1ee3 t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1eeb Chuy\u1ec3n T\u1ed9c Tu\u1ec7 (Tu\u1ec7 13). Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ba, song n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o n\u00e0o n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c si\u00eau th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u1edf Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau b\u1edfi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong b\u1ed1n Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o T\u00e2m d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u \u00d0\u1ea1o (Sotapanna<\/i>). D\u00f9 Maggacitta<\/i> l\u00e0m ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t s\u00e1t-na t\u00e2m (cittakha\u1e47a<\/i>), song n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i sanh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y ki\u1ebfp n\u1eefa m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Samm\u0101di\u1e6d\u1e6dhi <\/i>(ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn) trong B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh tri T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 trong \u0111\u1ea1o tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi tia ch\u1edbp trong m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n b\u00e3o c\u00f3 s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, r\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd.<\/p>\n

Khi T\u00e2m \u00d0\u1ea1o ph\u00e1t sanh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Sot\u00e0pattimagga (Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o). Ba l\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t sanh sau cho ba \u00d0\u1ea1o cao h\u01a1n (xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch*) V\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n (Ariyapuggala<\/i>), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n \u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o (ap\u0101ya<\/i>) n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m trong t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n si\u00eau th\u1ebf (lokuttara<\/i>–kusala<\/i>). C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n tu\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c thi\u1ec7n si\u00eau th\u1ebf l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

Sot\u0101pattimagga\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>: Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o Tu\u1ec7.
\nSakad\u0101g\u0101mimagga\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>: Nh\u1ea5t Lai Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o Tu\u1ec7.
\nAn\u0101g\u0101mimagga\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a: <\/i>B\u1ea5t Lai Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o Tu\u1ec7.
\nArahattamagga\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>: Alah\u00e1n Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o Tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

15)<\/i><\/b> Phala\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i><\/b> – Qu\u1ea3 Tu\u1ec7<\/b><\/p>\n

Trong Th\u1ea5t T\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 N\u00f1\u0101\u1e47adassana-visud\u00efd\u00efhi<\/i>, t\u1ee9c Tri Ki\u1ebfn Thanh T\u1ecbnh. Khi T\u00e2m \u00d0\u1ea1o ph\u00e1t sanh trong Tu\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc (\u00d0\u1ea1o Tu\u1ec7) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u00f3 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, li\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, t\u00e2m qu\u1ea3 (phalacitta<\/i>) kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c s\u00e2u l\u1eafng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p (dhammaniy\u0101ma<\/i>), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e2m qu\u1ea3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n sanh ti\u1ebfp sau t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1eady. Khi t\u00e2m qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t sanh, c\u00f3 khi x\u1ea3y ra trong ba s\u00e1t-na t\u00e2m, c\u00f3 khi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1ng l\u1ee3i c\u0103n (c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n), v\u1edbi ba s\u00e1t-na t\u00e2m, b\u1ecf qua s\u00e1t-na Parikamma<\/i> (Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb) v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Upac\u0101ra<\/i> (C\u1eadn th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00e2m), ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfnAnuloma<\/i> (Thu\u1eadn th\u1ee9), Gotrabh\u016b<\/i> (Chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ed9c), Magga <\/i>(\u00d0\u1ea1o), v\u00e0 Phala (Qu\u1ea3) ba l\u1ea7n, thay v\u00ec hai.<\/p>\n

Phalacitta<\/i> l\u00e0 T\u00e2m Qu\u1ea3 si\u00eau th\u1ebf, Lokuttara-vip\u0101ka<\/i>. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u00e2m qu\u1ea3 sanh l\u00ean, r\u1ed3i di\u1ec7t – kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 g\u00ec c\u1ea3. Sau khi n\u00f3 di\u1ec7t, Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eefa. Trong Qu\u1ea3 Tu\u1ec7 (Phala\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>), h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec (l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u1edf \u00d0\u1ea1o Tu\u1ec7 – th\u1ee9 14). L\u00fac n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi-S\u01a1-Qu\u1ea3 (Sotapatti-phala<\/i>–puggala<\/i>), v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n trong kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n b\u1ea3y ki\u1ebfp t\u00e1i sanh n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 Qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n S\u1edf T\u00e1c Tr\u00ed (Kata\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>) trong ba Giai \u00d0o\u1ea1n Tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

(Ba Giai \u00d0o\u1ea1n Tu\u1ec7 hay Tr\u00ed (\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/i> l\u00e0: S\u1ef1 Th\u1eadt Tr\u00ed (Sacca\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/i>, S\u1edf D\u1ee5ng Tr\u00ed(Kicca\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/i> v\u00e0 S\u1edf T\u00e1c Tr\u00ed (Kata\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a).)<\/i><\/p>\n

16) Paccavekkhana\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i><\/b> \u2013 Ph\u1ea3n Kh\u00e1n Tu\u1ec7<\/b><\/p>\n

\u1ede Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u00e1c \u00fd l\u1ea1i n\u0103m ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 trong Tu\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

Magga\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i> \u2013 \u00d0\u1ea1o Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 14.
\nPhala\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i> \u2013 Qu\u1ea3 Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 15.
\nNibb\u0101na<\/i> \u2013 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n.
\nC\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (kilesa<\/i>) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb.
\nC\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3n Kh\u00e1n Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb Qu\u1ea3 Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 15, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00ean h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i t\u00e2m hi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf (lokiyacitta<\/i>).<\/p>\n

B\u1eadc ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m trong ba c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc, t\u1ee9c Tu \u0111\u00e0 ho\u00e0n, T\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0 h\u00e0m v\u00e0 A na h\u00e0m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1eadc H\u1eefu h\u1ecdc (Sekkhapuggala<\/i>). N\u1ebfu l\u00e0 b\u1eadc Alah\u00e1n, \u1edf Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n trong n\u0103m ph\u00e1p tr\u00ean m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, v\u00ec b\u1eadc Alah\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o n\u1eefa. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c b\u1eadc H\u1eefu h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u0103m ph\u00e1p k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb, do tu\u1ec7 m\u1ea1nh, ch\u1ec9 t\u00e1c \u00fd ba ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1n l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 \u1edf Ph\u1ea3n Kh\u00e1n Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi tu\u1ec7 \u1edf \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 – n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, trong khi \u1edf Tu\u1ec7 Ph\u1ea3n Kh\u00e1n n\u00e0y, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u00d0\u1ea1o \u2013 Qu\u1ea3 Tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u1ebfm mu\u1ed1i, c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1n tu\u1ec7 th\u00ec nh\u01b0 ng\u1eabm ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i xem v\u1ecb mu\u1ed1i \u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Lokuttaracitta<\/i> (T\u00e2m si\u00eau th\u1ebf), m\u00e0 l\u00e0 Lokiyacitta<\/i> (T\u00e2m hi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf, Th\u1ea5t T\u1ecbnh v\u1eabn x\u1ebfp n\u00f3 v\u00e0o Tri Ki\u1ebfn Thanh T\u1ecbnh (N\u00f1\u0101\u1e47adassanavisu\u1e0d\u1e0dhi)<\/i>, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp d\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng tu\u1ec7 si\u00eau th\u1ebf. S\u1edf d\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 v\u00ec Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u00d0\u1ea1o Tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 Tu\u1ec7 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

GHI CH\u00da:<\/b><\/p>\n

1) \u1ede t\u1ea7ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 13 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chuy\u1ec3n T\u1ed9c Tu\u1ec7 – Gotrabh\u016b\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>\u2013 b\u1edfi l\u1ebd l\u00fac n\u00e0y h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 t\u1eeb ph\u00e0m nh\u00e2n (puthujjana<\/i>) sang Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n (Ariyapuggala<\/i>). Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng ti\u1ebfp theo (T\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0 h\u00e0m,\u2026), Tu\u1ec7 \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0Vod\u0101na\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i> \u2013 T\u1ecbnh Ho\u00e1 Tu\u1ec7, b\u1edfi v\u00ec trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m v\u1eabn gi\u1ed1ng nhau cho m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

2) T\u1eeb Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 12 l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf; Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 13 l\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp: m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 si\u00eau th\u1ebf; Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 14 v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 15 l\u00e0 si\u00eau th\u1ebf th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, trong khi Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 16 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7p th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

3) C\u00f3 10 ki\u1ebft s\u1eed (sa\u1e43yojana<\/i>) tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang sanh v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i:<\/p>\n

Th\u00e2n ki\u1ebfn \u2013 Sakk\u0101yadi\u1e6d\u1e6dhi<\/i>.
\nHo\u00e0i nghi \u2013 Vicikicch\u0101<\/i>.
\nGi\u1edbi c\u1ea5m th\u1ee7 – S\u012blabbatapar\u0101m\u0101sa.<\/i>
\nD\u1ee5c \u00e1i \u2013 K\u0101mar\u0101ga<\/i>.
\nS\u00e2n h\u1eadn \u2013 Pa\u1e6digha<\/i>.
\nS\u1eafc \u00e1i \u2013 R\u016bpar\u0101ga<\/i>.
\nV\u00f4 s\u1eafc \u00e1i \u2013 Ar\u016bpar\u0101ga<\/i>.
\nNg\u00e3 m\u1ea1n \u2013 M\u0101na<\/i>.
\nPh\u00f3ng d\u1eadt \u2013 Uddhacca<\/i>.
\nV\u00f4 minh \u2013 Avijj\u0101<\/i>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

C\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh:<\/b><\/p>\n

– B\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u<\/i> (Sotapanna – Tu-\u0111\u00e0-ho\u00e0n<\/i>) di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba ki\u1ebft s\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u. Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 b\u1ea3y ki\u1ebfp, v\u00e0 d\u00f9 c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng sanh v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n \u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o: \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7, s\u00fac sanh v\u00e0 atula.<\/p>\n

– B\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh Nh\u1ea5t Lai<\/i> (Sakad\u0101g\u0101mi – T\u01b0-\u0111\u00e0-h\u00e0m<\/i>) l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu th\u00eam hai ki\u1ebft s\u1eed th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m. V\u1ecb Nh\u1ea5t Lai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00f5i d\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. (C\u00f5i D\u1ee5c g\u1ed3m c\u00f5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u00e1u c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi).<\/p>\n

– B\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh B\u1ea5t Lai<\/i> (An\u0101g\u0101m\u012b – A-na-h\u00e0m<\/i>) di\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n hai ki\u1ebft s\u1eed th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb T\u01b0 \u00d0\u00e0 H\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. V\u1ecb B\u1ea5t Lai kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh trong D\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

– B\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n<\/i> (Arahatta<\/i>) \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t n\u0103m ki\u1ebft s\u1eed c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. B\u1eadc A-la-h\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh trong tam gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

4) Trong Th\u1ea5t T\u1ecbnh:<\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t<\/i> – Tu\u1ec7 Ph\u00e2n Bi\u1ec7t Danh – S\u1eafc l\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh (Di\u1e6d\u1e6dhi-visu\u1e0d\u1e0dhi)<\/i><\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 hai – <\/i>Tu\u1ec7 N\u1eafm B\u1eaft Duy\u00ean Kh\u1edfi l\u00e0 \u00d0o\u1ea1n Nghi Thanh T\u1ecbnh (Kankh\u0101vitara\u1e47a-visud\u00efd\u00efhi).<\/i><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 <\/i>l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1o Phi \u00d0\u1ea1o Tri <\/i>Ki\u1ebfn Thanh T\u1ecbnh(Magg\u0101magga\u00f1\u0101\u1e47adassana visu\u1e0d\u1e0dhi )<\/i><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c Tu\u1ec7 t\u1eeb th\u1ee9 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u01b0\u1eddi ba <\/i>l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1o Tri Ki\u1ebfn Thanh T\u1ecbnh (Pa\u1e6dipad\u0101\u00f1\u0101\u1e47adassana visu\u1e0d\u1e0dhi)<\/i><\/p>\n

Ba Tu\u1ec7 m\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed1n, m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u <\/i>l\u00e0 Tri Ki\u1ebfn Thanh T\u1ecbnh (N\u00f1\u0101\u1e47adassana visu\u1e0d\u1e0dhi).<\/i><\/p>\n

PH\u1ea6N IV:<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

K\u1ebeT LU\u1eacN CHUNG<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

“B\u1ea1ch \u00d0\u1ee9c Gotama, do nh\u00e2n g\u00ec, duy\u00ean g\u00ec, sau khi Nh\u01b0 Lai (Tath\u0101gata) di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i l\u00e2u? V\u00e0 l\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, b\u1ea1ch \u00d0\u1ee9c Gotama, do nh\u00e2n g\u00ec, duy\u00ean g\u00ec, sau khi Nh\u01b0 Lai di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i l\u00e2u?”<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

“N\u00e0y B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n, ch\u00ednh do kh\u00f4ng trau d\u1ed3i, kh\u00f4ng tinh t\u1ea5n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 m\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i l\u00e2u sau khi Nh\u01b0 Lai di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eady.” (Samyutta Nik\u0101ya — Mah\u0101 Vagga)<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a>I. T\u1ed4NG K\u1ebeT<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Vipassan\u0101<\/i> (minh s\u00e1t) bao g\u1ed3m Th\u1ea5t T\u1ecbnh, m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u Tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t, Tam gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t (Vimokkh\u0101<\/i>), T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (S\u0101tipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na)<\/i>, v.v… Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c ra c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o Th\u00e2n Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (K\u0101yanupassan\u0101 S\u0101tipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na)<\/i>, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m b\u1ed1n oai nghi (\u0111i, \u0111\u1ee9ng, ng\u1ed3i, n\u1eb1m). \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Th\u1ecd Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9, T\u00e2m Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhau, c\u00e1c Tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t v\u00e0 Th\u1ea5t T\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch (qu\u1ea3 b\u00e1o) ph\u00e1t sanh \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng nhau, duy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

Tuy th\u1ebf, Th\u1ecd, T\u00e2m v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u00eau kh\u00ea h\u01a1n. C\u00f3 ch\u00edn th\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t: th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 (dukkhavedan\u0101)<\/i>, th\u1ecd l\u1ea1c (sukkhavedan\u0101)<\/i>, th\u1ecd x\u1ea3 (upekkhavedan\u0101) <\/i>v.v… V\u1ec1 t\u00e2m c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i: t\u00e2m c\u00f3 tham, t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng tham, t\u00e2m c\u00f3 s\u00e2n, t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng s\u00e2n, v.v… V\u1ec1 ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1p c\u00f3: n\u0103m u\u1ea9n, m\u01b0\u1eddi hai x\u1ee9, n\u0103m tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i, v.v… V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ecd, t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd ph\u00e1t sanh, nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 b\u1ecb d\u00ednh m\u1eafc v\u00e0o c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd \u1ea5y h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n n\u00f3. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9, b\u1edfi v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng Trung \u0111\u1ea1o. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 tham hay s\u00e2n (th\u00edch – gh\u00e9t), h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec Trung \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

X\u1ea3 (upekkh\u0101)<\/i> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Trung \u0111\u1ea1o. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m sao cho t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gh\u00e9t. L\u00e0m v\u1eady l\u00e0 sai, v\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng bu\u1ed9c x\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t sanh. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p (dhamma)<\/i> l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 (anatta)<\/i> n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tu t\u1eadp kh\u00e1c n\u00f3i t\u00e2m v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1i “kh\u00f4ng” \u1ea5y l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u00d0\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean(paccaya)<\/i> cho t\u00e2m (citta)<\/i>. Ngay c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m si\u00eau th\u1ebf (lokuttara)<\/i> v\u1eabn c\u00f3 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e2m v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u01b0a – gh\u00e9t hay th\u00edch v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch… \u00d0\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb \u01b0a – gh\u00e9t, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n t\u00e2m tr\u00fa v\u00e0o s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00edch hay tham(abhijja).<\/i> N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00fa v\u00e0o s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i (m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng), \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch hay s\u00e2n (domanassa).<\/i><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m — t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t tham v\u00e0 s\u00e2n, hay \u01b0a v\u00e0 gh\u00e9t n\u00e0y. Khi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u1eadn ra th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh (sabh\u0101va)<\/i> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, hay l\u00e0 Danh-S\u1eafc \u1ea5y. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng Danh-S\u1eafc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 “ta”, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 “t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3” n\u00e0o \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1edb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

1) Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, theo l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean hay kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nhvipassan\u0101<\/i>, h\u1eefu duy\u00ean h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc (pubbekata pu\u00f1\u00f1at\u0101),<\/i> nh\u1eabn n\u1ea1i, tinh t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

2) Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t l\u00e0 ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e2m ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, s\u1eafc \u0111i, v.v… \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn “ta ng\u1ed3i”, “ta \u0111i”,… v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 duy hay l\u00fd lu\u1eadn. Khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00fang c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh. Khi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t sanh, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 hay th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Danh-S\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “ta”, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra tam t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Danh-S\u1eafc. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Danh-S\u1eafc) r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a tri ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0o ba Danh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t (tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c) \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p(sabh\u0101va)<\/i>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ta, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3, l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. Sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 nguy h\u1ea1i, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t t\u1eed sanh.<\/p>\n

3) Trong khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 Sikkh\u0101ti<\/i> (qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh), nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft khi n\u00e0o tinh t\u1ea5n – ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c vu\u1ed9t kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Ch\u00ednhSikkh\u0101ti <\/i>n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i sau m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m r\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng — c\u00f3 khi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, \u0111\u00f4i l\u00fac n\u00f3 c\u00f3 tham d\u1ee5c, l\u1eafm khi n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 l\u00fac bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7, c\u00f3 l\u00fac b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i, l\u00fac th\u00ec ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c l\u01a1i l\u1ecfng. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t Danh-S\u1eafc th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i m\u1ed7i khi vu\u1ed9t kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00e2m n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t (v\u00f4 ng\u00e3). Ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng s\u1ed1ng trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh — v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p s\u1ebd theo sau (t\u1ee9c s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i minh s\u00e1t s\u1ebd theo sau). \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m tinh t\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

4) N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. B\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111ang th\u1ea5y tam t\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eb1ng tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t. Th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y tam t\u01b0\u1edbng khi ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t sanh trong Danh-S\u1eafc \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o (s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i). Th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m n\u00f3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u hay nghe Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

5) M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sanh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh sai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh sai, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111i m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1eafc \u0111ang \u0111i. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh s\u1eeda sai cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

6) Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh nh\u1eb1m di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (Satipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na)<\/i>, b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong 37 Ph\u00e1p Tr\u1ee3 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf. Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3 ly ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Danh-S\u1eafc (hay n\u0103m u\u1ea9n), v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3 ly n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qua vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o: Nh\u1eadp l\u01b0u, Nh\u1ea5t lai, B\u1ea5t lai v\u00e0 A-la-h\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

7) \u00d0\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh T\u00edn v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee9c tin h\u01a1n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh m\u00ecnh \u0111ang theo l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang hay sai. C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ee9c tin th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n, \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

8) Ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u0101)<\/i>, ho\u1eb7c ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm v\u1eefng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn. N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 — nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 trong ph\u1ea7n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 16 Tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t. N\u1ebfu ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con voi \u0111\u00e3 sa v\u00e0o v\u0169ng l\u1ea7y, th\u1ef1c kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

N\u00e0y c\u00e1c t\u1ef3 kheo, Nh\u01b0 Lai khuy\u00ean c\u00e1c con: “C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi v\u1ed1n v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u00e3y tinh t\u1ea5n ch\u1edb c\u00f3 ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt”. (Di hu\u1ea5n t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt – Digh\u0101 Nik\u0101ya)<\/i><\/p>\n

<\/a>II. PH\u1ee4 L\u1ee4C TH\u1ea8M V\u1ea4N THI\u1ec0N SINH<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

(Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea9m v\u1ea5n ghi b\u0103ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p ri\u00eang c\u00e1c v\u1ecb s\u01b0 ho\u1eb7c c\u01b0 s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i Thi\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7n Boonkanjanaram).<\/i><\/p>\n

N\u1ed8I DUNG:<\/b><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>Achaan Naeb; T:<\/b> Thi\u1ec1n sinh.<\/i><\/p>\n

(Thi\u1ec1n sinh th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, s\u1eafc \u0111i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 n\u00f3i b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– D\u00e1ng t\u00f4i ng\u1ed3i, l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i. D\u00e1ng t\u00f4i \u0111i, l\u00e0 s\u1eafc \u0111i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, s\u1eafc \u0111i – c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– M\u1eaft ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u00e0u s\u1eafc hay h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng. M\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i,… Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e2m m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ee9ng,… th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Khi s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, l\u00e0 s\u01b0 suy ngh\u0129 hay s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c (ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c) r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau hay gi\u1ed1ng nhau?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Suy ngh\u0129 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ngh\u0129 \u0111i ngh\u0129 l\u1ea1i m\u00e3i s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i \u1edf trong t\u00e2m. C\u00f2n t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i d\u00e1ng ta \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i – v\u00e0 d\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Ph\u1ea3i r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

(Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– T\u1eeb khi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, s\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean l\u1eafm.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft Danh-S\u1eafc li\u00ean t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng. \u00d0i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng s\u01b0 \u0111ang th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p. \u00d0\u1eebng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 gieo nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00fang, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd g\u1eb7t qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00fang. Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang hay sai tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 g\u00ec. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh s\u01b0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 hi\u1ec3u th\u00f4ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh (yoniso<\/i>), c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, l\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh (ayoniso<\/i>). Trong l\u00fac th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, s\u01b0 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t c\u00e1i n\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n – Danh (n\u0101ma<\/i>) hay S\u1eafc (r\u016bpa<\/i>)?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i qu\u00e1n S\u1eafc – S\u1eafc \u0111i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– T\u1ea1i sao?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– B\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1eafc \u0111i d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n. S\u1eafc \u0111i “l\u1edbn” h\u01a1n n\u00ean d\u1ec5 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft h\u01a1n c\u00e1c s\u1eafc kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n \u0111i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u01b0, \u0111i d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n ch\u1ee9 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3 l\u00fac th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 l\u00fac kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c (h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5), \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u01b0 th\u00edch s\u1eafc \u0111i, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u0101)<\/i> n\u1eefa. S\u01b0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao s\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc trong b\u1ed1n oai nghi kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 b\u1ed1n oai nghi v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 bu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Khi s\u01b0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 s\u01b0 yoniso<\/i> (t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Ta ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft oai nghi c\u0169 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 (dukkha<\/i>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y bu\u1ed9c oai nghi ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Khi \u0111i hay ng\u1ed3i, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao s\u01b0 \u0111i hay s\u01b0 ng\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5 t\u1eeb oai nghi c\u0169.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0\u00fang r\u1ed3i. S\u01b0 bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. \u00d0i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 cho tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i hay \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec s\u1eafc \u0111i d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y h\u01a1n. \u00d0i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 sai. Khi s\u01b0 h\u00e0nh sai, s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c (th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p). V\u1edbi ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh sai nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 m\u1ed7i khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft l\u00fd do thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5. S\u01b0 c\u00e0ng bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 l\u00fd do thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi n\u00e0y, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u01a1n trong thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t. Vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft l\u00fd do ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho s\u01b0 nh\u1eadn ra kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 s\u01b0 c\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 kh\u1ed5, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n (y\u1ebfm ly) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u1ed5 — \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3 ly \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Danh-S\u1eafc (n\u0103m u\u1ea9n). S\u01b0 c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111i kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111i n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Khi t\u00f4i \u0111i, t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc \u0111i r\u00f5 h\u01a1n \u1edf c\u00e1c oai nghi kh\u00e1c. T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng kh\u1ed5 bu\u1ed9c t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i \u0111i, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n \u0111i n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0i v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (kilesa<\/i>), v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o s\u1ebd theo s\u01b0 trong t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 ngh\u0129 \u0111i s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho s\u01b0, s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p. L\u00fd do t\u00f4i n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/i>) trong khi \u0111i, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc \u0111i l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, s\u1eafc \u0111i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, s\u1eafc \u0111i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i, s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u00fd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang (ayoniso<\/i>), v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 s\u01b0 ngh\u0129 \u0111i l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t, \u0111i l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng, do \u0111\u00f3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o xen v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1i \u0111i v\u00e0 che khu\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3, yoniso<\/i> r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

(Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– B\u00e2y gi\u1edd s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh. S\u01b0 c\u00f3 tin l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n oai nghi s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 cho s\u01b0 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c (th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c \u1ea5y l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3. B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd trong m\u1ed7i oai nghi, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n sanh, khi c\u00e1i \u0111au ph\u00e1t sanh th\u00ec s\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

(M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 c\u00f3 b\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– R\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao s\u01b0 c\u00f3 ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– B\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u1ea5y (ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m), s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1edf trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m — t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi Danh-S\u1eafc trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m (l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o) n\u1ea3y sanh.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Khi ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m x\u1ea3y ra, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i?<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 bi\u1ebft ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 Danh. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u01b0 ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m. Ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p. S\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– V\u00e2ng, \u0111\u00fang v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u sai r\u1ed3i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i, th\u00ec khi s\u01b0 nh\u1eadn ra ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1edf trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc. S\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n t\u00e2m tr\u00fa trong s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– V\u00e2ng, \u0111\u00fang v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 Danh hay S\u1eafc?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 Danh.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 Danh, s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00e1n Danh ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, b\u1edfi v\u00ec Danh r\u1ea5t vi t\u1ebf. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u01a1 c\u01a1. Khi s\u01b0 nh\u1eadn ra ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, s\u01b0 \u0111\u1eebng ng\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00f3. S\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a S\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i th\u00f4i – ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh, h\u00e3y thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi. S\u01b0 c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3 ch\u1ee9. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 qu\u00e1n. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1n oai nghi.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0\u00fang v\u1eady. Danh r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi t\u1ebf. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u01a1 c\u01a1, qu\u00e1n danh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u1eddng hay b\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, v\u00ec ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m — t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m — t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m. Do \u0111\u00f3 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Danh-S\u1eafc trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. V\u00e0 s\u01b0 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m (sati<\/i>) v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (sampaja\u00f1\u00f1a<\/i>) n\u1eefa (\u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a sati <\/i>l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft oai nghi v\u00e0 sampaja\u00f1\u00f1a <\/i>bi\u1ebft oai nghi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i ). Nh\u1edd v\u1eady, khi s\u01b0 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra ngay v\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 c\u00f3 ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m h\u01a1n. S\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, mu\u1ed1n ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u0111i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m \u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u00e2n (dosa<\/i>) l\u00e0m duy\u00ean (paccaya<\/i>) cho ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m kh\u00e1c kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 danh s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra s\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u00e2n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho ch\u00fang ta quay v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

(H\u00f4m kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t nam c\u01b0 s\u0129 m\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t).<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d4ng qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i qu\u00e1n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u00e2n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y r\u1ed3i?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– S\u00e1u ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Ai d\u1ea1y \u00f4ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh theo l\u1ed1i n\u00e0y? \u00d4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u0101<\/i>) hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ea1y qu\u00e1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. V\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0nh \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y n\u00ean qu\u00e1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– H\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 sai. \u00d4ng \u0111ang qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i sai, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng? B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1i c\u00e1ch \u00f4ng ng\u1ed3i m\u1edbi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i. C\u00e1ch \u00f4ng ng\u1ed3i, d\u00f9 trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 t\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, m\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n. Khi \u0111\u1ee9ng, \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i c\u00e1ch \u00f4ng \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng; khi \u0111i, \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i c\u00e1ch \u00f4ng \u0111ang \u0111i; khi n\u1eb1m, \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i c\u00e1ch \u00f4ng \u0111ang n\u1eb1m;… \u00d0i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh \u0111ang qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc n\u00e0o. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1i “ta ng\u1ed3i” th\u00e0nh s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i “ta ng\u1ed3i” \u0111\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u00f4ng ng\u1ed3i c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o, ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n c\u00e1ch ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i. \u00d0\u1eebng \u0111i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eebng ng\u1ed3i theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u1ebfu \u00f4ng l\u00e0m theo l\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u00e2m \u00f4ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n Trung \u0111\u1ea1o, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 theo \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n (tham).<\/p>\n

(M\u1ed9t nam c\u01b0 s\u0129 kh\u00e1c).<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Khi qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt r\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng. Ngay c\u1ea3 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u1ea5y v\u1eabn in r\u00f5 trong t\u00e2m t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft minh s\u00e1t l\u00e0 g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u0101)<\/i> l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y Danh-S\u1eafc nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Khi \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 minh s\u00e1t hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d4ng c\u00f3 th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Th\u01b0a, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9. T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c (p\u012bti<\/i>). T\u00f4i ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00e1i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng hay t\u01b0\u1edbng (nimitta<\/i>). N\u00f3 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecbnh (sam\u0101dhi<\/i>). Khi t\u00e2m b\u1ecf Danh-S\u1eafc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sanh. Khi \u1ea5y, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi, th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, v.v… Khi \u00f4ng th\u1ea5y nimitta<\/i>, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c, hay ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb oai nghi ng\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111i, ho\u1eb7c danh nghe, l\u00fac \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 sikkh\u0101ti<\/i> (qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh) \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1eadn t\u1ea1i sao \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 nh\u00e2n (\u0111\u1ecbnh), \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

(M\u1ed9t c\u01b0 s\u0129 kh\u00e1c)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o r\u1ed3i?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– L\u00fac n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n l\u1ea7n v\u1eeba r\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ch\u00e1n ng\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i (nivar\u0101na<\/i>), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng? V\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an l\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng ?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– V\u00e2ng, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d4ng c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an l\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Th\u01b0a, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an l\u1ea1c. V\u1eady \u00f4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang hay sai kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn qu\u00e1. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e0nh vipassan\u0101<\/i>. \u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecbnh (sam\u0101dhi<\/i>) hay \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (pa\u00f1\u00f1a<\/i>)?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Th\u1ebf th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n t\u00e2m an l\u1ea1c?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– B\u00e2y gi\u1edd th\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u. T\u00f4i sai.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– N\u1ebfu \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh sai, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t. Nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1i sai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00ec \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u1ebfu \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh sai, \u00f4ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao \u00f4ng sai khi mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p v\u1ed1n v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng — \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00edch v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Th\u01b0a kh\u00f4ng, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch t\u00ed n\u00e0o c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n — n\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0\u00fang v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n v\u1edbi danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00d0i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng (vipall\u0101sa<\/i>). \u00d0i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0m cho \u00f4ng tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh. Song, trong thi\u1ec1n vipassan\u0101<\/i>, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 Danh-S\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “Ta”, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c th\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh (Tam t\u01b0\u1edbng: – v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3). V\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh (yoniso<\/i>) trong t\u00e2m d\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh tham \u0111\u1eafm — ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh hay mu\u1ed1n an l\u1ea1c. Khi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn cho \u00f4ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 cho \u00f4ng — minh s\u00e1t l\u00e0 v\u1eady. \u00d4ng c\u1ee9 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 \u0111ang xem m\u1ed9t v\u1edf k\u1ecbch. Khi \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh an l\u1ea1c t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111ang xem v\u1edf k\u1ecbch n\u1eefa r\u1ed3i. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n v\u1edf k\u1ecbch v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 sai. Khi \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh sai, l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t cho \u00f4ng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u1ea7n sau khi \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n t\u00e2m an l\u1ea1c \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i sang m\u1ed9t oai nghi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Khi ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Trung \u0111\u1ea1o (Majjhim\u0101 – patipad\u0101<\/i>) th\u00ec th\u1ef1c d\u1ec5 n\u00f3i, nh\u01b0ng h\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh trong Trung \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng? B\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00e2m l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1i n\u00e0y, gh\u00e9t c\u00e1i kia. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng th\u00edch t\u00e2m an l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– V\u00e2ng, t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Mu\u1ed1n t\u00e2m an l\u1ea1c l\u00e0 tham, c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 s\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n theo \u00f4ng. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o? N\u1ebfu t\u00e2m \u00f4ng \u1edf trong Trung \u00d0\u1ea1o, th\u00edch v\u00e0 gh\u00e9t hay tham v\u00e0 s\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

(M\u1ed9t thi\u1ec1n sinh kh\u00e1c)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u00d4ng c\u00f3 ho\u00e0i nghi g\u00ec v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Khi t\u00f4i h\u00e0nh theo T\u1ee9 oai nghi, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t oai nghi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft s\u1eafc (r\u016bpa<\/i>). T\u00f4i c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng oai nghi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 \u0111i ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. H\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng, th\u01b0a thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0?<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0\u00fang r\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. N\u1ebfu \u00f4ng ngh\u0129 s\u1eafc \u0111i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i, tham \u00e1i (tanh\u0101)<\/i>c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xen v\u00e0o. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5 — l\u00fac \u1ea5y tham \u00e1i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xen v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Khi qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t T\u1ee9 oai nghi — tuy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 \u1edf s\u1eafc m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u1edf t\u00e2m — t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu. V\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u00f4i thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi v\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft v\u00ec sao t\u00e2m \u00f4ng kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f4ng? B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, n\u00ean t\u00e2m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Khi t\u00e2m dao \u0111\u1ed9ng, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o s\u1ebd l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o. \u00d4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 du\u00f4i v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu t\u00e1c \u00fd — do \u0111\u00f3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi. N\u1ebfu \u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n (thay \u0111\u1ed5i), phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 che khu\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c. \u00d4ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi t\u00e2m tham v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng. \u00d4ng c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd m\u1ed7i khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi, d\u00f9 cho phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t hay kh\u00f4ng c\u0169ng v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

(Ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec1n sinh kh\u00e1c)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o r\u1ed3i?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng, khi t\u00f4i th\u1ee9c d\u1eady v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t nh\u1eb9. Khi ng\u1ed3i, t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c b\u00f4ng v\u1eady. T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u00f4i thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 theo t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c h\u01a1n th\u00f4i. \u00d4ng th\u1eed l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf xem sao.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Th\u00e2n t\u00f4i v\u1eabn c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111ang n\u1ed5i b\u1ec1nh b\u1ed3ng v\u1eady<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft do nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– B\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00f4i y\u1ebfu sampaja\u00f1\u00f1a<\/i> (t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c).<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh. V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec1n sinh m\u1edbi, t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u — \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c ra ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c chung v\u1edbi nhau tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c ra kh\u1ecfi. Do \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u00f3 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

(Ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c, thi\u1ec1n sinh kh\u00e1c)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi t\u00f4i khuy\u00ean \u00f4ng qu\u00e1n danh nghe, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o r\u1ed3i?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0\u00e3 kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n. \u00c2m thanh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0m phi\u1ec1n t\u00f4i nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d4ng c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao \u00f4ng nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 \u00e2m thanh, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i nghe n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Nghe l\u00e0 danh hay s\u1eafc?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Danh.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Danh g\u00ec? Khi \u00f4ng nghe, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd danh \u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Danh nghe. V\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c qu\u00e1n danh nghe.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 \u00e2m thanh \u0111\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1i nghe. T\u00f4i khuy\u00ean \u00f4ng qu\u00e1n danh nghe, nh\u1edd th\u1ebf \u00f4ng s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y ra l\u00e0 danh nghe ph\u00e1t sanh do duy\u00ean. \u00c2m thanh v\u00e0 tai l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng duy\u00ean cho s\u1ef1 nghe. Nghe t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 n\u1ea3y sanh. Nghe l\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n t\u1ecbnh. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00edch hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u1edf trong \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean th\u00ec r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00f4ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng gh\u00e9t c\u00e1i nghe hay nh\u1eefng \u00e2m thanh m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta nghe, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 n\u00f3 qu\u1ea5y r\u1ea7y vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u1eefa. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y sabh\u0101va<\/i> (th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p), b\u1edfi v\u00ec danh nghe l\u00e0 sabh\u0101va<\/i>, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean sanh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 — v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai t\u1ea1o ra sabh\u0101va<\/i> c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

(Ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c, thi\u1ec1n sinh kh\u00e1c)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u00d4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0\u00e3 kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n, th\u01b0a thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0, nh\u01b0ng Danh-S\u1eafc v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a kh\u1edfi l\u00ean.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d4ng n\u00f3i Danh-S\u1eafc v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Danh-S\u1eafc. T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u qua s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y th\u00ec v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d4ng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. \u00d4ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Vipassan\u0101 <\/i>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5. \u00d4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng \u0111i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y v\u00e0 t\u00e9 xu\u1ed1ng, r\u1ed3i \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i leo tr\u1edf l\u00ean v\u1eady. \u00d0\u1eebng v\u1ed9i. \u00d0\u1eebng n\u00f4n n\u00f3ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y Danh-S\u1eafc. Ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. H\u00e3y ghi nh\u1edb trong t\u00e2m l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh theo c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y Danh-S\u1eafc g\u00ec c\u1ea3 — th\u00ec d\u00f9 \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang. N\u1ebfu \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tham \u00e1i. Khi tham \u00e1i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00e2m \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 sai r\u1ed3i. \u00d4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u00fang trong t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang xem m\u1ed9t v\u1edf k\u1ecbch v\u1eady. V\u1edf k\u1ecbch ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea7n — \u0111i, \u0111\u1ee9ng, ng\u1ed3i, n\u1eb1m. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y. \u00d4ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

(Ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c, v\u1ecb s\u01b0 th\u1ee9 hai)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o r\u1ed3i?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Khuya \u0111\u00eam qua t\u00f4i c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u01b0 s\u1ebd c\u00f2n s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 s\u1ee3 ma. Ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i v\u1eady th\u00f4i. V\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ni\u1ec7m. N\u1ebfu t\u00e2m c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c hay s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c trong Danh-S\u1eafc s\u01b0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 s\u01b0 l\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u00fang, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3 khi nghe m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c th\u00ec khi c\u00e1i nghe kh\u1edfi, danh nghe theo li\u1ec1n trong t\u00e2m s\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u01b0 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y s\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Khi nghe thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u00ec th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5, nh\u01b0ng khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u00ec thi\u00ean nan v\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m — t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. Thi\u1ec1n sinh ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. N\u1ebfu khi ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m m\u00e0 s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft “c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n” ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c s\u01b0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft. T\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u1edf trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Danh-S\u1eafc v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft oai nghi ng\u1ed3i, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i t\u00f4i \u0111ang qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u01b0 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u1eafm, n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n tu\u1ec7 (sutta pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101), <\/i>s\u01b0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m — t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u01a1 c\u01a1 khi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft “c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n” (t\u1ee9c r\u01a1i v\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m), b\u1edfi v\u00ec kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n T\u1ee9 oai nghi; v\u00ec th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n c\u00e1i g\u00ec trong l\u00fac th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khi Danh hay S\u1eafc ph\u00e1t sanh \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u0103n kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o. D\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 l\u00fac h\u1ecd h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang, c\u00f3 l\u00fac h\u00e0nh sai.<\/p>\n

Khi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3sikkh\u0101ti<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1eadn k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ghi nh\u1eadn ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y thi\u1ebfu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c nhau. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft (pariyatti) <\/i>ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 trong s\u00e1ch v\u1edf. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3i cho ta bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hay th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc th\u00ec s\u01b0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Khi s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Danh-S\u1eafc th\u00ec h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3.<\/p>\n

(Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb s\u01b0 \u0111ang d\u1ea1y thi\u1ec1n Vipassan\u0101)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Sau m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o r\u1ed3i?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– L\u1ea7n n\u00e0y th\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u1ea7n v\u1eeba r\u1ed3i. L\u1ea7n r\u1ed3i t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y m\u1ec7t. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea5n ch\u1ea5n nh\u01b0 l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u01b0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean cho phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ph\u00e1t sanh, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y l\u00e0m cho s\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea5n ch\u1ea5n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ef7 (p\u012bti).<\/i> Nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m, t\u00e2m kh\u00f4 khan v\u00e0 s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea5n ch\u1ea5n n\u1eefa. H\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t, n\u1ebfu phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o gi\u1ea3m, s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y k\u00e9m h\u01b0ng ph\u1ea5n. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho s\u01b0 m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ef1 ham mu\u1ed1n, kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 g\u00ec n\u1eefa. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi l\u00e0 do qu\u00e1 tinh t\u1ea5n g\u00e2y ra. V\u00e0 tinh t\u1ea5n \u1ea5y \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi tham \u00e1i — tham \u00e1i mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho s\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 m\u1ef9 m\u00e3n.<\/p>\n

1. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft s\u01b0 n\u00ean qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t c\u00e1i g\u00ec, Danh hay S\u1eafc, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

2. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn ra oai nghi n\u00e0o s\u01b0 qu\u00e1n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, t\u1ea1i sao.<\/p>\n

3. Khi s\u01b0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 yoniso hay kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 yoniso \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 yoniso<\/i> ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh hay kh\u00f4ng. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p che khu\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 (th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh kh\u1ed5). Khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 yoniso<\/i>\u0111\u00fang, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khi oai nghi c\u0169 kh\u1ed5, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u0103n t\u00e2m s\u00e2n kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi oai nghi c\u0169 v\u00e0 tham \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi oai nghi m\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh s\u1ebd ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t tham v\u00e0 s\u00e2n hay th\u00edch v\u00e0 gh\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0Khi s\u01b0 \u0111ang ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1n “c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n” (ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m) \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng hay ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 danh? \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Ai l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a danh ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Kh\u00f4ng ai c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Ph\u1ea3i r\u1ed3i. Danh ph\u00f3ng l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh (sabh\u0101va),<\/i> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u1eeb khi t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y danh hay s\u1eafc g\u00ec c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y Danh-S\u1eafc v\u00e0 s\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u1ec7t b\u1edfi l\u1ebd s\u01b0 c\u00f3 tham mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y. Tham mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tanh\u0101<\/i> (\u00e1i), ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho s\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 sanh di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Danh-S\u1eafc, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. V\u00e0 s\u01b0 l\u1ea1i tinh t\u1ea5n (\u0101t\u0101p\u012b)<\/i> qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. Tinh t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 tham \u00e1i l\u00e0m cho s\u01b0 m\u1ec7t. S\u01b0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 s\u01b0 l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111i\u1ec1u kia, khi s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n, s\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 sai. B\u1edfi v\u00ec khi s\u01b0 c\u00f3 tham mu\u1ed1n th\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 Trung \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Danh-S\u1eafc v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a kh\u1edfi l\u00ean ch\u1ee9 ? \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc. Ngay l\u00fac n\u00e0y s\u01b0 \u0111ang qu\u00e1n Danh-S\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 cint\u0101pa\u00f1\u00f1a<\/i> (tu\u1ec7 th\u1ea9m nghi\u1ec7m).<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh vipassan\u0101<\/i>, n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vipassan\u0101<\/i>. Trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 (dukkha<\/i>) nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec t\u00e2m s\u01b0 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4 khan h\u01a1n (t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 h\u01a1n) v\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi s\u01b0, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1n Danh-S\u1eafc li\u00ean t\u1ee5c hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n \u0111\u00fang trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Danh-S\u1eafc m\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111ang qu\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3, s\u01b0 qu\u00e1n b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 duy hay b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– B\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 duy h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i s\u01b0 v\u1eabn ngh\u0129 ng\u1ed3i v\u00e0 \u0111i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng? Khi s\u01b0 \u0111i, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 yoniso l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao s\u01b0 \u0111i kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng hay qu\u00ean.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0\u00fang r\u1ed3i. Qu\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. Khi s\u01b0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u01a1n trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, c\u00e1i qu\u00ean n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eebng mong mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y Danh-S\u1eafc hay th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 sanh di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Danh-S\u1eafc. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u01b0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eebng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang h\u00e0nh vipassan\u0101<\/i>. B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i hay n\u1eb1m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5. Ch\u00ednh c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m duy\u00ean cho tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

(Ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb s\u01b0 kh\u00e1c)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Kh\u00e1 t\u1ed1t. T\u00f4i \u0111ang h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0. T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 n\u00f3i “tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i”. Ai tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Khi t\u00f4i thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi, t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111au bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Th\u00e2n tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i hay t\u00e2m tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Th\u00e2n tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Khi s\u01b0 n\u00f3i tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, s\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o? S\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi hay s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u01b0 b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 s\u01b0 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– M\u1ed9t t\u00ed tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i sau khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– M\u1ed9t t\u00ed tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i \u00e0? Ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t t\u00ed tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 tham \u00e1i(tanh\u0101)<\/i>. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi s\u01b0 nh\u1eadn ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i c\u1ea3. L\u00fac \u1ea5y l\u1ea1c t\u01b0\u1edfng — sukha vipal\u0101sa<\/i> (ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c) m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m. S\u01b0 \u0111ang h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 (dukkha<\/i>) hay l\u1ea1c (sukha<\/i>)? N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y l\u1ea1c l\u00e0 sai. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5 (dukkha<\/i>) tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3 l\u1ea7n khi \u0111ang qu\u00e1n t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y to\u00e0n l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 trong danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc — v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3 ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y th\u00e2n l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, t\u1ea1i sao s\u01b0 v\u1eabn s\u1ee3 ch\u1ebft? S\u01b0 s\u1ee3 ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u01b0 v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y th\u00e2n l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 \u1ea3i. Tham \u00e1i (tanh\u0101) <\/i>trong s\u01b0 c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh b\u1edfi th\u1ebf s\u01b0 m\u1edbi s\u1ee3 m\u1ea5t n\u0103m u\u1ea9n. L\u1ea7n t\u1edbi khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh s\u01b0 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129 m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 n\u1eefa hay kh\u00f4ng ?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1eadn danh n\u00e0o v\u00e0 s\u1eafc n\u00e0o s\u01b0 \u0111ang qu\u00e1n, v\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111ang \u1edf trong oai nghi n\u00e0o v\u00e0o l\u00fac s\u01b0 th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5. C\u00e1ch s\u01b0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang. \u00d0\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sanh tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u0101 pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>).<\/p>\n

Khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao s\u01b0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u00e0 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng kh\u1ed5 bu\u1ed9c s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi. \u00d0\u1eebng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng s\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng kh\u1ed5 bu\u1ed9c s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 s\u01b0 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y thi\u1ec1n, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi s\u01b0 \u0111ang qu\u00e1n, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc. T\u1ea1i sao? B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 Danh-S\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i ch\u00fang. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3. L\u00fac \u1ea5y Tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t danh s\u1eafc (N\u0101ma-r\u016bpa pariccheda-\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>) s\u1ebd theo sau. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong 16 tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, Tu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn t\u1ecbnh (di\u1e6d\u1e6dhi visuddhi).<\/i><\/p>\n

S\u01b0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft Danh-S\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft danh n\u00e0o v\u00e0 s\u1eafc n\u00e0o s\u01b0 \u0111ang qu\u00e1n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, danh nghe v.v… B\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 qu\u00e1n Danh-S\u1eafc su\u00f4ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o di\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1edfng — ghana<\/i> sa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i> — che \u00e1n v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 t\u00ednh (anatta<\/i>).<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft danh n\u00e0o, s\u1eafc n\u00e0o ra, s\u01b0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u1eefa. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed7i khi c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec v\u00e0 l\u00e0m v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

T\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u00edch g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang mong mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. S\u01b0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, song ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi su\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc n\u00e0o, danh n\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o lo\u1ea1i g\u00ec v.v… \u00d0\u1ebfn khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y, “Sabh\u0101va dhamma<\/i> (th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p) l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y.”<\/p>\n

(Ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c. V\u1ecb s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n ra sao r\u1ed3i?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n. T\u00e2m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m (m\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00e3o huy\u1ec1n) r\u1ea5t \u00edt. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u00e2m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t. \u00dd ngh\u0129a \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 hi\u1ec3u Danh-S\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. S\u01b0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng? V\u00e0 s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0o? Bi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft do nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft danh n\u00e0o, s\u1eafc n\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0ng bi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u00ec s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn ra t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0m cho s\u01b0 ngh\u0129 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3. Khi n\u00e0o th\u00ec t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y kh\u1edfi l\u00ean? N\u00f3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean khi s\u01b0 b\u1ecf qua Danh-S\u1eafc trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Khi s\u01b0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng Danh-S\u1eafc l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1ea3y sanh. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 qu\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Danh-S\u1eafc khi s\u01b0 \u1edf trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ch\u1ee9 s\u01b0 ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft Danh-S\u1eafc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba v\u00e0o l\u00fac s\u01b0 \u0111ang trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

S\u01b0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch g\u00ec khi hi\u1ec3u Danh-S\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft (ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc) kh\u00f4ng? L\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n Danh-S\u1eafc trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

S\u01b0 bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– B\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u1ed5 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc n\u00e0o \u0111ang kh\u1ed5 n\u1eefa. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i kh\u1ed5, s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ee9ng kh\u1ed5, v.v… N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai hay qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 qua hay s\u1eafp t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Kh\u1ed5 ai c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn ra, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u1ed5. S\u01b0 bi\u1ebft v\u00ec sao kh\u00f4ng? B\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1n Danh-S\u1eafc v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ee9c trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

S\u01b0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m s\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t. Th\u1ebf c\u00f2n kh\u1ed5 th\u00ec sao? S\u01b0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng? Kh\u00f4ng \u0111au nh\u1ee9c khi ng\u1ed3i sao? Ho\u1eb7c khi \u0111i, s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ec7t sao? Khi n\u1eb1m, s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111au sao? S\u1eafc n\u00e0o s\u01b0 ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5? S\u01b0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n, r\u1eb1ng s\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u00edt ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00e2m r\u1ea5t s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Khi ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 danh ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u00e2m trong s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 t\u00f4i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n t\u1ee9 oai nghi.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 \u0111ang qu\u00e1n th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 (dukkha-vedan\u0101)<\/i> v\u00e0 th\u1ecd \u1ea5y tan bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y l\u1ea1c, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 sai. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 qu\u00e1n kh\u1ed5. S\u01b0 c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 th\u00ec tham \u00e1i c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb. \u00d0\u1eebng qu\u00e1n su\u00f4ng — s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u00fang, l\u00fac n\u00e0o s\u01b0 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 Danh-S\u1eafc trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. S\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1c n\u1eefa m\u1edbi th\u00f4i. S\u01b0 c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec1u bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec l\u1ea1c s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m \u0111i b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau. Kh\u1ed5 s\u1ebd thi\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1t l\u1ea1c. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, khi \u00e1i b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t (nirodha<\/i>). Khi s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn nirodha th\u00ec B\u00e1t th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Khi th\u1ecd d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ed1c men tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 yoniso<\/i> hay kh\u00f4ng? T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u00fang t\u1ea1i sao s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng? S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 s\u1ebd \u0111i ra kh\u1ecfi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng minh s\u00e1t. Ho\u1eb7c khi s\u01b0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi, m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o s\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. Nh\u1edd tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham \u00e1i (tanh\u0101)<\/i> v\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn(di\u1e6d\u1e6dhi).<\/i> V\u00ec th\u1ebf, yoniso<\/i> r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh vipassan\u0101<\/i>. Ch\u1ec9 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 s\u01b0 m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ch\u00fat l\u1ea1c n\u00e0o trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1eafc n\u00e0o, b\u1edfi v\u00ec khi s\u01b0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

(Ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c. V\u1ecb s\u01b0 th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o r\u1ed3i?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 n\u00f3i ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n. C\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c? V\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111ang qu\u00e1n danh g\u00ec hay s\u1eafc g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3 l\u00fac t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1eafc n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1eafc \u0111i, s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ee9ng, s\u1eafc n\u1eb1m, s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, v.v… V\u00e0 t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, s\u1eafc m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111ang qu\u00e1n ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t con b\u00fap b\u00ea v\u1eady — r\u1ed3i t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e2m ra s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec th\u00fa v\u1ecb c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u1ee3 s\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111ang h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. \u00c1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea3i ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba. Tham \u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi t\u1ebf, nhanh nh\u1eb9n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4n ngoan. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec v\u1ec1 n\u00f3, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1i n\u1ecd — b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t. N\u1ebfu Danh-S\u1eafc v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, song ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edfi, ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n khi s\u01b0 ng\u1ed3i, s\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0a tay l\u00ean ch\u1eadm ch\u1eadm \u0111\u1ec3 mong th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc sanh v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t — \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m v\u1edbi tham \u00e1i.<\/p>\n

Khi s\u01b0 \u0111ang qu\u00e1n, h\u00e3y th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eebng mong \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra, v\u00ec nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n. Kh\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i n\u1ea3y sanh tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 \u1ea5y — \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u00f3. Tham \u00e1i bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u00fang, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sanh. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n cho th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y s\u01b0 l\u00e0m, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd r\u01a1i kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u00fang. Khi s\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi v\u00ec kh\u1ed5 b\u1ee9c b\u00e1ch, s\u01b0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 tham \u00e1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xen v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

(Ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c. V\u1ecb s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– L\u00e0m sao s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t (bh\u0101van\u0101pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>, kh\u00e1c vipassan\u0101pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i> l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t – (xem l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n 1.5.1 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 ba lo\u1ea1i tu\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c<\/i> h\u00e0nh<\/i>), tuy th\u1ebf v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 nh\u1eadn ra v\u0103n tu\u1ec7 (suta pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>), th\u1ea9m nghi\u1ec7m tu\u1ec7 (cint\u0101 pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>) v\u00e0 tu tu\u1ec7 hay minh s\u00e1t tu\u1ec7 (bh\u0101van\u0101 pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i>) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0\u00eam qua khi n\u1eb1m xu\u1ed1ng, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc n\u1eb1m ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4i n\u1eb1m. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat th\u00f4i nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 l\u1eafm. R\u1ed3i n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Minh s\u00e1t tu\u1ec7 nh\u1eadn ra th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc n\u1eb1m \u0111ang hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee3t th\u1ea5y, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 li\u1ec1n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t tho\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, song ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c. R\u1ed3i tu\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c. V\u00e0 s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i vu\u1ed9t m\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng sao. Ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1i minh s\u00e1t tu\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng n\u1ea3y sanh th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Ngay l\u00fac n\u00e0y, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111ang th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh hay kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111ang h\u00e0nh, c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u1ea5y l\u00e0 sai. C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 che \u00e1n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u01b0 m\u1edbi qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i. R\u1ed3i kh\u1ed5 sanh l\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n?<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u00fang. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi b\u1edfi kh\u1ed5 bu\u1ed9c s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ed3i, n\u1eb1m, \u0111i, \u0111\u1ee9ng… m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. S\u01b0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i yoniso th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n tham \u00e1i kh\u00f4ng l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o. L\u00fac n\u00e0o s\u01b0 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb tham \u00e1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00fang. Gi\u1edbi ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u0103n (indriyasa\u1e43-varas\u012bla<\/i>) c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? C\u00f3 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn t\u1ed1t kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3. T\u00f4i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng gi\u1edbi ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 c\u00e1c c\u0103n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 “l\u1ee5c c\u0103n thu th\u00fac gi\u1edbi” th\u00ec th\u1eadt l\u00e0 tai h\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng theo l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn v\u1eady. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ec7nh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee1 h\u01a1n. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u0103n th\u00ec th\u1eadt l\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00edch. V\u00ec v\u1eady, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi thu th\u00fac l\u1ee5c c\u0103n \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, “danh nghe” hay “danh th\u1ea5y” l\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u0103n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec “s\u01b0” kh\u00f4ng \u0111ang nghe v\u00e0 “s\u01b0” kh\u00f4ng \u0111ang th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

(Ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c, v\u1ecb s\u01b0 th\u1ee9 hai)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 n\u00f3i ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n, \u00fd s\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– \u00dd t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111ang th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n Danh – S\u1eafc trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 th\u1ea9m nghi\u1ec7m (cint\u0101 pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101).<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Sao s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 cint\u0101pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i> hay l\u00e0 bh\u0101van\u0101pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101? Cint\u0101pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i> ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111ang th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng theo c\u00e1ch s\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o. Bh\u0101van\u0101pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101<\/i> l\u00e0 s\u01b0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft. Bh\u0101van\u0101pa\u00f1\u00f1a<\/i> (minh s\u00e1t tu\u1ec7) l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e1t sanh khi s\u01b0 qu\u00e1n Danh – S\u1eafc trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Danh – S\u1eafc \u1ea5y \u0111ang d\u1ea1y cho s\u01b0 \u0111i \u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng. Nh\u1edd v\u1eady, s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Hai ba h\u00f4m v\u1eeba r\u1ed3i t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– M\u1ec7t c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Ph\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? M\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p. S\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5. S\u01b0 c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n (y\u1ebfm ly) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u1ed5. Khi s\u01b0 th\u1ea5y \u00edt kh\u1ed5 s\u01b0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 trong t\u1ee9 oai nghi. Khi s\u01b0 b\u1ecb kh\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec1u, s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o n\u00f3 n\u1eefa. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 khi s\u01b0 b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh. Ph\u1edbt l\u1edd kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0m cho s\u01b0 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 n\u00f3i th\u00ec ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf n\u00e0y. T\u1ea1i sao? B\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee9u ch\u1eefa c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Kh\u1ed5 th\u00ec c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 v\u00f4 \u00edch, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i, m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 \u1ea5y, l\u00e0m sao h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0Ariyasacca<\/i> (Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf).<\/p>\n

Khi kh\u1ed5 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i – kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd (dukkha vedan\u0101<\/i>) ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh kh\u1ed5 (sankh\u0101ra<\/i> dukkha<\/i>). Nh\u01b0ng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f3 nh\u1eadn ra. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5. Kh\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u1edbng (dukha lakkhana<\/i>) – t\u1ee9c Tam t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 Kh\u1ed5 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf (Dukkha Ariyasacca<\/i>) th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd (c\u00e1i \u0111au th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01a1i c\u00e1c oai nghi) r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 nh\u1edd qu\u00e1n n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u00d0i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u01b0 ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, hay \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc \u0111i, thay v\u00ec oai nghi ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 v\u00ec kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa, th\u1ebf th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

(V\u1ecb s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean)<\/i><\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Hai ba h\u00f4m r\u1ed3i t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– B\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u01b0 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00ean s\u01b0 bu\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. S\u01b0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. C\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 s\u01b0 qu\u00e1n kh\u1ed5 qu\u00e1 \u00edt, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 qua m\u1eb7t s\u01b0. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a sabh\u0101va<\/i> (th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh). Kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c (ch\u00e2n l\u00fd). Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c. T\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c? B\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a s\u01b0. V\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c (ch\u00e2n l\u00fd) ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, s\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh danh v\u00e0 danh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u1ee9 oai nghi l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c. Ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Khi s\u01b0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi, s\u01b0 yoniso<\/i> (t\u00e1c \u00fd) nh\u01b0 tb\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– V\u00ec kh\u1ed5 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi bao nhi\u00eau l\u1ea7n trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u00fd s\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t sanh qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb n\u1ed5i. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 s\u01b0 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i? S\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u01b0 \u00edt qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t kh\u1ed5. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean kh\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i n\u1ea3y sanh \u0111\u00e3, r\u1ed3i s\u01b0 m\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi. S\u01b0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i theo d\u00f5i \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1eadn xem phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t hay kh\u00f4ng. B\u1edfi v\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u00e0m cho s\u01b0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i kh\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u01b0 kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (s\u00e2n) l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, s\u01b0 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u01b0 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i sang oai nghi m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho tham kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. Khi s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng s\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 mong cho kh\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t sanh. S\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tham. Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi t\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 vi t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd t\u1edbi n\u00f3, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o khi s\u01b0 \u0111ang qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh t\u00e1c \u00fd. Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd khi s\u01b0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 xem coi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00f3 l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o hay kh\u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 sikkhati<\/i> (qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh). Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1eabn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. Khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1edd l\u00e0m th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, s\u01b0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1i l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t t\u1ed1t trong l\u00fac th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u00ec khi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

\u00d0i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 Danh – S\u1eafc l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. \u00d0\u1eebng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc – h\u00e3y th\u1ea5y to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 s\u1eafc. Kh\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edfi l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u01b0 m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn ra n\u00f3. \u00d0\u1eebng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 s\u01b0 \u0111ang ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i kh\u1ed5, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda. S\u01b0 m\u1edf h\u00e9 th\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o nh\u1ecf chui v\u00e0o. C\u00f2n m\u1edf l\u1edbn th\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u1edbn \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u1eady. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 \u1edf trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u00ec t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda l\u1ea1i, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3 l\u00fac t\u00f4i qu\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1n Danh – S\u1eafc, v\u00ec th\u1ebf t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e3ng tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Khi s\u01b0 qu\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 bu\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. H\u1ed1i h\u1eadn l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi t\u1ebf, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c (t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i) \u1ea5y l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

Dukkha <\/i>(kh\u1ed5), cho d\u00f9 s\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u00edt, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ed1t. Song n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1udukkha<\/i> h\u01a1n, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng Kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

(Ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c. V\u1ecb s\u01b0 th\u1ee9 hai)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 n\u00f3i “tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i”, ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i n\u0103m u\u1ea9n tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t u\u1ea9n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 danh tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 l\u1ea1c \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o (sukkha-vipall\u0101sa)<\/i> v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch s\u01b0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i c\u1ea3; ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 ta tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn ra kh\u1ed5. Khi s\u01b0 nh\u1eadn ra kh\u1ed5, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

S\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y dukkha<\/i> (kh\u1ed5) ch\u01b0a? S\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1n, hay b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm. N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i ng\u1ed3i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1ecb \u0111au nh\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5, r\u1ed3i t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Kh\u00f4ng, h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. T\u1ea1i sao s\u01b0 l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. Khi s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi l\u00e0 tham \u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 xen v\u00e0o, b\u1edfi v\u00ec tham \u00e1i mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Khi t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3. \u00d0\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 v\u1eady. Khi s\u01b0 \u0111ang h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 khi s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Khi t\u00f4i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh x\u1ee9 (kamma\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na<\/i>: – \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c tham thi\u1ec1n), t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7 l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u00d0\u1eebng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o kamma\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na<\/i>. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd sanh. Khi th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111ang t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh x\u1ee9. Theo c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, khi th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 kh\u1edfi s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111ang t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o kamma\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na<\/i> v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd theo s\u01b0.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u1eebng c\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh x\u1ee9, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

(Ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c, v\u1ecb s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 h\u00e0nh ra sao r\u1ed3i? C\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 quan kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3, r\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 quan, nh\u01b0ng Danh – S\u1eafc v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– <\/b>Trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh vipassan\u0101<\/i>, Danh – S\u1eafc r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 Danh – S\u1eafc trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 Danh – S\u1eafc s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, v\u00e0 s\u01b0 s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh – c\u00e1i ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Danh – S\u1eafc \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n xen l\u1eabn v\u1edbi t\u00e2m mong mu\u1ed1n. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1i t\u00e2m mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3. \u00d0\u1eebng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 sanh di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Danh – S\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eebng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y tam t\u01b0\u1edbng. \u00d0\u1eebng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tham \u00e1i. Ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5y Danh – S\u1eafc khi ch\u00fang kh\u1edfi l\u00ean hay ph\u00e1t sanh. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5y \u1ea5y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang xem m\u1ed9t v\u1edf k\u1ecbch. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Danh – S\u1eafc khi ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi, sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Danh – S\u1eafc l\u00e0 tam t\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ebd theo sau. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Danh – S\u1eafc trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. \u00d0\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft Danh – S\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc hay l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u1ea5y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap s\u01b0 nh\u1eadn ra Danh – S\u1eafc trong khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. Khi Danh – S\u1eafc hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t, ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 Ph\u00e2n T\u00edch Danh – S\u1eafc (N\u0101ma-r\u016bpa-pariccheda\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a<\/i>) – Tu\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 s\u01b0 s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m Danh – S\u1eafc trong 16 Tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

S\u01b0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra Danh – S\u1eafc?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 yoniso<\/i> (t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh).<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi th\u1ea5y, s\u01b0 yoniso<\/i> nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Khi th\u1ea5y, t\u00f4i yoniso<\/i> r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 danh th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00e1ch s\u01b0 yoniso<\/i> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o cho s\u01b0 c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c. C\u00e1ch s\u01b0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho Danh – S\u1eafc hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong su\u1ed1t b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y, Danh – S\u1eafc ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi – \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i nghi ng\u1edd n\u1eefa. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c trong \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Danh – S\u1eafc \u1edf s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd xen v\u00e0o. S\u01b0 th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc g\u00ec hay danh g\u00ec, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc \u0111i hay s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, v.v… Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 sai. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch, \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xen v\u00e0o. S\u01b0 n\u00ean nh\u1edb, \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t l\u00e0 s\u00e1t-na \u0111\u1ecbnh (khanikasam\u0101dhi<\/i>), c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i) kh\u00f4ng cho xen v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t kh\u1edfi sanh.<\/p>\n

S\u01b0 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn thi\u1ec1n, v\u00ec th\u1ebf s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 m\u00e0 s\u01b0 d\u1ea1y d\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang hay sai, t\u1ea1i sao. S\u01b0 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111ang l\u00e0m l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang hay sai n\u1eefa. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd l\u00e0m sai, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao v\u00e0 s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i cho h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

(Ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c, v\u1ecb s\u01b0 th\u1ee9 hai).<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o r\u1ed3i?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 sati<\/i> kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n, c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xen v\u00e0o. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ea7n qu\u00e1n oai nghi ng\u1ed3i, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0vipassan\u0101<\/i>. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i (t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, th\u00ec tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 qu\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tinh t\u1ea5n – ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c (\u0101t\u0101pi – sati – sampaja\u00f1\u00f1a<\/i>). N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft oai nghi ng\u1ed3i th\u00f4i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ta \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

Khi s\u01b0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec Danh – S\u1eafc s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 danh. S\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00ean g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Khi s\u01b0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, l\u00fac \u1ea5y s\u01b0 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u01b0 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, bi\u1ebft khi n\u00e0o v\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 khi s\u01b0 \u0111i h\u1ecdc, s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecdc “a”, “b”, “c”,… nh\u01b0ng s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng ch\u1eef m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft \u00e2m thanh, n\u00ean khi th\u1ea5y m\u1eb7t ch\u1eef, s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi s\u01b0 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng m\u1eb7t ch\u1eef. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1eabn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh – h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng v\u00e0 \u00e2m thanh. Khi Danh – S\u1eafc hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi trong tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t, s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngay nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Danh – S\u1eafc \u1ea5y. Khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng \u0111a ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Khi c\u00e1i \u0111au ph\u00e1t sanh, s\u01b0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng yoniso<\/i>. S\u01b0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. Khi \u0111au nh\u1ee9c sanh, d\u1ee5c mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi, \u00e1i mu\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc m\u1edbi. Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u00f3yoniso<\/i> \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o cho s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– M\u1ed7i s\u00e1ng s\u1edbm chu\u00f4ng ch\u00f9a \u0111\u1ed5 qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn l\u00e0m t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n nghe ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n c\u1ee7a chu\u00f4ng \u00e0? Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ec1n tu\u1ec7 bu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i nghe. Khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 duy\u00ean (\u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 tai), c\u00e1i nghe ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t sanh, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00e2m nghe l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. \u00d0\u1eebng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu. Ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n danh nghe, v\u00e0 s\u01b0 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o nghe, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u01b0 nghe.<\/p>\n

Danh – S\u1eafc hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Danh – S\u1eafc g\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111a s\u1ed1 thi\u1ec1n sinh ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ecdn Danh – S\u1eafc n\u00e0o m\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u00edch, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i xen v\u00e0o. Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fac t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao?<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– B\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n n\u00ean \u0111\u00f4i l\u00fac s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u00d0i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u01a1n. S\u01b0 c\u1ea7n \u00edt ng\u1ee7 l\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c (ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m –<\/i> t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c), si m\u00ea (moha<\/i>) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xen v\u00e0o v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho s\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 c\u00f3 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c, ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111ang \u0103n s\u01b0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb m\u00f3n \u0103n, song s\u01b0 v\u1eabn \u0103n no \u0111\u1ee7. \u00d0i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i \u0103n (ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n \u0103n). S\u01b0 bi\u1ebft v\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kho\u00e1i kh\u1ea9u. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i \u0103n b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0103n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n \u0103n. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 s\u1ebd s\u01a1m ph\u00e1t sanh v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

(Ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c. V\u1ecb s\u01b0 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Qu\u00fd s\u01b0 hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u01a1n. T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 khi nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t sanh, t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 ch\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o, hay l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i \u1ea5y t\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t \u0111i?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n khi \u0111ang qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1t sanh, t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 v\u00e0 li\u1ec1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i sang oai nghi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi, li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi n\u00f3 t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn, d\u00f9 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Danh – S\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean ch\u01b0a?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 th\u1ea5y Danh – S\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc hay b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh? Ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng hay kh\u00e1c nhau?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh. Bi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 n\u00f3i th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1i kh\u00e1c \u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– N\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 duy.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u1eafc n\u00e0o s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc trong m\u1ecdi oai nghi. C\u00f2n danh, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y danh nghe v\u00e0 danh th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 l\u1eafm.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 bi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, s\u01b0 d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c (th\u1ea5y v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 danh hay s\u1eafc n\u00e0o t\u00f4i \u0111ang qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0\u00fang. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00fang nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m cho Danh – S\u1eafc hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi. V\u00e0 s\u01b0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 qu\u00e1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc g\u00ec (s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i hay s\u1eafc \u0111i v.v…) ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c danh kh\u00e1c nhau th\u00ec s\u01b0 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9, l\u00e0 “S\u01b0” – v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean kh\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1edfng (ghanasa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101)<\/i> che \u00e1n s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch b\u1ea1ch ra.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t, c\u00f2n Danh – S\u1eafc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u00ec v\u1eady s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi danh g\u00ec v\u00e0 s\u1eafc g\u00ec s\u01b0 \u0111ang qu\u00e1n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, Danh – S\u1eafc s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn Danh – S\u1eafc s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi v\u00e0 s\u01b0 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y m\u1ed7i danh, m\u1ed7i s\u1eafc nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c (nh\u01b0 ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xen v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 qu\u00e1n danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc su\u00f4ng (m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft danh g\u00ec s\u1eafc g\u00ec) th\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n y\u1ebfu \u0111i v\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng tham mu\u1ed1n. Khi \u0111i, s\u01b0 qu\u00e1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Khi \u0111i, t\u00f4i qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc \u0111i v\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u0169ng qu\u00e1n b\u00e0n ch\u00e2n khi n\u00f3 ch\u1ea1m s\u00e0n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc \u0111i v\u00e0 s\u01b0 qu\u00e1n c\u1ea3 s\u1eafc ch\u1ea1m (x\u00fac). Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 sai. S\u01b0 \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1edbi hai \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. S\u1eafc \u0111i l\u00e0 \u1edf th\u00e2n (k\u0101ya<\/i>), c\u00f2n x\u00fac ch\u1ea1m th\u00ec n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 (Dhamm\u0101nupassan\u0101-satipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na).<\/i> N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 qu\u00e1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafc \u0111i v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i s\u01b0 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3ng tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd xen v\u00e0o. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc \u0111i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

S\u01b0 qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc \u0111i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? S\u01b0 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 s\u01b0 qu\u00e1n b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n \u0111i, nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 sai. Ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a vipassan\u0101<\/i> l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng “S\u01b0” \u0111i. Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1eafc \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3 l\u00fac t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1t sanh r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng – nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u00fac t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u00d0\u1ecbnh gi\u00fap t\u00f4i t\u1eadp trung d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– V\u00ec sao s\u01b0 l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecbnh?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n th\u1eed xem sao.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– M\u1ed7i s\u00e1t-na khi m\u00e0 s\u01b0 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh trong minh s\u00e1t r\u1ed3i. Khi ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m n\u1ea3y sanh, s\u01b0 qu\u00e1n c\u00e1i g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i qu\u00e1n danh ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Ph\u1ea3i. S\u01b0 qu\u00e1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m n\u1ea3y sanh r\u1ed3i th\u00ec s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, hay m\u1ed9t s\u1eafc n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111ang qu\u00e1n. \u00d0\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t m\u1edbi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eebng t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 danh ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m (ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u01b0). C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh (pa\u00f1\u00f1atti),<\/i> kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu hay th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh (paramattha hay sabh\u0101va).<\/i> C\u00f2n ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu (th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh). Ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y. N\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho s\u01b0 trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 danh, ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a s\u01b0, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “Ta”.<\/p>\n

Qu\u00fd s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t, nh\u1edd v\u1eady qu\u00fd s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Danh – S\u1eafc theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c. Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh \u00d0i\u1ec3n (Tipitaka) <\/i>kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 \u1edf ch\u00ednh trong qu\u00fd s\u01b0. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t, c\u00e1c ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd s\u01b0. Ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd s\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 tam t\u01b0\u1edbng trong Danh – S\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u00f9 cho tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 sanh hay kh\u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eebng b\u1eadn t\u00e2m. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 qu\u00fd s\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9 tam t\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 yoniso<\/i> (t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh). \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i mong qu\u00fd s\u01b0 s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft n\u1ea3y sanh t\u1eeb tu\u1ec7. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0, th\u00ec c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Khi s\u01b0 qu\u00e1n c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh; bi\u1ebft “danh” th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c(sampaja\u00f1\u00f1a),<\/i> hay tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. N\u1ebfu qu\u00fd s\u01b0 nh\u1eadn ra th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea3 hai qu\u00fd s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a qu\u00fd s\u01b0 c\u0169ng kh\u1ea3 quan h\u01a1n. Hai s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

(Ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c. V\u1ecb s\u01b0 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 c\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i g\u00ec trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t \u00edt th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Khi \u0111\u1ecbnh xen v\u00e0o, t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0\u1ecbnh xen v\u00e0o \u1edf oai nghi n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i oai nghi.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft oai nghi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00e1n oai nghi \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n khi qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 ng\u1ed3i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i theo d\u00f5i xem t\u00e2m s\u01b0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u. T\u00e2m s\u01b0 \u1edf trong \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 danh, hay t\u00e2m s\u01b0 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng (kh\u00f4ng danh hay s\u1eafc g\u00ec c\u1ea3). Ho\u1eb7c n\u00f3 \u0111ang tr\u00fa v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c. Khi s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m s\u01b0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, c\u00e1i r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Khi s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y Danh – S\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0\u00fang v\u1eady. Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u1ea3. S\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a cho s\u01b0 m\u1ed9t “b\u1ea1t” (baht – \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 Th\u00e1i) v\u00e0 nh\u1edd s\u01b0 xem k\u1ef9 coi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Danh – S\u1eafc c\u0169ng v\u1eady. S\u01b0 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y xem n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “ta”, hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con th\u00fa, t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3; ho\u1eb7c Danh – S\u1eafc m\u00e0 s\u01b0 l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 s\u01b0 m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

(Ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c. V\u1ecb s\u01b0 th\u1ee9 hai)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Khi s\u01b0 c\u00f3 ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, s\u01b0 qu\u00e1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n t\u00e2m s\u01b0 c\u00f3 ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng? Th\u1ef1c ra, danh ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m cho th\u1ea5y ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh (tam t\u01b0\u1edbng) r\u00f5 h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 danh n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi danh nghe v\u00e0 danh th\u1ea5y c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 paramattha<\/i>\u00a0 Nh\u01b0ng s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y n\u00f3, \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0\u00fang v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 paramattha<\/i> sao? Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. S\u01b0 th\u00edch s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c. An l\u1ea1c \u1ea5y, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i sanh di\u1ec7t v\u1eady. Th\u1ebf th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao s\u01b0 l\u1ea1i th\u00edch an l\u1ea1c h\u01a1n ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m?<\/p>\n

Ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh, d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch nhau, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (cho vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t). S\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, v\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u01b0 th\u00edch c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd l\u1ea1c h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Ph\u1ea3i, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf (Ariyasacca).<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y n\u00f3. S\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng s\u01b0 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

Khi \u0103n, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft l\u00fd do ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 l\u00fd do kh\u00f4ng ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0103n. L\u00fd do ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5 – kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 vui th\u00edch. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea1y thi\u1ec1n vipassan\u0101<\/i> ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft thi\u1ec1n sinh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang hay sai. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec1n sinh c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng tr\u00ean t\u00e2m, v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y l\u00fac \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o thi\u1ec1n sinh ng\u01b0ng h\u00e0nh trong m\u1ed9t l\u00fac, l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u00edt c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

T\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y h\u01a1i m\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 m\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ed5 do \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c. Do \u0111\u00f3, khi m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec1n sinh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n, v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecd cho bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m g\u00ec v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ecbnh sanh th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu oai nghi ng\u1ed3i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecbnh, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ed5i sang oai nghi kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t l\u00e1t. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u00edt quen thu\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u01b0 d\u00f9ng qu\u00e1 quen (nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n) c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e1i qu\u00e1.<\/p>\n

(Ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb s\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o r\u1ed3i?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Khi th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft n\u00f3ng b\u1ee9c n\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho t\u00f4i b\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu tr\u1eddi m\u00e1t, t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m duy\u00ean cho phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u1eddi n\u00f3ng hay l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c. S\u01b0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn cho s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng? B\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u01b0 c\u00f3 ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, ch\u00ednh ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00e2y ra kh\u1ed5, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 yoniso<\/i> (t\u00e1c \u00fd) ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc (r\u016bpa<\/i>), v\u00e0 n\u00f3ng l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (paramattha<\/i>). N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 s\u01b0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1i n\u00f3ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t – \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c – s\u01b0 s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, v\u00ec s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u00fd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. S\u01b0 ngh\u0129 “s\u01b0” \u0111ang n\u00f3ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1eafc n\u00f3ng. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i n\u0103m u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, v\u00e0 d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00fac \u1ea5y, th\u00edch v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ph\u00e1t sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng xen v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng, n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m s\u1ebd n\u1ea3y sanh, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 danh ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m th\u00ec c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft \u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m bi\u1ebfn \u0111i, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh (s\u00e1t-na \u0111\u1ecbnh hay th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh), v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 tr\u00fa trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat th\u00ec s\u01b0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n s\u01b0 l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m tr\u00fa trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng tr\u00fa trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 v\u00ec sao ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft khi n\u00e0o th\u00ec t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng tr\u00fa trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, l\u00fac \u1ea5y s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

\u00d0i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0, khi ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 danh ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m. Trong m\u1ecdi oai nghi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m n\u00e0y. Khi ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m sanh trong l\u00fac \u0111i, v\u1edbi t\u00e2m t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c, s\u01b0 h\u00e3y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u1eafc \u0111i. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, s\u01b0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m, do \u0111\u00f3 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u01a1n. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u01b0 hi\u1ec3u ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng s\u01b0 v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. V\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng th\u00ec sao? S\u01b0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ee9?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i b\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 c\u00f3 s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd \u00edt ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e1, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u0101 kamma\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na)<\/i>, ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 (Dhamm\u0101nupassan\u0101 satipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na)<\/i>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Th\u00e2n qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 (K\u0101y\u0101nupassan\u0101 satipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na<\/i>) m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang h\u00e0nh. Nimitta<\/i> (\u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 (samattha<\/i>). Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Khi ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m ph\u00e1t sanh, t\u00f4i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng k\u00e9o n\u00f3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. C\u00f3 l\u00fac t\u00f4i b\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0\u1eebng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady – b\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. S\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3. S\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m sai l\u1ea7m cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p, v\u00ec th\u1ebf s\u01b0 m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m. Khi s\u01b0 nh\u1eadn ra ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p (Dhamma)<\/i>, v\u00e0 s\u01b0 c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft lu\u00f4n r\u1eb1ng ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 “Danh” ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i “S\u01b0”.<\/p>\n

(Ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c. V\u1ecb s\u01b0 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t)<\/i><\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Hai ba ng\u00e0y qua, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1n Danh – S\u1eafc t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1n Danh – S\u1eafc t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. \u00d0\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o s\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc hi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n danh. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129, m\u00e0 t\u00f4i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, s\u1eafc n\u1eb1m. Khi t\u00f4i \u1edf trong oai nghi n\u00e0o, t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1eafc. C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u1ea5y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n x\u1ea3o. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, s\u01b0 n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec kinh nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y. Ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n – ph\u00e1p th\u1ee9 hai trong Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o Ph\u00e1p (Bodhipakkhiyadhamma<\/i>) – s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o (Maggacitta<\/i>) v\u00e0 T\u00e2m qu\u1ea3 (Phalacitta<\/i>), ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 \u0111ang qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i v\u00e0 s\u1eafc n\u1eb1m, c\u00f3 l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00edt r\u00f5 h\u01a1n th\u00ec s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0ng qu\u00e1n m\u1ed9t l\u00e1t. Sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e1n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0\u00f4i l\u00fac \u0111ang qu\u00e1n, c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3 hay s\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, r\u1ed3i s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y Danh – S\u1eafc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u00edt s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c. V\u00ec v\u1eady, h\u00e3y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c th\u00eam n\u1eefa, r\u1ed3i s\u01b0 s\u1ebd \u00edt s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 th\u1ea5y Danh – S\u1eafc r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i.<\/p>\n

(Hai v\u1ecb s\u01b0 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o r\u1ed3i?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i hay ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh r\u00f5 h\u01a1n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u00f4i m\u01a1 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111i d\u1ea1y thi\u1ec1n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0 con c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i hay cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 c\u00f3 ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. S\u01b0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao s\u01b0 r\u01a1i kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng? B\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u01b0 \u0111ang ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1ebd l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 (kusala)<\/i> n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea1o hay d\u1ea1y thi\u1ec1n… V\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i \u0111ang qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc n\u1eb1m.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc \u1ea5y l\u00e2u h\u01a1n, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 qu\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, s\u01b0 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00f4i v\u1eady. S\u01b0 c\u00e0ng qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 r\u00f5 h\u01a1n. Song n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 qu\u00e1n qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn cho s\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u00edt t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i. Khi s\u01b0 b\u1ecb nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u01b0 ng\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u00e1t r\u1ed3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u1edfi qu\u00e1n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0\u00f4i khi \u0111ang qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n kh\u00f3c l\u00ean v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft v\u00ec sao s\u01b0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng? S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao s\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi s\u01b0 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t t\u1eed thi, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb9p,… S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u xem t\u1ea1i sao c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u1ea5y kh\u1edfi l\u00ean. Nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c th\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u01b0 \u0111ang l\u00e0m, bi\u1ebft l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng (kh\u00f3c) \u1ea5y x\u1ea3y ra, v\u00e0 v\u00ec sao n\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i sang c\u00e1i kh\u00f3c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u00e0 c\u00e1i kh\u00f3c \u1ea5y l\u00e0 bu\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. V\u1eady l\u00fd do s\u01b0 kh\u00f3c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u01b0 bu\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. C\u1ea3 hai v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n (y\u1ebfu t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c). Qu\u00fd s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y Danh – S\u1eafc l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (v\u00f4 ng\u00e3), m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec s\u1ee3, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia th\u00ec mu\u1ed1n kh\u00f3c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ecb d\u00f9 sao c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng Danh – S\u1eafc l\u00e0 r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng. Khi s\u01b0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ta, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ta ng\u1ed3i. C\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i,… n\u00ean n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 qu\u00e1n oai nghi ng\u1ed3i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111ang ng\u1ed3i, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra ph\u00e1p. Khi s\u01b0 nh\u1eadn ra ph\u00e1p, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 s\u1eafc, c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 danh. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1n Danh – S\u1eafc, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 (satipa\u1e6d\u1e6dh\u0101na<\/i>).<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba tham \u00e1i kh\u00f4ng cho xen v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111ang h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Danh – S\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng n\u1ea3y sanh t\u1eeb tham mu\u1ed1n. Danh – S\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edfi l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, khi c\u00e1i nghe x\u1ea3y ra, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 do \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta d\u00f9ng c\u00e1i nghe \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho tu\u1ec7 n\u1ea3y sanh. Tu\u1ec7 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 khi s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i nghe \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 danh nghe. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Danh – S\u1eafc n\u1ea3y sanh do \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 do s\u01b0 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Danh – S\u1eafc. V\u00ec v\u1eady, khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft l\u00fd do. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, s\u01b0 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m tham mu\u1ed1n. Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 s\u1ebd hi\u1ec7n ra.<\/p>\n

(Ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c. V\u1ecb s\u01b0 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1eeba r\u1ed3i, ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n ra sao?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Trong hai ba ng\u00e0y li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp t\u00f4i b\u1ecb s\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111au bao t\u1eed. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, n\u00e0o l\u00e0 s\u1ed1t, n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111au bao t\u1eed,… \u00d0au bao t\u1eed c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng s\u01b0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 cho s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft s\u1eafc l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5, v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p. Ph\u00e1p l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi, ph\u00e1p l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111ang hi\u1ec3n b\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “Ta”. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3 l\u00e0 “Ta”, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n. C\u00f3 n\u0103m u\u1ea9n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u00fang s\u01b0 s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh c\u1ea3, ngay c\u1ea3 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ng\u1ed9 ph\u00e1p, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y ra n\u0103m u\u1ea9n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu sanh, gi\u00e0, b\u1ec7nh, ch\u1ebft, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cho Ng\u00e0i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u1ea5y Kh\u1ed5, nh\u1edd v\u1eady, Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

(S\u01b0 th\u1ee9 hai)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f2n ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 th\u00ec sao?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 n\u00f3i vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n, v\u1eady s\u01b0 c\u00f3 s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb vu\u1ed9t kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. S\u1ee3 b\u1ecf m\u1ea5t s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc h\u01a1n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang xem m\u1ed9t v\u1edf k\u1ecbch v\u1eady – \u0111\u1eebng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n n\u00f3. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 s\u01b0 s\u1ee3 bu\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 s\u1ebd xen v\u00e0o, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u01b0 ngh\u0129 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh Trung \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng theo \u0111u\u1ed5i khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. N\u1ebfu ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, th\u00edch v\u00e0 gh\u00e9t hay tham v\u00e0 s\u00e2n s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sanh, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1edf trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 trong t\u00e2m s\u01b0 s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Khi s\u01b0 \u0103n, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i \u0103n v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 – tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eafc s\u01b0 \u0103n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5, c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3i, v\u00e0 gi\u1eef cho th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1ee9t kh\u1ed5. Cho d\u00f9 s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0103n, s\u01b0 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0103n (b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3 kheo ch\u1ec9 \u0103n tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1edd ng\u1ecd).<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 yoniso<\/i> – t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh l\u00e0 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. S\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 \u0103n v\u1edbi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, l\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 \u1edf trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i \u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1ed5, \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1ed5, ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1ed5, n\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1ed5 – t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1ed5. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef trong g\u1ecdng k\u00ecm c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u. Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o bu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ecd. B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o n\u1ea3y sanh \u0111\u1ec1u lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o – “ch\u00fang ta” th\u1ea5y, “ch\u00fang ta” nghe, “ch\u00fang ta” \u0111\u00f3i,… B\u1edfi v\u1eady, cho d\u00f9 s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t, s\u01b0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o theo s\u01b0 \u0111i kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i. Ch\u1ec9 khi s\u01b0 c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh t\u00e1c \u00fd, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o s\u1ebd mu\u1ed9i l\u01b0\u1ee3c khi ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh. Khi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o suy y\u1ebfu, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 \u1ea5y s\u1ebd ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Do \u0111\u00f3, khi l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, ngay c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi, s\u01b0 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n chi\u00f9nh \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5. Khi s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1i bi\u1ebft \u1ea5y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

(Ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c. V\u1ecb s\u01b0 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o r\u1ed3i?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– L\u1ea7n n\u00e0y t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y vui.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Khi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o xen v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng vui. Kh\u00f4ng vui l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00fang c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y vui khi s\u1ed1ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng khi b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u00ean b\u1edd, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd kh\u1ed5. T\u00e2m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Khi t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o \u0111\u1ec3 che \u0111\u1eady kh\u1ed5, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng vui.<\/p>\n

S\u01b0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n. Th\u1ebf c\u00f2n kh\u1ed5 th\u00ec sao? S\u01b0 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 kh\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3, t\u00f4i lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 trong m\u1ed7i oai nghi. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 l\u1eafm.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft kh\u1ed5 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y n\u00f3. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c oai nghi ph\u1ee5, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1n ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1eadn m\u1ed7i khi \u0111\u01b0a tay l\u00ean, co tay l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 du\u1ed7i tay ra. Ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed7i l\u00fac \u0111i t\u1eafm r\u1eeda, v\u1ec7 sinh, s\u01b0 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao s\u01b0 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5 trong c\u00e1c oai nghi, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c – ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3i b\u1ee5ng, \u0111au b\u1ee5ng,…<\/p>\n

(V\u1ecb s\u01b0 th\u1ee9 hai)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f2n s\u01b0 th\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 ra sao r\u1ed3i?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– T\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, \u00fd s\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i Danh – S\u1eafc v\u00e0 n\u00f3 r\u00f5 h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u1edf trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng? Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u01b0 m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh vipassan\u0101 <\/i>l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3. C\u00f3 khi s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00fa trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u00e2m gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c trung \u0111\u1ea1o, kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch – gh\u00e9t hay tham – s\u00e2n n\u1eefa. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng duy nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i s\u01b0 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Danh – S\u1eafc). T\u00e2m ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u1eadp trung r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng h\u00e0nh vipassan\u0101 <\/i>v\u00e0 tr\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5. Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o chi ph\u1ed1i ch\u00fang ta qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec m\u00f3n d\u01b0a c\u1ea3i qu\u00e1 chua v\u00ec b\u1ecb ng\u00e2m l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y. Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u0103n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng cho xen v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n d\u1ec5. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 yoniso<\/i> ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh. T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n s\u01b0 l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fd do s\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y (t\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c tr\u00fa trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i), v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 s\u01b0 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00e0 tr\u00fa trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y Ph\u00e1p, ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng l\u1eafng nghe, hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd do Ng\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft kinh, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch. Khi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ee9t th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u0169ng gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 – h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3. Tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean, khi m\u1edbi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ng\u1ea1i ng\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft cho ai c\u1ea3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 qu\u00e1 kh\u00f3. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong g\u1ecdng k\u1ec1m si\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a si m\u00ea; m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec7n ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m” \u0111\u00e3 chi ph\u1ed1i. S\u01b0 si m\u00ea \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5p r\u1eb1ng Danh – S\u1eafc l\u00e0 “Ta” hay “T\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ta”.<\/p>\n

S\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh g\u1ea7n ba th\u00e1ng, s\u01b0 hi\u1ec3u ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh r\u00f5 h\u01a1n. \u00d0i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u00fac s\u01b0 l\u1ea1c ra kh\u1ecfi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– V\u00e2ng, \u0111\u00f4i khi t\u00e2m t\u00f4i \u0111i sai h\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadn trong. \u00d0\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u00e2m s\u01b0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean cho phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o v\u00e0 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1nh l\u1eafm. Khi s\u01b0 qu\u00e1n, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng y\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 khi m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c y\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xen v\u00e0o v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c c\u00e0ng y\u1ebfu th\u00eam. Khi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o xen v\u00e0o, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 k\u1ecbp nh\u1eadn ra n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Khi phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. \u00d0\u1eebng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ec7. Ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o xen v\u00e0o. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, s\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 yoniso<\/i> ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u00f9 cho tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 n\u1ea3y sanh hay kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a s\u01b0. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00ean nh\u1edb l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi danh hay s\u1eafc n\u00e0o m\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111ang qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

(Ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c. V\u1ecb s\u01b0 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p ch\u01b0a?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i th\u1ea5y th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Khi ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3, ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y su\u1ed1t \u0111\u00eam. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft ph\u00e1p, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y l\u1eabn \u0111\u00eam v\u1eady. Song n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n \u0111i t\u00ecm ph\u00e1p, s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o – tham mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p – \u0111\u00e3 che \u00e1n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y n\u00f3, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y n\u00f3. Mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u00fa trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu trong t\u1eebng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc, trong t\u1eebng h\u01a1i th\u1edf. S\u01b0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 th\u1ecd. \u00dd\u00f9 s\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i g\u00ec khi cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 Danh (n\u0101ma<\/i>)<\/p>\n

(Trong T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9, Th\u1ecd (vedan\u0101) n\u1eb1m trong Danh ph\u00e1p ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 \u1edf s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng b\u1ed1n oai nghi \u0111\u1ec1u che \u00e1n kh\u1ed5) <\/i>.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Danh – S\u1eafc m\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3 l\u00fac r\u1ea5t r\u00f5.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u1eafc r\u00f5 h\u01a1n hay danh r\u00f5 h\u01a1n?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Danh ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m r\u00f5 h\u01a1n. T\u1ee9 oai nghi (s\u1eafc) \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng r\u00f5.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u1eafc n\u00e0o s\u01b0 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– S\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i v\u00e0 s\u1eafc \u0111i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1n danh th\u1ea5y, danh nghe kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– V\u00ec sao s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1n danh nghe? Khi ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n x\u1ea3y ra, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Kh\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Khi s\u01b0 nghe, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nghe v\u1edbi pa\u00f1\u00f1atti<\/i> (s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh) kh\u00f4ng? T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u01b0 nghe \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi \u00e2m thanh \u0111\u00f3?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3 khi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 nghe v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0\u00f4i l\u00fac t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n (li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi \u00e2m thanh thay v\u00ec danh nghe).<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Khi pa\u00f1\u00f1atti<\/i> xen v\u00e0o, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 xen v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng? B\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1n danh nghe. N\u1ebfu pa\u00f1\u00f1atti<\/i> c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Pa\u00f1\u00f1atti<\/i> l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tam t\u01b0\u1edbng. S\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh? C\u00f3 kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3, ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 c\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u01b0a – gh\u00e9t kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– C\u0103n n\u00e0o s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Nh\u0129 c\u0103n.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n l\u1edbn? S\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t n\u00f3 sao?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i c\u00f3 qu\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng theo d\u00f5i k\u1ecbp n\u00f3. T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng pa\u00f1\u00f1atti<\/i> (ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh).<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Th\u1ef1c ra, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi h\u1ebft kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, bao l\u00e2u m\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec. S\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c (ngo\u00e0i danh nghe), b\u1edfi th\u1ebf n\u00ean khi c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n l\u1edbn ph\u00e1t sanh, s\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Trong t\u1ee9 oai nghi, \u0111\u00f4i l\u00fac t\u00f4i c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi \u0111ang n\u1eb1m, t\u00f4i tr\u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua b\u00ean kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 qu\u00ean kh\u00f4ng yoniso. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i oai nghi n\u1eb1m th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, do \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ecd kh\u1ed5 m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh duy\u00ean cho s\u00e2n t\u00e2m. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0\u00f4i khi t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u00ec sao.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i do s\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i do tu\u1ec7 (pa\u00f1\u00f1\u0101).<\/i> S\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u01b0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e2u m\u00e0 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y s\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u01b0. C\u00f2n tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u01b0 th\u1ea5y Danh – S\u1eafc l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 – v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. \u00d0\u00f4i l\u00fac s\u01b0 \u0111ang qu\u00e1n ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 danh ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, r\u1ed3i ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u01b0 l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i “danh ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m” n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 c\u1ee9 tr\u1edf \u0111i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng tin ta, ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m c\u0169ng v\u1eady. S\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3, v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

(S\u01b0 th\u1ee9 hai)<\/i><\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– M\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u, khi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u hy v\u1ecdng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh (cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai), nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– D\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t, thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn n\u00e0y v.v…<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3 – c\u00e1i n\u00e0o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00e1ch s\u01b0 ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 r\u1ed3i. T\u00e2m s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 – m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n. Ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o – n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a s\u01b0 ra kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. S\u01b0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ch\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Tu\u1ea7n r\u1ed3i t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft hy v\u1ecdng. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y g\u00ec h\u1ebft. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i l\u00fac t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Vipassan\u0101<\/i> qu\u00e1 kh\u00f3.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a s\u01b0. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i trau d\u1ed3i c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p ba-la-m\u1eadt (p\u0101ram\u012b<\/i>) trong nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng. Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf n\u00f3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Cho d\u00f9 s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 trong ki\u1ebfp n\u00e0y, s\u01b0 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o duy\u00ean (nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee3 duy\u00ean l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sanh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7) cho ki\u1ebfp k\u1ebf. Ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n vipassan\u0101<\/i>, s\u01b0 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. Cho n\u00ean, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. D\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec s\u01b0 mong mu\u1ed1n, s\u01b0 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd trau d\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba-la-m\u1eadt. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 (dhura<\/i>) c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 – m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kheo – ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 (Bodhi-\u00f1\u0101\u1e47a)<\/i>, v\u00e0 khi gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 r\u1ed3i, Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta. Ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u1eafm m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9. C\u00f2n ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1edfi v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho ch\u00fang ta r\u1ed3i. Ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i theo ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Khi s\u01b0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a Gi\u1edbi – \u00d0\u1ecbnh – Tu\u1ec7. Khi s\u01b0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, s\u01b0 b\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m. Song \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t g\u00ec, v\u00ec khi \u1edf nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 c\u0169ng v\u1eady. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u1edf nh\u00e0, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Gi\u1edbi – \u00d0\u1ecbnh – Tu\u1ec7 trong B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o m\u00e0 s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u00fat \u00edt. S\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p hay kh\u00f4ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng – h\u00e3y xem vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o ba-la-m\u1eadt cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n s\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7. S\u01b0 n\u00f3i vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t qu\u00e1 kh\u00f3. \u00d0\u00fang th\u1ebf. C\u00e1i kh\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m h\u01a1n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, mu\u1ed1n cho h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p (sabh\u0101va dhamma<\/i>) v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch. \u00d0\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y n\u1eefa. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh gi\u00fap s\u01b0 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

(Ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c. V\u1ecb s\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 ra sao r\u1ed3i?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o Trung \u00d0\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Khi t\u00e2m s\u00e2n hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, t\u00f4i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1i? S\u01b0 th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n ngh\u0129 “\u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea1i,…” v\u00e0 s\u00e2n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 suy ngh\u0129, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi c\u00e1i nghe n\u1ea3y sanh, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m – t\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c qu\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 danh \u0111ang nghe, nh\u1edd v\u1eady, \u01b0a – gh\u00e9t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e2m s\u01b0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf trong Trung \u00d0\u1ea1o. S\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00e1c c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3 l\u00fac t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t trong s\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i sao t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec c\u1ea3 – t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i kinh ng\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 sau m\u1ed9t l\u00e1t, t\u00e2m bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc quan t\u00e0i. R\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft th\u1ed1i r\u1eefa. Sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f4i ng\u1eedi th\u1ea5y m\u00f9i h\u00f4i v\u00e0 \u00f3i m\u1eeda.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch s\u01b0 h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao t\u00f4i b\u1ecb nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 \u00f3i bao l\u00e2u?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Kho\u1ea3ng n\u1eeda bu\u1ed5i. Sau b\u1eefa \u0103n tr\u01b0a cho \u0111\u1ebfn 6 gi\u1edd chi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian \u1ea5y, s\u01b0 v\u1eabn ng\u1eedi th\u1ea5y m\u00f9i h\u00f4i \u00e0?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– V\u00e2ng.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00e1i s\u01b0 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hay kh\u00f4ng? \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u1ea5n ch\u1ee9ng (nimitta).<\/i> N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m cho s\u01b0 th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y. Nimitta<\/i> l\u00e0 Dhamma <\/i>(Ph\u00e1p). N\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sanh do \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e1i qu\u00e1. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn trong t\u00e2m. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a s\u01b0 ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. Khi s\u01b0 d\u1ee9t \u00f3i, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00edch.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y. S\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh r\u01a1i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y n\u1eefa. S\u01b0 l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o khi\u1ebfn cho x\u00e1c ch\u1ebft (nimitta)<\/i> \u1ea5y bi\u1ebfn \u0111i?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– N\u00f3 t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn. N\u00f3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t l\u00fac r\u1ed3i t\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t \u0111i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n t\u00e2m, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a s\u01b0 ra kh\u1ecfi ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– V\u00e2ng, \u0111\u00fang v\u1eady. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Khi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, d\u00f9 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m c\u00e1ch m\u1ea5y, s\u01b0 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd l\u1ebbn v\u00e0o v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho s\u01b0 m\u1ea5t tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t. S\u01b0 c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y nimitta \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Kh\u00f4ng, m\u00f9i n\u00f3 h\u00f4i l\u1eafm. Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u00f4i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao m\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y n\u00f3. T\u00e2m t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t trong s\u00e1ng m\u00e0.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00e2m s\u01b0 r\u1ea5t trong s\u00e1ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u00d0\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m cho s\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n, l\u00e0m cho s\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y l\u1ea1c. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng (vipall\u0101sa<\/i>). N\u1ebfu t\u00e2m trong s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, tham v\u00e0 s\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi.<\/p>\n

(V\u1ecb s\u01b0 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean qu\u00e1. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 cho nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m s\u01b0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu l\u1ee5c c\u0103n thu th\u00fac gi\u1edbi (indriyasamvaras\u012bla<\/i>) c\u1ee7a s\u01b0. N\u1ebfu l\u1ee5c c\u0103n thu th\u00fac gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n m\u00e3n, \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sanh; v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean tu\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sanh. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edfi sanh c\u00f9ng nhau trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 kh\u00e1ch, d\u00f9 s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i, s\u01b0 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n Danh – S\u1eafc n\u00e0o kh\u1edfi l\u00ean v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu Danh – S\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi, t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “Ta” v\u1eabn c\u00f2n, v\u00e0 s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “Ta” ra kh\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n

Th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 gh\u00e9t kh\u1edfi l\u00ean v\u00e0 di\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0ng s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec th\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1i g\u00ec gh\u00e9t c\u1ea3. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 danh h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tham; gh\u00e9t l\u00e0 danh ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u00e2n. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 “s\u01b0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng”, “s\u01b0 gh\u00e9t”, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch “s\u01b0” ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng gh\u00e9t \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ec v\u1eady, khi s\u01b0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 danh ho\u1eb7c s\u1eafc; v\u00e0 s\u01b0 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 danh g\u00ec, s\u1eafc g\u00ec, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, danh nghe,… S\u01b0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng “S\u01b0” c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 v\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. S\u01b0 bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao kh\u00f4ng? B\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng yoniso<\/i> (t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh). S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i kh\u1ed5, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u01b0. S\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc \u0111\u00fang, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean \u0111i \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y (yoniso<\/i>).<\/p>\n

C\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Do v\u1eady, \u0111\u1eebng l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

\u00d0i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 l\u00fd do. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong kinh Anuruddha<\/i> (Anuruddha-sutta<\/i>), Ng\u00e0i A-n\u1eadu-l\u00e2u-\u0111\u00e0 (Anuruddha<\/i>) h\u1ecfi T\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t (S\u0101riputta)<\/i> l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 thi\u00ean nh\u00e3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m tinh t\u1ea5n, c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 do\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c. Ng\u00e0i X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1ch th\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Anuruddha<\/i>\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ea1n (ma\u1e47a<\/i>) v\u00e0 m\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o, do v\u1eady phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xen v\u00e0o. C\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ta nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m tinh t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1o c\u1eed (uddhacc<\/i>a). V\u00e0 c\u00e1ch v\u1ecb \u1ea5y quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u01b0a \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 h\u1ed1i qu\u00e1 (kukkucca<\/i>). V\u00ec th\u1ebf, Ng\u00e0i X\u00e1-l\u1ee3i-ph\u1ea5t m\u1edbi b\u1ea3o v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o vi t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ea5y. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 yonisomanasik\u0101ra<\/i> (t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh) m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. D\u00f9 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay kh\u00f4ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng. S\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng g\u00ec che \u00e1n s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c (ch\u00e2n l\u00fd). Ngay nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i Anuruddha<\/i> v\u1edbi th\u1eafng tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o n\u1eefa hu\u1ed1ng chi ch\u00fang ta. Ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c may m\u1eafn h\u01a1n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1eafng tr\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y tham, s\u00e2n, si l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh vipassan\u0101<\/i> (cittanupassan\u0101<\/i>: – ni\u1ec7m t\u00e2m). N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u1eaft h\u1eb3n r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh qua hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n (ch\u1ee9ng thi\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n sang vipassan\u0101),<\/i> nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u00f4i m\u00e0 v\u1eabn lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o.<\/p>\n

(V\u1ecb s\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c hay gi\u1ed1ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau? S\u01b0 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1i quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 s\u01b0 qu\u00e1n, ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng hay kh\u00e1c, v\u1eady th\u00f4i?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u00e0? Th\u1ebf s\u01b0 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau. Thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y Danh – S\u1eafc l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u01b0 ni\u1ec7m “Buddho”<\/i>(Ph\u1eadt) hay “Arahant”<\/i> (A-la-h\u00e1n) li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u r\u1ed3i. H\u00e0nh vipassan\u0101<\/i> kh\u00f4ng ni\u1ec7m th\u1ea7m m\u00e3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ni\u1ec7m \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y Danh – S\u1eafc l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Khi t\u00f4i qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, s\u1eafc n\u1eb1m, t\u00e2m c\u1ee9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nhanh. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00fa tr\u00ean s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i hay s\u1eafc n\u1eb1m \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Khi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh sai kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f3.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 ngh\u0129 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh sai b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n t\u00e2m s\u01b0 ph\u00f3ng t\u1edbi ph\u00f3ng lui \u00e0?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– V\u00e2ng. Khi t\u00f4i qu\u00e1n, t\u00e2m c\u1ee9 \u0111i l\u1ed1i n\u00e0y, l\u1ed1i n\u1ecd. T\u00f4i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng k\u00e9o n\u00f3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u1eafc ng\u1ed3i, s\u1eafc n\u1eb1m, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u1edf y\u00ean. N\u00f3 \u0111i \u0111i v\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t nhanh.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– T\u1ea1i sao s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i k\u00e9o n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9o l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u00f3ng \u0111i r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o t\u00e2m l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng cho n\u00f3 \u0111i t\u1edbi \u0111i lui sao? C\u00e1ch s\u01b0 c\u1ed1 gi\u1eef t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng cho n\u00f3 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 sai, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 c\u0169ng sai n\u1ed1t. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p. B\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00e2m lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u00f3ng t\u1edbi ph\u00f3ng lui r\u1ea5t l\u1eb9. S\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n \u1edf y\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a s\u01b0. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. Kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m c\u1ea3. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng s\u01b0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch ph\u00e1p. S\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0ng khi ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi, s\u01b0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch n\u00f3. S\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch ph\u00e1p. S\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n c\u00e1i t\u00e2m \u1ea5y ph\u00f3ng \u0111i ph\u00f3ng v\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7. \u00d0\u1eebng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u00f3 hay mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3 \u1edf y\u00ean m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7, ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1n n\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 danh. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 danh ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, s\u01b0 s\u1ebd gh\u00e9t n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u1ee5c c\u0103n thu th\u00fac gi\u1edbi (indriya-samvara-s\u012bla<\/i>). C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u00e2y, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ecdn s\u1ea1ch c\u1ecf, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, c\u1ecf m\u1ecdc s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng cho c\u00e2y con ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Gi\u1edbi thu th\u00fac l\u1ee5c c\u0103n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1ed3ng v\u1eady, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd gi\u00fap s\u01b0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. N\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n khi\u1ebfn cho s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng thu th\u00fac l\u1ee5c c\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t, n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a s\u01b0 ra kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

(M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c. N\u1eef c\u01b0 s\u0129.)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng r\u1ed3i. Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n ra sao? M\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y n\u1eefa th\u00ec c\u00f4 v\u1ec1?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– V\u00e0i h\u00f4m n\u1eefa, kho\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng, th\u01b0a thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 c\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa sao?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Th\u01b0a kh\u00f4ng, con ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– N\u1ebfu th\u1ebf th\u00ec c\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed3i. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1eeba r\u1ed3i, ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 ra sao?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– H\u00f4m qua, con th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i kh\u1ed5 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Khi con qu\u00e1n s\u1eafc n\u1eb1m, s\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u1eady. Con r\u1ea5t s\u1ee3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, con \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t l\u00e1t r\u1ed3i v\u00e0o ng\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i. Con th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5. Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u00e1y m\u1eaft, nu\u1ed1t n\u01b0\u1edbc mi\u1ebfng, con c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 con l\u1ea1i \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i n\u1eefa. Gi\u1edd th\u00ec con \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, v\u00ec th\u1ebf con mu\u1ed1n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfp. Con kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1edd ai d\u1ea1y n\u1eefa. Con ngh\u0129 m\u00ecnh th\u1eadt may m\u1eafn bi\u1ebft bao khi g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Achaan<\/i>, v\u00ec nh\u1edd Achaan<\/i> m\u00e0 con \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p. Ngh\u0129 v\u1eady n\u00ean con kh\u00f3c.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f2n h\u00f4m nay th\u00ec sao? C\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0 h\u00f4m qua kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– H\u00f4m nay th\u00ec b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– C\u00f4 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao kh\u1ed5 \u1ea5y bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– H\u1ed3i chi\u1ec1u, con c\u00f3 kh\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m, ch\u00fang con n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nhau v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 con \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m. Ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Danh – S\u1eafc n\u1eefa. C\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 bu\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t vipassan\u0101.<\/i> H\u00f4m nay c\u00f4 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f4 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c. Kh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 c\u00f4 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t d\u1ea5u. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do c\u00f4 thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Danh – S\u1eafc l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00f4 bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh sai kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Th\u01b0a, c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

(V\u1ecb s\u01b0 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n, kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– Danh ph\u00f3ng l\u00e0 s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. C\u00f2n “c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n” ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m \u1ea5y l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh (pa\u00f1\u00f1atti<\/i>).<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft “c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n” – c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3 – s\u01b0 s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n Danh – S\u1eafc khi n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, s\u01b0 n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Song, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eebng n\u00ean s\u1ee3 m\u1ea5t s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t con su\u1ed1i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y tre, n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y s\u1ee3, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1eeb khi sanh ra \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd, ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. B\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00e2m h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u00e2m th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3. Khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

(S\u01b0 th\u1ee9 hai)<\/i><\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– Khi s\u01b0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u01a1n, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y “th\u00edch” kh\u00f4ng? Khi s\u01b0 h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn, s\u01b0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y “kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch” kh\u00f4ng? C\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 sai. S\u01b0 n\u00f3i ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i?<\/p>\n

T: <\/i><\/b>– T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

A: <\/i><\/b>– S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y s\u01b0 l\u1ea1i theo d\u00f5i s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, cho d\u00f9 s\u01b0 bu\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, s\u01b0 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ghi nh\u1edb \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. S\u01b0 c\u0169ng n\u00ean qu\u00e1n c\u00e1c oai nghi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eefa. C\u00f3 b\u1ea3y nh\u00f3m oai nghi ph\u1ee5 l\u00e0: –<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc lui.
\nXoay \u0111\u1ea7u sang tr\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i.
\nCo tay, du\u1ed7i tay.
\nM\u1eb7c y vai tr\u00e1i (c\u012bvara)<\/i>, y t\u0103ng-gi\u00e0-l\u00ea (sanghati)<\/i> v\u00e0 mang b\u00e1t.
\n\u0102n, u\u1ed1ng, nhai, li\u1ebfm (c\u00e1c ng\u00f3n tay).
\n\u00d0i \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec7n.
\n\u00d0i, \u0111\u1ee9ng, n\u1eb1m, ng\u1ed3i (\u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c), ng\u1ee7, th\u1ee9c, n\u00f3i,…<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Oai nghi ph\u1ee5 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n oai nghi ch\u00ednh, do \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n sanh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ea5y b\u1ed1n oai nghi ch\u00ednh. Khi s\u01b0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh l\u00e2u ng\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 b\u1ed1n oai nghi ch\u00ednh r\u1ed3i, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi n\u00ean th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u00e1c oai nghi ph\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

Dhamma <\/i>(Ph\u00e1p) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 – n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c (ch\u00e2n l\u00fd). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 Dhamma. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ng\u1ed3i, \u0111\u1ee9ng, ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7, nghe, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i, \u0111au nh\u1ee9c, mong mu\u1ed1n, tham lam, v.v… Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 danh hay s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3 – v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc. M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 kh\u1edfi l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, t\u00e2m s\u01b0 s\u1ebd \u0111i t\u00ecm ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i s\u01b0. Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, ph\u00e1p \u1edf ngay trong ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n s\u01b0. S\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e1n Danh – S\u1eafc n\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, d\u00f9 s\u01b0 \u0111ang \u0111i \u0111\u1ea1i, ti\u1ec3u ti\u1ec7n hay t\u1eafm r\u1eeda,… T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p. V\u00e0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o s\u1ebd xen v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o n\u1eb1m trong quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 (anatta<\/i>). Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh th\u00ec s\u01b0 m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p. Ngay nh\u01b0 ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m, n\u1ebfu s\u01b0 bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 l\u00e0 danh ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m – s\u01b0 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a s\u01b0. Ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ebf (dukkhasacca<\/i>), ph\u00f3ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebf (Ariyasacca<\/i>).<\/p>\n

<\/a>III. S\u01a0 L\u01af\u1ee2C TI\u1ec2U S\u1eec THI\u1ec0N S\u01af <\/span><\/b>ACHAAN NAEB MAH\u00c0NIRANONDA<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Achaan Naeb Mah\u0101naranonda <\/i>sinh ng\u00e0y 31 th\u00e1ng Gi\u00eang n\u0103m 1897 (PL 2440). Cha b\u00e0 l\u00e0 Phya Suttayanugun, l\u00fac \u1ea5y l\u00e0m t\u1ec9nh tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ec9nh Kanchanaburi. M\u1eb9 b\u00e0 l\u00e0 Khunying Plag. N\u0103m 1931 (PL 2474), l\u00fac \u1ea5y b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 34 tu\u1ed5i, m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u00e0. Khi \u0111ang nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt, b\u1ed7ng nhi\u00ean b\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c (sabh\u0101va<\/i>: th\u1ef1c t\u00e1nh) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y. Trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, b\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u00e0 th\u1ea5y – ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho b\u00e0 tin ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o (kilesa)<\/i> v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eadn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng trong s\u00e1t-na hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (present moment).<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o l\u00fac s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra, b\u00e0 ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p (gi\u00e1o l\u00fd nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt), c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m g\u00ec v\u1ec1 Thi\u1ec1n Minh S\u00e1t (vipassan\u0101). <\/i>Sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 m\u1edbi t\u1ea7m th\u1ea7y h\u1ecdc \u00d0\u1ea1o. B\u00e0 g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb s\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mi\u1ebfn, Ph\u00e1p danh Pathunta U Vilasa, ng\u1ee5 \u1edf ch\u00f9a Prog t\u1ea1i Bangkok – Th\u00e1i Lan. V\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y cho b\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n (vipassan\u0101 kammatha\u1e47a<\/i>), v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh mi\u00ean m\u1eadt. Sau b\u1ed1n th\u00e1ng th\u00ec b\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p (Abhidhamma<\/i>) v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y. B\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111em gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y \u1edf Th\u00e1i Lan. Trong b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m, b\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u trung t\u00e2m, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i Boonkanjanaram<\/i> [*], \u1edf t\u1ec9nh nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0.<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ec1n s\u01b0 Achaan Naeb<\/i> m\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng Ch\u1ea1p n\u0103m 1983 \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 86. Thi h\u00e0i b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfa t\u00e1ng theo nghi l\u1ec5 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i ch\u00f9a Mongkut – Bangkok , Th\u00e1i lan.<\/p>\n

[*] “Boonkanjanaram”<\/i> l\u00e0 tu vi\u1ec7n (arama<\/i>) x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean th\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea5t do \u00f4ng “Boon” Charoenchai<\/i> v\u00e0 b\u00e0 Kanjana<\/i> hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng n\u0103m 1963, kho\u1ea3ng 5 km ph\u00eda nam th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Pataya, t\u1ec9nh Chonburi.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

http:\/\/www.trungtamhotong.org\/NoiDung\/ThuVien\/MinhSatTuTap\/MinhSat1.htm T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Achaan Naeb Mah\u00e0niranonda Thi\u1ec1n vi\u1ec7n Boonkanjanaram D\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3: Ph\u00e1p Th\u00f4ng PH\u1ea6N I: L\u00dd THUY\u1ebeT “T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 lo\u00e0i h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh \u00d0\u00e3 sanh ho\u1eb7c \u2026 Continue \u00e0 lire → <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1599,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-onecolumn.php","meta":{"_mc_calendar":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4472","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4472","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4472"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4472\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4473,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4472\/revisions\/4473"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1599"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4472"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}