{"id":3772,"date":"2013-09-08T07:42:12","date_gmt":"2013-09-08T07:42:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/?page_id=3772"},"modified":"2013-09-08T08:17:26","modified_gmt":"2013-09-08T08:17:26","slug":"phat-giao-va-kinh-te","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/?page_id=3772","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kinh t\u1ebf gia \u0111\u00ecnh ra sao?<\/h1>\n
<\/div>\n
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(PGVN)<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y, m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00ean chia s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n m\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea7n. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n chi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng b\u1ea5t tr\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 hai ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 kinh doanh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 sinh l\u1eddi.<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
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Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf kh\u1edfi ngu\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 lan nhanh sang c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c. Nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 khi\u1ebfn t\u00fai ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n eo h\u1eb9p d\u1ea7n, nhi\u1ec1u gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e2m v\u00e0o kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/div>\n
\u0110\u1ebfn b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ki\u1ebfm t\u00ecm trong n\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o doanh nghi\u1ec7p m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm k\u1ebf sinh nhai sau nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y d\u00e0i d\u1eb7c th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p. V\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 mong qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1n b\u0129 c\u1ef1c.<\/div>\n
Kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Trong kinh Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, song khi t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 kinh, ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/div>\n
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Chia s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea7n<\/strong>\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y, m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00ean chia s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n m\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea7n. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n chi ti\u00eau \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng b\u1ea5t tr\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 hai ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 kinh doanh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 sinh l\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

Theo \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n 1\/4 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1m \u1ed5n. Nhu c\u1ea7u \u0103n, \u1edf, m\u1eb7c, \u0111i l\u1ea1i, ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n 1\/4 t\u1ed5ng thu nh\u1eadp h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu tr\u00ean.<\/div>\n
1\/4 thu nh\u1eadp d\u00e0nh t\u00edch l\u0169y ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m s\u1ebd gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u00fac b\u1ecb kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00edch tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, th\u00ec d\u00f9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd r\u01a1i v\u00e0o kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, n\u1ee3 l\u1ea7n ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t.<\/div>\n
\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c phung ph\u00ed ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eb1m \u1edf s\u1ef1 \u0111am m\u00ea t\u1eedu s\u1eafc, c\u1edd b\u1ea1c, giao du v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n x\u1ea5u v\u00e0 th\u00f3i l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng. Trong \u0111\u00f3, l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. Khi t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u1edbi ch\u01b0a g\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u0169 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ti\u00eau hao.<\/div>\n


\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u00f9a l\u0169 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u00ea ch\u1eafn<\/strong><\/div>\n
M\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt sinh th\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Theo \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 hai ti\u00eau ch\u00ed c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o t\u1eeb n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n hay th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n,\u2026 v\u1edbi tay ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n c\u00f9 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, kh\u00f4ng tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n.<\/div>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

1\/4 thu nh\u1eadp ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh t\u00edch l\u0169y ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng g\u00ecn gi\u1eef t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb hao t\u1ed5n v\u00f4 \u00edch. C\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
M\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng th\u00f3i tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp, \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n, l\u0169 l\u1ee5t,\u2026 Th\u1ee9 n\u1eefa, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh d\u1ee5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ti\u00eau tan b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111am m\u00ea nh\u01b0 nghi\u1ec7n ng\u1eadp, quan h\u1ec7 b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef; k\u1ebft th\u00e2n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con s\u00f4ng m\u00f9a l\u0169 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u00ea ch\u1eafn.<\/div>\n
Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n th\u00e1n. Vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch.<\/div>\n
Tuy nhi\u00ean, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1m v\u00edu v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 l\u00e0m ra h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. H\u00e3y d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 cho \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a tha nh\u00e2n, cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/div>\n
http:\/\/phatgiao.org.vn\/loi-phat-day\/201304\/duc-Phat-day-quan-ly-kinh-te-gia-dinh-ra-sao-10181\/<\/a><\/div>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3:\u00a0Di\u1ec7u Vi<\/strong><\/p>\n

=========================================================<\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c UNESCO Irina Bokova v\u1eeba g\u1edfi b\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 Vesak Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 8 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Th\u00e1i Lan, qua \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 to\u00e0n v\u0103n b\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p,<\/em><\/p>\n

\"tuyenbo.gif\"<\/p>\n

Quang c\u1ea3nh L\u1ec5 Vesak 2009 t\u1ea1i Trung t\u00e2m H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb LHQ t\u1ea1i Bangkok – Th\u00e1i Lan<\/em><\/p>\n

\u201cNh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 Vesak Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 8 n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u1eddi ch\u00fac ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 n\u1ed3ng h\u1eadu nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m nay ch\u00fang ta th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c vua Th\u00e1i Lan, vua Bhumibol Adulyadej, nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp l\u1ec5 sinh nh\u1eadt l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 84 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c vua. C\u0169ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i k\u00ednh g\u1edfi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c vua nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u00fac t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i c\u0169ng xin ch\u00fac m\u1eebng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Ho\u00e0ng gia Th\u00e1i Lan v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1i l\u1ec5 v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1\u00a0\u201cNh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 mang t\u00ednh th\u1eddi s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ed9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111ang t\u0103ng nhanh. Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111ang xoay v\u00f2ng h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec1u, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i m\u1edbi c\u0169ng \u0111ang ph\u00e1t sinh. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u0111ang gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n, trong khi \u0111\u00f3\u00a0<\/a>m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn\u00a0n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng cao. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i n\u1ea3y sinh. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u0103n\u00a0<\/a>ho\u00e1\u00a0kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong t\u00ednh c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u\u00a0<\/a>ho\u00e1. Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, phong t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n\u00a0<\/a>ho\u00e1\u00a0\u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n\u00a0<\/a>ho\u00e1, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3\u00a0<\/a>xo\u00e1\u00a0\u0111i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1eaft ch\u1eb7t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c V\u0103n\u00a0<\/a>ho\u00e1, Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c (UNESCO) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u1eb1m g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n\u00a0<\/a>ho\u00e0b\u00ecnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n\u00a0<\/a>ho\u00e1, giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 n\u00eau r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb trong t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef th\u00ec ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n \u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7\u00a0<\/a>ho\u00e0\u00a0b\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u201cnh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf\u201d kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra n\u1ec1n\u00a0<\/a>ho\u00e0\u00a0b\u00ecnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n\u00a0<\/a>ho\u00e0\u00a0b\u00ecnh d\u00e0i l\u00e2u th\u00ec \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho t\u00ecnh \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft. N\u00f3 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ch\u00eca\u00a0<\/a>kho\u00e1\u00a0cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u00e0 bao qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gia s\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e0m v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay. Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u1edfi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p cao nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

V\u0103n h\u00f3a, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb. N\u00f3 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u00e9t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, m\u1ed7i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu cho s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 k\u00eanh \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1ch t\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e0m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o s\u1eb5n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb v\u0103n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i xin g\u1edfi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u00fac t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y L\u1ec5 Vesak thi\u00eang li\u00eang n\u00e0y. C\u1ea7u ch\u00fac qu\u00fd v\u1ecb b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y\u201d.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.phatgiaohoc.com\/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=233:vai-tro-quan-trong-cua-phat-giao&catid=10:tin-tuc&Itemid=7<\/a><\/p>\n

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\u00c1P D\u1ee4NG L\u1edcI PH\u1eacT D\u1ea0Y TRONG TH\u1edcI KINH T\u1ebe KH\u1ee6NG HO\u1ea2NG (Th\u00edch Hu\u1ec7 Ph\u00e1p)<\/p>\n

B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi – Hoa K\u1ef3 – sau \u0111\u00f3 lan sang c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c khi\u1ebfn t\u00fai ti\u1ec1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb eo h\u1eb9p d\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m chi ti\u00eau, t\u1eb1n ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua th\u1eddi bu\u1ed5i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u00e0y. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft hay s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n hay c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh doanh ch\u00fa \u00fd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i sau ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng. Ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec \u2018n\u1ed3i c\u01a1m\u2019 c\u1ea1n \u0111i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u2018n\u1ed3i c\u01a1m\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i…<\/strong><\/p>\n

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L\u00e2u nay, kh\u00f4ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn tho\u00e1t t\u1ee5c, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n \u1edf c\u00f5i sau h\u01a1n l\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. L\u1ea1i n\u00f3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 n\u00e0o trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Suy ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn, v\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, an l\u1ea1c ngay t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y.
\nTrong kinh Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 kinh kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng g\u00ec li\u00ean quan, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf, sau \u0111\u00f3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

\u0110o\u1ea1n kinh ng\u1eafn d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 bao h\u00e0m m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft l\u00fd kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 sau: N\u00ean chia s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea7n, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 chi ti\u00eau cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, hai ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 sinh l\u1ee3i, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh ho\u1eb7c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3. Theo tinh th\u1ea7n l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y n\u00e0y th\u00ec lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u00edch l\u0169y b\u1eb1ng \u00bc s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n m\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u00bc s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1m \u1ed5n (1).<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, thu\u1ed1c men, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c (xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ngay ch\u00ednh trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u00bc t\u1ed5ng thu nh\u1eadp h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n 5 nhu c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu tr\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng thu nh\u1eadp d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00edch l\u0169y hay ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o lu\u00f4n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111au \u1ed1m th\u00ecnh l\u00ecnh x\u1ea3y ra. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00edch tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u01a1i v\u00e0o n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Trong kinh Trung B\u1ed9, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 6 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y phung ph\u00ed t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0: \u0110am m\u00ea c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i r\u01b0\u1ee3u, du h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 phi th\u1eddi, la c\u00e0 \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1m h\u00ed vi\u1ec7n, \u0111am m\u00ea c\u1edd b\u1ea1c, giao du \u00e1c h\u1eefu, quen th\u00f3i l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng.<\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c g\u1ea7y d\u1ef1ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. \u201cQuen th\u00f3i l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng c\u00f3 s\u00e1u nguy hi\u1ec3m: \u2018qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1nh\u2019, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c; \u2018qu\u00e1 n\u00f3ng\u2019, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c; \u2018qu\u00e1 tr\u1ec5\u2019, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c; \u2018qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm\u2019, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c; \u2018t\u00f4i \u0111\u00f3i qu\u00e1\u2019, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c; \u2018t\u00f4i qu\u00e1 no\u2019, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Trong khi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m. T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng g\u1ea7y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 b\u1ecb ti\u00eau hao\u201d\u00a0 (2).<\/p>\n

Hay trong kinh T\u0103ng Chi B\u1ed9, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 kheo v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng, ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang: \u201cN\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c lang thang kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i?<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1ed3i, th\u01b0a Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e2m v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra?<\/p>\n

D\u1ea1 v\u00e2ng, th\u01b0a Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc n\u1ee3, m\u01b0\u1ee3n ti\u1ec1n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng mong \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9?<\/p>\n

D\u1ea1 \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u01b0a Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ef3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 n\u1ee3, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3, b\u1ecb \u00e9p b\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u1ed3i, th\u01b0a Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n\u201d (3).<\/p>\n

Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean 4 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc quan tr\u1ecdng sau:<\/p>\n

– Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n nh\u01b0: h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng, gia s\u00fac, ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n, \u0111\u1ea5t canh t\u00e1c, n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u1edbi ti\u00eau, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 v.v\u2026 N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

– Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00ec ch\u00fang mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

– Nh\u1eefng quan ch\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3i ng\u1ed9 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng, th\u0103ng ch\u1ee9c, ngh\u1ec9 ph\u00e9p, kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 hay nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd tham nh\u0169ng, h\u1ed1i l\u1ed9 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecf b\u00ea c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

– Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00ean \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tinh th\u1ea7n (4).<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf bao h\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cao. C\u00f3 4 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t khi ch\u00fang ta l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kinh doanh hay th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n:<\/p>\n

– C\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

– C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

– H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e0i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

– Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng (5).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y cho m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia, khi \u00f4ng h\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c nghi\u1ec7p g\u00ec nh\u01b0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n v.v\u2026 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tay ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u00f9 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, si\u00eang n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 hai, gi\u1eef g\u00ecn t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5n hao m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. C\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb \u201cs\u1ef1 si\u00eang n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f9, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft\u201d ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m. Lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp, h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n, l\u0169 l\u1ee5t… C\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh d\u1ee5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00eau tan v\u00ec nh\u1eefng th\u00fa vui \u0111am m\u00ea sau: Quan h\u1ec7 b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef; Nghi\u1ec7n r\u01b0\u1ee3u ch\u00e8, ma t\u00fay; \u0110am m\u00ea c\u1edd b\u1ea1c; K\u1ebft th\u00e2n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. \u201cNh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed1n b\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00ea ch\u1eafn.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.sangdaotrongdoi.vn\/story\/ap-dung-loi-phat-day-trong-thoi-kinh-te-khung-hoang-thich-hue-phap<\/a><\/p>\n

Th\u00edch Hu\u1ec7 Ph\u00e1p<\/em><\/strong>
\n(giacngo.vn)<\/em><\/p>\n

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Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o (E.F.Schumacher)<\/p>\n

Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a suy tho\u00e1i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y t\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ee3t ai \u0111\u00f3 b\u0103n kho\u0103n \u201cph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian qua, nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta t\u01b0 duy v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u b\u0103n kho\u0103n \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong lu\u1eadn b\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Ernest Friedrich Schumacher khi \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u201cKinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o\u201d. Xin tr\u00edch l\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00f9ng b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc.
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

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“S\u1ed1ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n” l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi r\u0103n d\u1ea1y trong Kinh Ph\u1eadt.\u00a0E.F. Schumacher tin r\u1eb1ng\u00a0ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn\u00a0t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc mang b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/div>\n
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C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi di s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 cha \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i, song h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf theo l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi bi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf. S\u1ef1 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9, m\u00e0 tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3ng minh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nhau. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ai m\u1ea3y may cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t\u00a0 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng mang h\u01a1i h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0 duy kinh t\u1ebf Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Th\u1ef1c ra \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y\u00a0c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 logic\u00a0nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra t\u01b0 duy kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/div>\n
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Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng
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Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u00e2u xa t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh trong t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u00ea lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c hi sinh th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m thu\u00ea, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f9 \u0111\u0103p b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng. V\u00ec v\u1eady, t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.<\/div>\n
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\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u201cph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cS\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia\u201d c\u1ee7a Adam Smith). Song, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n chia qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00f2an ch\u1ec9nh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n nh\u1ecf, c\u1ed1t cho ra l\u00f2 nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng thao t\u00e1c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eeba trong d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n.<\/div>\n
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Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, \u201cLao \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d trong quan ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ba ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng: t\u1ea1o cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1i t\u00f4i \u00edch k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tham gia c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 chung; mang l\u1ea1i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn.<\/div>\n
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Theo nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a, nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 hay tra t\u1ea5n tinh th\u1ea7n b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i, n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 coi tr\u1ecdng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u01a1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, theo \u0111u\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 th\u01b0 nh\u00e0n thay v\u00ec lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea7m h\u00f2an t\u00f2an v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u1ea5y n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb cho nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ni\u1ec1m vui lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n.<\/div>\n
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Do \u0111\u00f3, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, c\u00f3 2 lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; c\u00f2n lo\u1ea1i kia bi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y m\u00f3c.<\/div>\n
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Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o coi tinh t\u00fay c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ham mu\u1ed1n, m\u00e0 n\u1eb1m \u1edf s\u1ef1 s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00e2n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do, s\u1ebd ban ph\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ai ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh n\u00f3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m h\u1ecd l\u00e0m ra.<\/div>\n
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N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, anh ta s\u1ebd \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu thu nh\u1eadp m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1edfi v\u00ec anh ta thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u00eam sinh l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/div>\n
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M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e9t xem li\u1ec7u to\u00e0n d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1 n\u00e0o hay kh\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c li\u1ec7u vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n to\u00e0n d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa hay kh\u00f4ng? Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a anh ta \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian.<\/div>\n
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Trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed, vi\u1ec7c coi h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 coi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 ch\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p l\u00ean ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng sang s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, hay t\u1eeb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi sang th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 phi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c t\u1ed9i \u00e1c.<\/div>\n
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\u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho m\u1ecdi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf mang b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd l\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i cao l\u00e0 mang \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nh\u1eefng ai c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u201cb\u00ean ngo\u00e0i\u201d. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ed1i \u0111a hay s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ed1i \u0111a.<\/div>\n
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C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat l\u01b0u \u00fd khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi, r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3. Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng hay c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i kinh t\u1ebf nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf \u0111i l\u00e0m trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng trong khi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai s\u0103n s\u00f3c s\u1ebd l\u00e0 phi kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c tr\u01b0ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn binh d\u01b0\u1edbi con m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/div>\n
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Trong khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1, th\u00ec c\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng. Tuy v\u1eady, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111i \u00a0ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. V\u1eadt c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 hay vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng th\u00fa vui m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khao kh\u00e1t nh\u1eefng th\u00fa vui \u1ea5y. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t trong kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ea3o.<\/div>\n
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\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp thu. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 quen v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng \u00edt h\u01a1n.<\/div>\n
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M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd coi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u00ec phi l\u00fd: ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u0111a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ebfu. V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 v\u1ea3i h\u00e0ng n\u0103m th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u00edt c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f3 nh\u1ecdc nh\u1ea5t.<\/div>\n
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\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u00edt c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f3 nh\u1ecdc c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n cho s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u00ec l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed n\u1ebfu theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft may ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, khi m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t n\u1ebfp g\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eaft t\u1ec9a. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi. S\u1ef1 s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng h\u00e1ng ho\u00e1 r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cao nh\u1ea5t cho tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng\u00a0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u.<\/div>\n
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Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o mu\u1ed1n t\u1ed1i \u0111a ho\u00e1 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 b\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u nh\u1ea5t, trong khi kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n t\u1ed1i \u0111a ho\u00e1 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i \u01b0u nh\u1ea5t. D\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1 duy tr\u00ec l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a. V\u00ec v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf r\u1eb1ng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf Burma (m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o), th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi \u1edf M\u1ef9 (ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n theo t\u01b0 duy kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i), m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf Burma ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n 60 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf M\u1ef9.<\/div>\n
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X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u\u00a0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 phi kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u1edf quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i l\u00e0m xa nh\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 k\u00e9m may m\u1eafn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, m\u1ed9t Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed cho r\u1eb1ng khi c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00e1ch xa thay v\u00ec b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/div>\n
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S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean<\/strong><\/div>\n
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S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, Bertrand de Jouvenel, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1 t\u00ednh ho\u00e1 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y\u201d trong nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef m\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i: \u201cH\u1ecd c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng coi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 ph\u00ed t\u1ed5n, ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ecd, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m xem \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ed ph\u1ea1m bao nhi\u00eau kho\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 bao nhi\u00eau s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. H\u1ecd d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o v\u00e0 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o, nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i.\u201d<\/div>\n
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L\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt l\u1ea1i bao h\u00e0m m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh v\u00e0 d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 tri gi\u00e1c, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed3i v\u1edbi c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. \u201cC\u1ee9 v\u00e0i n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u00e2y v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103m s\u00f3c n\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi l\u1edbn l\u00ean an to\u00e0n\u201d, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 b\u0103n kho\u0103n g\u00ec r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 quy lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u1ecfi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. M\u1ed9t minh ch\u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi) xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1edd \u01a1 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e1ng x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi r\u1eebng v\u00e0 c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i.<\/div>\n
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Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u00ea t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o, do ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 san b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 b\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1 ti\u1ec1n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 than, d\u1ea7u, g\u1ed7 ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ef7 n\u0103ng, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t duy nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang m\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb. Nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o c\u00e0ng r\u1ebb th\u00ec c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch, v\u00ec h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecdn nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd l\u00e0 phi l\u00fd v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m.<\/div>\n
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D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 than \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u ho\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u t\u00e1i sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t, c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t . S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1edd \u01a1 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. M\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t phi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c h\u00f2an to\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng d\u1eabu sao con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 phi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 trong m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 anh ta l\u00e0m, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean.<\/div>\n
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C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng coi vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n t\u00e2t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00e1u v\u1eadt ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u00e2u \u00c2u sang M\u1ef9 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 h\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u l\u1edbn, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n cho r\u1eb1ng l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i sinh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0103n b\u00e1m.<\/div>\n
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M\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n v\u0129nh c\u1eedu v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf m\u01b0u sinh t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi. V\u00ec tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u2013 nh\u01b0 than \u0111\u00e1, d\u1ea7u l\u1eed v\u00e0 gas thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u2013 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, vi\u00eac t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 khai th\u00e1c gia t\u0103ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/div>\n
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Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n trong c\u00e1c di s\u1ea3n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00e0 v\u1eabn h\u0103ng h\u00e1i theo \u0111u\u1ed5i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/div>\n
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Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 coi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 vi\u1ec3n v\u00f4ng, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc li\u1ec7u con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u1ea1ch ra b\u1edfi kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn h\u1ecd t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n hay kh\u00f4ng. Cu\u1ed1i cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch mang t\u00ean \u201cTh\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai\u201d, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Harrison Brown c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 California \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 sau: \u201cDo x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, vi\u1ec7c\u00a0 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00ec trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ea3y sinh nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i.\u201d Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, khi ch\u00fang ta xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i \u0111e do\u1ea1 t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/div>\n
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N\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n th\u00ec \u00edt ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u201chi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1\u201d, hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 \u0111ang mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3\u00a0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1, nh\u01b0: s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng cao ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong tay b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n.<\/div>\n
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T\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t cho nh\u1eefng ai tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tinh th\u1ea7n hay t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o, b\u1edfi \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa \u201cs\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d hay \u201cs\u1ef1 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\u201d m\u00e0l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn.<\/div>\n
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http:\/\/www.sangdaotrongdoi.vn\/story\/kinh-te-hoc-va-tai-nguyen-duoi-goc-nhin-phat-giao-efschumacher<\/a><\/div>\n

Ernest Friedrich Schumacher<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ho\u00e0ng d\u1ecbch<\/p>\n

============================================================<\/p>\n

Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o (E.F.Schumacher)<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00ecn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 hai ki\u1ec3u c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a m\u00e0 ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u kia l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7.<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u00a0\u201cCh\u00ednh nghi\u1ec7p\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Burma[1]<\/a>\u00a0c\u0169ng v\u1eady: \u201cN\u01b0\u1edbc Burma m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf. S\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 [c\u1ee7a nhau]: ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng minh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d[2]<\/a>.Ho\u1eb7c \u201cch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0 quy\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d[3]<\/a>\u00a0ho\u1eb7c: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi Burman ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn thi\u00eang li\u00eang l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n\u201d[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

D\u00f9 sao, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea5y v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n cho h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o b\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1edbn cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch 5 n\u0103m hay ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 g\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0, kh\u00f4ng ai ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng duy v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng Si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, khi cho r\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ti\u1ec1n-gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n \u0111i xa \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c qui lu\u1eadt kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u201cSi\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cc\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb\u201d nh\u01b0 [tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi] \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u00ednh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 xem ch\u00fang tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t su\u1ed1i ngu\u1ed3n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ea1y cho nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i xem \u201clao \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d hay vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft [necessary evil]. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7, trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u00ec lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf n\u00f3 h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0, b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cs\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t t\u00ednh h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng\u201d [disutility]; [v\u00ec] l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi sinh s\u1ef1 nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i v\u00e0 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 cho s\u1ef1 hi sinh \u1ea5y. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea5y trong c\u1ea3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1eabn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 r\u1ed9ng. N\u1ebfu l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee9 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111i, th\u00ec m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u201cgi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5t, khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d v\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111inh ghim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca t\u1ee5ng trong cu\u1ed1n Wealth of Nations [S\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia][5]<\/a>\u00a0c\u1ee7a Adam Smith. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb th\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed5, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia m\u1ecdi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng ph\u00fat, \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ai ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2n tay g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0, trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m nh\u00ecn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o xem ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u1edf \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 3 l\u1edbp: 1) mang l\u1ea1i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c quan n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; 2) cho ph\u00e9p con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua t\u00ednh c\u00e1i t\u00f4i-trung t\u00e2m [ego-centeredness] c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 chung; v\u00e0 3) mang l\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a, nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n, m\u1ea5t t\u00ednh h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng, ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec t\u00f4i ph\u1ea1m; n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng x\u1ea5u xa v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 linh h\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf n\u00e0y. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u cho s\u1ef1 th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a thay cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u sai ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn b\u1ed5 sung c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ni\u1ec1m vui c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 c\u00e1i th\u00fa c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00ecn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 hai ki\u1ec3u c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi h\u00f3a m\u00e0 ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u kia l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1i n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1i kia? Ananda Coomaraswamy, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n ngang b\u1eb1ng khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, \u201cch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho\u00a0 ph\u00e9p, \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t tinh t\u1ebf gi\u1eefa m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u1edbi d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5.\u00a0 Khung d\u1ec7t th\u1ea3m [b\u1eb1ng tay] l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef c\u00e1c s\u1ee3i v\u1ea3i d\u1ecdc \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1edbp t\u01a1 m\u1ecbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec7t quanh ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u00f3n tay c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3; nh\u01b0ng khung d\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i m\u00e1y, v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c thu\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d[6]<\/a>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft Duy v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed xem b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u0103n minh kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ef1 thanh l\u1ecdc ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh \u1ea5y, c\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ri\u00eang trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ban ph\u01b0\u1edbc cho nh\u1eefng ai th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ngang b\u1eb1ng. Tri\u1ebft gia v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea4n J. C. Kumarappa t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00f9ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan n\u0103ng c\u1ea5p cao, nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd. N\u00f3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ph\u1ea5n ch\u1ea5n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao qu\u00ed h\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1i g\u00ec t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111i theo ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n con th\u00fa trong h\u1ecd v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. N\u00f3 trang b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f4 b\u00e0y thang \u0111o c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd[7]<\/a>. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, h\u1ecd \u0111ang \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ph\u1ea5n ch\u1ea5n \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p cao v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng\u201d kh\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c li\u1ec7u vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u1edbi \u00edt c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u201ct\u00ednh kinh t\u1ebf\u201d h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh di \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng, v.v.. kh\u00f4ng. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u201cN\u1ebfu m\u1ee9c c\u1ea7u c\u1eadp bi\u00ean v\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p\u201d, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Galbraith n\u00f3i trong The Affluent Society, \u201cth\u00ec m\u1ee9c c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c thu\u00ea lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 1 tri\u1ec7u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng v\u1eady\u201d[8]<\/a>. V\u00e0 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa: \u201cN\u1ebfu\u2026ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u2013 m\u1ed9t g\u1ee3i \u00fd, ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean l\u00e0, c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u2013 th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd duy tr\u00ec m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.\u201d T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00ecn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c xem h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, t\u1eeb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i d\u01b0\u1edbi-con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kinh t\u1ebf Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf s\u1ebd l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u201cb\u00ean ngo\u00e0i\u201d: n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00ean t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, x\u00e9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u201cb\u00ean ngo\u00e0i\u201d, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean qui m\u00f4 r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng s\u1edf ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i kinh t\u1ebf nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y trong khi tr\u1ebb em l\u00eau l\u1ed5ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 phi-kinh t\u1ebf trong con m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, [nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i] nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ednh trong con m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong khi nh\u00e0 duy v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed l\u1ea1i quan t\u00e2m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 \u201cTrung \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m ch\u1ea5p v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i; kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng vui th\u00edch c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t m\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n ch\u00fang. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t-b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00ecn kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 t\u00ednh l\u00fd t\u00ednh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u2013 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 m\u0129 m\u00e3n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 quen v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u201cti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ed1ng\u201d b\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u1ea5m kh\u00e1\u201d h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng \u00edt. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd xem l\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 phi l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng: v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n cho ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i t\u1ed1i \u0111a v\u1edbi \u00edt s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng nh\u1ea5t. V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ebb ngo\u00e0i h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, th\u00ec nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u1ea5y v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i v\u1ea3i h\u00e0ng n\u0103m \u00edt nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u00edt s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u [qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o] \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u00edt v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

\u00cdt v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 h\u01a1n ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n d\u00e0nh cho s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t phi-kinh t\u1ebf khi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft may ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, khi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c x\u1ebfp n\u1ebfp v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u01b0a b\u1ecb c\u1eaft x\u00e9n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o. Cao \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u sao cho n\u00f3 mau ch\u00f3ng c\u0169 m\u00f2n \u0111i, v\u00e0 cao \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh d\u00e3 man l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean x\u1ea5u x\u00ed, ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec1u, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed3n t\u00e0n. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi nhu y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, v\u00e0 Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i xem s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 v\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n. C\u00e1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, trong khi c\u00e1i sau c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh t\u1ed1i \u01b0u c\u1ee7a n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. D\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng cho s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 \u00edt h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, n\u01b0\u1edbc Burma, h\u01a1n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong n\u01b0\u1edbc Burma ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf so v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf M\u1ef9.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t-b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. M\u1eabu h\u00ecnh ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, t\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n cao c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p, cho ph\u00e9p con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng l\u1edbn n\u00e0o v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh trong l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt: \u201cNg\u1eebng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c; g\u1eafng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t\u201d. Khi c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u00edt tranh gi\u00e0nh nhau h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u1edf t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 cao. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 t\u00fac cao th\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u00edt d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u1edf qui m\u00f4 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf, trong khi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u t\u1eeb xa v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft h\u1ee3p logic ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c xa x\u00f4i, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t phi-kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh ch\u1ec9 trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t qui m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 cao v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ed1ng cao, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed s\u1ebd cho r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean xa x\u00f4i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean g\u1ea7n k\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng xem s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea5n\/ d\u1eb7m tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf, trong khi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi sau \u2013 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u2013 c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea nh\u01b0 v\u1eady h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n m\u1eabu h\u00ecnh ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd n\u1eefa gi\u1eefa Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. Bertrand de Jouvenel, Tri\u1ebft gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u1eeb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

H\u1ecd c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng xem kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, tr\u1eeb n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; h\u1ecd d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau ph\u00ed m\u1ea5t bao nhi\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc kho\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i bao nhi\u00eau th\u1eddi gian s\u1ed1ng. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1eaft r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed3i sinh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o v\u00e0 hoang ph\u00ed c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e2y c\u1ecf[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t-b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e2y c\u1ecf. M\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt m\u1ed7i v\u00e0i n\u0103m ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i c\u00e2y v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c n\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e9n r\u1ec5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n g\u00ec r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t qui t\u1eafc n\u00e0y s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i n\u00e0o. Kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ef1 sa s\u00fat kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi) l\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ecf b\u00ea c\u00e2y c\u1ecf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 t\u00e2m v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n. Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i, v\u00ec ch\u00ednh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 san b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 ti\u1ec1n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, khi xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u thay th\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 than, d\u1ea7u, c\u1ee7i ho\u1eb7c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc: s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau duy nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1eadn ra l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng. Gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, trong khi l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd l\u00e0 phi-l\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u201cphi-kinh t\u1ebf\u201d. T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00ecn Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady; s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t than v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i nh\u01b0 g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. H\u00e0ng h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 khi ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m k\u0129 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 t\u00e2m ho\u1eb7c ng\u00f4ng cu\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 trong khi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t-b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t-b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng xem vi\u1ec7c m\u1ecdi kho t\u00e0ng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n cho M\u1ef9 v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00ec nh\u00e0 Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i l\u00e0 \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng k\u00fd sinh, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00ean thu nh\u1eadp. M\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi. Khi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u2013 than, d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 kh\u00ed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec l\u00e0 b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c ch\u00fang v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u00f4n gia t\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u1ed1n t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y th\u00f4i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 h\u0103ng say ham mu\u1ed1n \u0111i theo thuy\u1ebft Duy v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd th\u1ea3i h\u1ed3i Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n g\u00ec m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 ho\u00e0i c\u1ed5, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n xem li\u1ec7u con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ea1ch ra c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n hay kh\u00f4ng. G\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, cu\u1ed1n The Challenge of Man\u2019s Future [Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi], gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Harrison Brown c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 California \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi ca ng\u1ee3i sau:<\/p>\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c quay l\u1ea1i l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt, th\u00ec b\u00ean trong n\u00f3 c\u0169ng v\u1eady, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n mang l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ed1n \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, khi ch\u00fang ta kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang \u0111e d\u1ecda s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u00ec kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u1ea5y l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed n\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1ecb th\u1ea3i h\u1ed3i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, th\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c li\u1ec7u \u201chi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a\u201d, nh\u01b0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n nay m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u1eeba \u00fd kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111ang n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tai h\u1ecda \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee3t th\u1ee7y tri\u1ec1u \u0111ang n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng cho th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c linh h\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u1eabn c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i m\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch\u00a0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed cho c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tinh th\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o. V\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa \u201cs\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d v\u1edbi \u201cs\u1ef1 ng\u01b0ng tr\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\u201d. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, t\u1ee9c Trung \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 t\u00e2m duy v\u1eadt v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, hay n\u00f3i g\u1ecdn l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra \u201cCh\u00ednh Nghi\u1ec7p\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u00a0http:\/\/www.sangdaotrongdoi.vn\/story\/kinh-te-hoc-phat-giao-efschumacher<\/a><\/p>\n

E.F.Schumacher<\/p>\n

Ho\u00e0ng Ph\u00fa Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n

================================================================<\/p>\n

N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o (Tu\u1ec7 S\u1ef9)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb k\u1ef7 hay \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

I. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/h4>\n

Ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm trong thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 mong th\u00e2u th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1i nh\u00e0 kho m\u00e3i m\u00e3i thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u1eeb thu\u1edf ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi, h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh bu\u1ed9c n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee9 mu\u1ed1n c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, khi n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn ra hai b\u00e0n tay m\u00ecnh th\u00ec qu\u00e1 ng\u1eafn, hai ch\u00e2n m\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 ch\u1eadm \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp c\u00e1i d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y xi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a sinh t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. \u0110\u00f3i v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng th\u00f4i th\u00fac n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n. \u0111\u1ed9ng. th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u01a1n \u0111\u00f3i ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa, v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i kh\u00e1t c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng l\u1eafng d\u1ecbu. C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean tr\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb b\u1ea5t t\u1eadn trong t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i khan hi\u1ebfm trong t\u1ea7m v\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u00e1i g\u00ec. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ai t\u1ea1o ra, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a. S\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, phi l\u00fd, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch. N\u1ebfu th\u00e1nh kinh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u00e1ch S\u00e1ng th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n hay x\u1ea5u h\u01a1n, khi h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 v\u1ebf h\u00f4m nay. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 qua m\u1ed9t b\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u0103ng tr\u1ebb t\u00ean M\u00e0lunkya \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecfi th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 xem Ng\u00e0i bi\u1ebft hay kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng hay v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n hay v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n; th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t hay kh\u00f4ng, v.v\u2026 Thay v\u00ec gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o v\u1ecb tu s\u0129 tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1eebng ph\u00ed th\u00ec gi\u1edd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u1edf ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea7m nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5: M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1eafn tr\u00fang m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c. \u00d4ng ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00ec gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi m\u0169i t\u00ean \u1ea5y t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 g\u00ec, v\u00e0 ai \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eafn n\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng th\u00fac b\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t \u00f4ng ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 nh\u1ed5 m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c ra v\u00e0 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng. S\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c t\u00ednh sau.<\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n kinh, khi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129 B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n nghe v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1ebf l\u1ec5, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o B\u00e0-la-m\u00f4n b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1eabn d\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. C\u00f3 l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua mu\u1ed1n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i cho v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c m\u00ecnh. Vua h\u1ecfi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tu s\u0129 cao nh\u1ea5t. V\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y cho vua ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u1ea5y b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd \u0111ang kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n, tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp v\u00e0 gi\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh. N\u1ebfu l\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u00ec s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 thanh b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00ec v\u1eady s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y trong gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn oai nghi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. S\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cao qu\u00fd c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai t\u00e0i n\u00e0o h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt: \u201cM\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sinh \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1edd l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng.\u201d Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

II. S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1i g\u00ec: Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c<\/h4>\n

V\u1eady th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng theo ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n d\u1ea1y c\u00e1ch x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. V\u00ec v\u1eady n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf qua v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1i g\u00ec, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o v\u00e0 cho ai th\u00ec th\u1eadt nh\u00e0m ch\u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch, h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 h\u00e1ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y b\u00e1n hay ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n ham mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, d\u1ea7u c\u00e1i \u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kinh t\u1ebf hay kh\u00f4ng Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i t\u1ed1i \u01b0u c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean khan hi\u1ebfm, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdat \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nhu c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc m\u1edbi c\u00f3 tri gi\u00e1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi l\u00e2m chung. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, v\u00ec v\u1eady n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o kinh t\u1ebf ban t\u1eb7ng. N\u00f3i theo kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u0111i vay. C\u00e1i g\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 vay h\u00f4m qua, h\u00f4m nay n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3. V\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u00f4m nay n\u00f3 l\u00e0m, ng\u00e0y mai s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n b\u00e1o. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n b\u00e1o \u1ea5y \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u00ean gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, v\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n? Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c n\u1eefa: L\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac. \u0110\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i cao h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n 4 lo\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ea3 th\u1ea3y: l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac, l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c tinh th\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n kinh:\u00a0\u201c\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 4 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c \u0103n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 sanh kh\u1edfi, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c ch\u00fang sanh n\u00e0o \u0111ang t\u00ecm ch\u1ed7 sanh ra. 4 lo\u1ea1i g\u00ec? \u0110o\u00e0n th\u1ef1c, th\u00f4 ho\u1eb7c t\u1ebf; th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 x\u00fac th\u1ef1c, th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 t\u01b0 th\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

III. S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t cho ai: C\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/h4>\n

Trong m\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c kh\u1edfi l\u00ean ngay khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 gi\u00e1c quan. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u1ede tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd mu\u1ed1n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

Khi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 r\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u01a1n, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n. \u1ede m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u1ea7y, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c \u0103n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho giai \u0111\u1ecdan ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tinh th\u1ea7n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m. N\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ef1 t\u00edch l\u0169y n\u00e0y b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdat \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t n\u00e0o cho tr\u00ed \u00f3c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a, c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u00e1c quan \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c \u0103n n\u00e0y. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 ba n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u01b0ong th\u1ef1c cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u00f2n l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c cho s\u1ef1 v\u0103n minh \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i trong kinh Aggannasutta, thu\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u00e1o qu\u1ea7n, \u201cs\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u00faa ch\u00edn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n n\u1ea5u\u201d. ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra r\u1eb1ng ngu\u1ed3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed thu th\u1eadp l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng t\u00edch tr\u1eed, \u201cth\u1ee9 g\u00ec h\u1ecd thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u cho b\u1eefa \u0103n chi\u1ec1u s\u1ebd m\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u00edn v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng; th\u1ee9 g\u00ec h\u1ecd thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng cho b\u1eefa \u0103n s\u00e1ng s\u1ebd m\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u00edn v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u.\u201d Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t giai \u0111\u1ecdan ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 sau con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea9u n\u1ea9y l\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c m\u00ecnh c\u00e1i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng: \u201cT\u1ea1i sao ta ph\u1ea3i thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m l\u00faa v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u cho b\u1eefa \u0103n chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng cho bu\u1ed5i s\u0103n s\u00e1ng?\u201d \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00edch l\u0169y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean, v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t kh\u00fac quanh m\u1edbi b\u1ecb l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n v\u00e0o xung \u0111\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Theo l\u1ebd th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho s\u1ef1 t\u00edch l\u0169y trong th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed l\u00e0 b\u1ecb th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi t\u00ednh l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Khi tr\u00ed \u00f3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00e0 thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i \u01b0u gi\u1eefa lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a. Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0a c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i. \u0110\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a cao h\u01a1n, th\u1eddi gian nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn cho vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 4 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c \u0103n. B\u00e1nh m\u00ec v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng. Nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m x\u00fac th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00edch l\u0169y kinh nghi\u1ec7m nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u. Suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 th\u1ef1c, lo\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 ba, m\u00e0 nh\u1edd ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111ang l\u00e0m trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. N\u00f3i theo kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean qua th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

Ni\u1ec1m vui th\u00edch nghe v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn khi nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng in d\u1ea5u l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng cho vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ea7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m x\u00fac th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a. D\u1ea7u v\u1eady, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 sinh h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n k\u1ef7 n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong b\u1ea3n kinh d\u1eabn tr\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 g\u00ec cho th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 xoay x\u1edf c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

VI. C\u00e1ch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<\/h4>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n kinh k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed. K\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Robinson Crusoe, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o hoang vu, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, anh ch\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u1edd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hai b\u00e0n tay v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n xung quanh anh ta cung c\u1ea5p. H\u00e0ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean cung c\u1ea5p d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch tr\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1eddi gian b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0o ban ng\u00e0y, ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i, anh ta c\u0169ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u1eaft b\u1edbt qu\u1ef9 th\u1eddi gian chi ti\u00eau cho vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 chi cho vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u00fap l\u1ec1u. Trong v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c anh ta \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean c\u00e1i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 t\u00ednh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i \u01b0u c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean khan hi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u1ea8n d\u1ee5 Robinson Crusoe c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta suy lu\u1eadn ra c\u00e1ch gia t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed – t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00faa g\u1ea1o thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng cho hai ng\u00e0y thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. X\u00e9t h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean: \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ebd l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u ra.<\/p>\n

Li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 4 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c \u0103n, th\u00ec nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ebf h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt l\u00fd, gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n, khi \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 r\u1ed3i r\u1edbt xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed1n l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c quy lu\u1eadt th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Ba lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c \u0103n kh\u00e1c, c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n b\u1ed5 t\u00fac cho th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt l\u00fd, s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u khi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed n\u00eau l\u00ean \u1edf tr\u00ean, n\u00f3 k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta gi\u00e0nh gi\u1eadt nhau thu gom l\u00faa g\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00edch tr\u1eed cho ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, th\u00ec l\u00faa g\u1ea1o ch\u00edn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n n\u1ea5u bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u00faa g\u1ea1o m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t thay th\u1ebf n\u00f3. So v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Robinson Crusoe nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u01b0a d\u00f9ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 g\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong tay \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 do thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean cung c\u1ea5p, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 g\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u1eb1m th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, anh ta bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a ho\u1eb7c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ng\u00e0y nay, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh cho ng\u00e0y mai; trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n s\u1eed, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng h\u00f4m nay cho ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng ng\u00e0y mai, m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u0103ng th\u00eam l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ra nh\u1edd v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n nay, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u trong b\u1ea3n kinh d\u1eabn tr\u00ean, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng trong s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0o khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khan hi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu theo sau l\u00e0, s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1eefu \u00edch t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng nhu c\u1ea7u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, v\u00ec v\u1eady, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec gian h\u01a1n cho s\u1ef1 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea7ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. Theo h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 lu\u1eadn l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 n\u01a1i s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c tinh th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m d\u00e0nh cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba t\u1ea7ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng cao ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf l\u01a1, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 cho s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c tinh th\u1ea7n. V\u00ec v\u1eady, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tinh th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt ra, trong vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khan hi\u1ebfm, qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang ch\u00fat n\u00e0o khi cho r\u1eb1ng, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf t\u1eebng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1, c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 \u201cthay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ham mu\u1ed1n\u2026\u201d Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt ham mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i, th\u1ee9 khoa h\u1ecdc kinh t\u1ebf \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eb7n ra theo khung s\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n nay \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y t\u1eeb th\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y nay, v\u0103n minh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0ong \u0110\u00f4ng, ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ea7y kinh ng\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd v\u1ef1c h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n

V. S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5<\/h4>\n

M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n kinh k\u1ec3 r\u1eb1ng trong th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a, ho\u1eb7c trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao nh\u1ea5t theo truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 3 lo\u1ea1i nhu c\u1ea7u: ham mu\u1ed1n, \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i gi\u1ea3. Th\u1eddi gian tr\u00f4i qua, khi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb xung \u0111\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e0ch kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t, th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Theo kinh Esuk\u00e0r\u00ec sutta, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo 4 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh giai c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. v\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec anh ta s\u1edf h\u1eefu. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t l\u1ea5y Ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm. Ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ed3m 7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 hay th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i: ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin, \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9, t\u00e0m, qu\u00fd, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, r\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Trong \u0111\u00f3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u, t\u1ee9c r\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd h\u00e0o ph\u00f3ng b\u1ecf c\u1ee7a ra \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n, h\u00e0m \u00fd s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. B\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf ra cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i g\u00ec n\u00f3, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t cao nh\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1u mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1u c\u00f3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec theo gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cg\u1ed3m hai th\u1ee9 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c (nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, xe c\u1ed9, m\u00e1y truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c) v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh (ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t, t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m, c\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n, tr\u00e1i phi\u1ebfu, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0u) m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 h\u1ed9 s\u1edf h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a cao h\u01a1n d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. V\u00ec kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, th\u00ec h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd k\u00e8m theo l\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt ra \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao h\u01a1n. Trong kinh Kh\u00f4ng m\u1eafc n\u1ee3, Ng\u00e0i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn 4 th\u1ee9 an sinh: Vui th\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1edf h\u1eefu, Vui th\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, vui th\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng m\u1eafc n\u1ee3, v\u00e0 vui th\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea7m l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

Trong \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n an sinh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u00eam ch\u00fat n\u00e0o n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 t\u00edch l\u0169y m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00edch l\u1ee3i n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ef1 vui th\u00edch v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac qua vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u1eabn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tinh th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t Kinh kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt xin Ng\u00e0i d\u1ea1y cho gi\u00e1o l\u00fd m\u00e0 khi tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 n\u00f3, nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0, \u0111ang h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c th\u1ebf gian, \u0111ang r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi v\u1ee3 con\u2026\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, thanh b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. B\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf t\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0a ra 4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn an l\u1ea1c trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9, s\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9, b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y. S\u1ef1 ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 hay si\u00eang n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9, si\u00eang n\u0103ng (virya, utthana, padh\u00e0na, v.v\u2026). \u0110\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m hay \u00fd th\u1ee9c, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ebft nh\u1ecf. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n (app\u00e0mada). \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: \u201cT\u1ec9nh gi\u00e1c l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t t\u1eed. L\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eed vong.\u201d<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 l\u01a1 l\u00e0, b\u1ea5t c\u1ea9n, ch\u00e2y l\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u00e1c nh\u1edbm: \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9c \u00ec c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m hay \u00fd th\u1ee9c. N\u00f3 d\u1ea5y l\u00ean trong l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00e1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian. Khi \u0111u\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00f3 h\u00e0ng cho kh\u00e1ch ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, v\u00ec theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i ch\u1ec9 cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 chi ti\u00eau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, khi m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u0103ng th\u00eam thu nh\u1eadp, anh ta ph\u1ea3i gia t\u0103ng chi ti\u00eau lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 anh ta ph\u1ea3i c\u1eaft b\u1edbt th\u1eddi gian chi ti\u00eau cho nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1eaft b\u1edbt th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0nh cho nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a anh ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia t\u0103ng, thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed1i \u0111a, Anh ta v\u1eeba gii\u00e0u c\u00f3 l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba r\u00e3nh rang th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1c th\u00fa cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta phong cho c\u00e1i t\u00ean l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00ean ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu kinh t\u1ebf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ham mu\u1ed1n d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u00e1n ch\u00ea. Theo m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt, t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u1eefu \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qu\u00ean. Th\u1eddi gian ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u1eefu \u00edch. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian t\u0103ng th\u00eam s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt s\u1ef1 \u01b0a th\u00edch h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn 4 nhu c\u1ea7u: th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, thu\u1ed1c men. Ch\u00fang thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd. S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra nh\u1eb1m th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n s\u1ee9c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i k\u00edch th\u00edch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i dinh du\u1ee1ng kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c \u0103n tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n. Ng\u00e0y nay, v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u00f3 v\u1ebb th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c \u0103n n\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho n\u00f3 th\u00ec c\u00f2n h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng bu\u1ed3n. Ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh, hi\u1ebfp d\u00e2m, bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu, ma t\u00fay, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u0103n b\u1ecbnh b\u00e9o ph\u00ec x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1eadt ra l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t trii\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn chung, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng cao ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i tr\u00ean c\u00e1n c\u00e2n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean tham kh\u1ea3o l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u00e2t d\u1ea1y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n kinh, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t gia ch\u1ee7 tr\u1ebb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n ra th\u00e0nh 4 ph\u1ea7n: m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, 2 ph\u1ea7n d\u00e0nh chi cho vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh. Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh ph\u00f2ng nh\u1eefng l\u00fac c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng trong b\u1ed9 A-h\u00e0m ti\u1ebfng H\u00e1n k\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 th\u00eam hai ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eefa: m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1n mi\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n s\u00e1u \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n. Th\u1eadt th\u00fa v\u1ecb khi ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n H\u00e1n d\u1ecbch b\u1ed9 A-h\u00e0m trong \u0111\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ec1n mi\u1ebfu th\u1edd th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ngang t\u1ea7m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y nay. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khu gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean do c\u00e1c \u00f4ng vua, ho\u00e0ng h\u1eadu, nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi qu\u00ed t\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu chuy\u1ec3n sang. V\u1ec1 sau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00fang cho c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd tu t\u1eadp v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ebfn c\u00fang m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y cho v\u1ecb gia ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o v\u1ed1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

VI. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h4>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh Adam Smith v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd \u201cb\u00e0n tay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh\u201d c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, theo \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u00e0nh x\u1eed tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng cao.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00ednh v\u1ecb k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y \u0111ang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u00c2u ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 h\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n. Nh\u01b0 Smith \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft, l\u1ee3i \u00edch b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0o b\u1ee9c tranh, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y \u0111\u1eb7t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y v\u00e0o c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Keynes: \u201cN\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a tranh ch\u1ea5p, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 v\u0129nh c\u1eedu. L\u1ea5y thu ho\u1ea1ch h\u1ebft l\u00e1 c\u00e2y tr\u00ean c\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, th\u00ec c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u1ea3 d\u1ec9 nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i nh\u1eefng con v\u1eadt ng\u1eafn c\u1ed5 cho nh\u1eefng con h\u01b0u cao c\u1ed5 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n.\u201d<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 cho t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c x\u1ea5u h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ec7n ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng tham lam, th\u00f9 gh\u00e9t v\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng. X\u00f3a b\u1ecf 3 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed. Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u00ednh v\u1ecb k\u1ef7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee3 t\u00e1 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed9 ra trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t theo th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, khi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ngay c\u1ea3 sau khi b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i di\u1ec7t h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, 4 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1eadc th\u00e1nh nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, v\u00ec c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi 5 h\u1ee3p th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 tan r\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Trong ph\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 cung \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u cho v\u1ecb \u1ea5y. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai ch\u1ecdn \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y c\u00e1ch x\u1ea3 b\u1ecf tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1c d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c th\u1ebf gian. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f2n b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c trong ng\u0169 d\u1ee5c, Ng\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft cho h\u1ecd gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh y\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng sau th\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: bao dung v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tu t\u1eadp t\u00ednh bao dung, anh ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u00e0nh x\u1eed kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed t\u1ea1i gia l\u00e0 m\u00f4t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00edch l\u0169y ph\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ee9c cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng mai sau. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed t\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m m\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c: \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, v\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng, con c\u00e1i, t\u00f4i t\u1edb, gia s\u00fac, ni\u1ec1m tin, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u01b0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tinh th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb k\u1ef7 hay \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hay kh\u00f4ng. Trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o cho c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.sangdaotrongdoi.vn\/fr\/phat-giao-voi-kinh-te<\/a><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.sangdaotrongdoi.vn\/story\/nen-tang-kinh-te-hoc-phat-giao-tue-sy<\/a><\/p>\n

Th\u00edch Tu\u1ec7 S\u1ef9<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1c\u00a0(d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh t\u00f3m t\u1eaft)<\/em><\/p>\n

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Th\u1edf, c\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac trong c\u01a1n l\u1ed1c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh<\/span><\/b>Th\u00edch Nh\u1eadt T\u1eeb<\/span><\/b><\/center><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u00a0<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

H\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o \u201cX\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 doanh nghi\u1ec7p th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp\u201d v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0110\u1ea3ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 Th\u1eddi b\u00e1o Kinh t\u1ebf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u00f4m nay (22\/2), t\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf S\u00f3c S\u01a1n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. VnEconomy xin tr\u00edch gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u b\u00e0i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u00edch Nh\u1eadt T\u1eeb, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o n\u00e0y.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua c\u01a1n lao \u0111ao, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

\u0110ang thu\u1eadn bu\u1ed3m xu\u00f4i gi\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty r\u01a1i v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh ti\u1ebfn tho\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nan. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i sang nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7m c\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i chi ph\u00ed qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn trong khi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u00edt ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 h\u01a1n…<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i suy tho\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf, do kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 vui s\u1ed1ng, nhi\u1ec1u gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t ho\u00e0, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o kh\u1ed5 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1. Ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n hay quay l\u01b0ng v\u1edbi ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p. Xem th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3 m\u1eb7c n\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ecb chai l\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed7i \u0111au.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n, m\u1edbi gi\u00fap ta t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng b\u1ebf t\u1eafc v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.
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\nNhu c\u1ea7u th\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddi<\/b><\/p>\n

Doanh nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng ki\u1ec1m to\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea3i. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp bu\u00f4ng x\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u00e1p l\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng qua \u201cth\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d trong ch\u00ednh ni\u1ec7m s\u1ebd gi\u00fap doanh nh\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n, kh\u00f4ng lo ng\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

T\u0129nh t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh qua ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh ni\u1ec7m trong \u201cth\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddi.\u201d Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5t m\u1ea5y ph\u00fat \u201cth\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kho\u1ebb h\u01a1n, s\u1ea3ng kho\u00e1i h\u01a1n, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1p l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp h\u00edt th\u1edf v\u00e0 n\u1edf n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1i. Th\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n. C\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i g\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

Kh\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng, v\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i t\u1edbi trong kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1p l\u1ef1c. \u0110i v\u1edbi h\u01a1i th\u1edf, th\u1edf v\u1edbi n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng suy ngh\u0129, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng, l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00fap ta v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nhi\u1ec1u \u00e1p l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

Lo \u00e2u, phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ta qu\u00ean h\u1ebft v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng quanh ta, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n.
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\nTh\u1edf – cu\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/b><\/p>\n

S\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m n\u1ebfu ta ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i bon chen, b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n, ta m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp th\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/p>\n

Th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o, m\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, ta n\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp th\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddi. Thay v\u00ec than th\u1edf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng, ta h\u00e3y th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp th\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 mang h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, hay ch\u00ed \u00edt kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho ta kh\u1ed5 \u0111au nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ebf t\u1eafc hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Th\u1edf kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho th\u00e2n t\u00e2m. \u0110ang khi m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n, h\u01a1i th\u1edf nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ta l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, theo \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1n c\u00e2n qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

C\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n c\u00e1c c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. C\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt mang l\u1ea1i ni\u1ec1m vui t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi tha nh\u00e2n. Ta th\u1eed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c chung, ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi, g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng nh\u0103n nh\u00f3, c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ta s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng theo. H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp th\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i khoan thai, kh\u00f4ng g\u1ea5p g\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00e1 ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p. \u00dd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 r\u0169 b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi s\u1ea7u lo.<\/p>\n

Th\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, gi\u00fap ta gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 t\u00ednh b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng hay th\u00f3i quen \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, gi\u00fap ta t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng, tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y sung l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1eafm.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i ng\u1ee7, s\u00e1ng s\u1edbm th\u1ee9c d\u1eady, nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng kh\u1eafc gi\u1ea3i lao gi\u1eefa gi\u1edd, th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1edd chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i ng\u1ee7, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n d\u00e0nh 5 ph\u00fat t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u01b0 th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a th\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n m\u00ecnh nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh y\u00ean.<\/p>\n

H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cao si\u00eau, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i r\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb quanh ta, \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u00f9ng ta, trong ta, \u0111\u00f4i l\u00fac, v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh ni\u1ec7m, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c ta ch\u01b0a tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ni\u1ec7m, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i, nh\u01b0 gi\u00f3 v\u1eabn th\u1ed5i, th\u00f4ng v\u1eabn reo, su\u1ed1i v\u1eabn ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0 tr\u0103m s\u00f4ng tu\u00f4n v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3, bao \u0111\u1eddi v\u1eabn th\u1ebf. H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng, l\u1edbn hay nh\u1ecf, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n do t\u00e2m ta c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c hay hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t n\u00f3. H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t khi t\u00e2m ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n trong s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh y\u00ean. T\u00e2m an th\u00ec th\u00e2n an. Th\u00e2n t\u00e2m an th\u00ec h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n

B\u00ed quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac l\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi lo ng\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean trong c\u1ea1nh tranh kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng, doanh nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i lao v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, chia s\u1ebb. V\u0103n ho\u00e1 doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea1nh tranh l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.
\n
\nCh\u00ednh ni\u1ec7m trong khi \u0111i<\/b><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 th\u00f3i quen \u0111i, \u0111\u1ee9ng, n\u1eb1m, ng\u1ed3i, \u0103n, u\u1ed1ng, ng\u1ee7 ngh\u0129, n\u00f3i, c\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ta quan t\u00e2m b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh ni\u1ec7m, h\u01a1i th\u1edf v\u00e0 n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec3 ta s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

T\u1eadp \u0111i t\u1ea3n b\u1ed9 v\u1edbi h\u01a1i th\u1edf ch\u00ednh ni\u1ec7m trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian tho\u00e1ng m\u00e1t, c\u1ecf xanh, m\u00e2y tr\u1eafng, tr\u1eddi quang \u0111\u00e3ng, nh\u01b0 \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng qu\u00ea y\u00ean t\u0129nh, s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb thi\u1ec1n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u00ec ngo\u00e0i s\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9ng du, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e2m du ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i, \u0111ang khi th\u00e2n th\u00ec \u0111ang c\u1ea5t b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng. C\u00e1ch \u0111i thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec1u, t\u00e2m th\u1ec3 m\u1ecfi m\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 n\u00edu k\u00e9o, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai chi ph\u1ed1i. \u00dd th\u1ee9c r\u00f5, m\u1ed7i b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2n \u0111i, ta \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n nh\u1ea5t, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

\u0110i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, nh\u1ecbp th\u1edf \u0103n v\u1edbi nh\u1ecbp ch\u00e2n, ch\u1eadm r\u00e3i, khoan thai, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00e2u th\u00fac, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp ch\u00ednh ni\u1ec7m trong \u0111\u1ee9ng, n\u1eb1m v\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ta thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac trong ta trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. Theo \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn ngay trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c n\u00e0y.
\n
\nCh\u00ednh ni\u1ec7m trong suy ngh\u0129<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eebng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t khi ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec7n nghi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i suy ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3, ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac nh\u01b0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i. H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t khi ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho d\u00f2ng tham \u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, bi\u1ebft h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ta \u0111ang c\u00f3, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u. Tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho ta lu\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1. C\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n. Ni\u1ec1m vui v\u1edbi h\u01a1i th\u1edf v\u00e0 n\u1ee5 c\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi ta trong \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, gi\u1eadn d\u1eef, b\u1ef1c d\u1ecdc, b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf b\u1ea1n. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1 v\u1edbi tha nh\u00e2n. Th\u1edf th\u1eadt s\u00e2u v\u00e0 nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m l\u1eafng d\u1ecbu ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u0103m s\u00f3c b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n, lo l\u1eafng, ho\u00e0i nghi chinh ph\u1ee5c b\u1ea1n. D\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u00e2m ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh th\u1ea3n v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh y\u00ean. C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a phi\u1ec1n n\u00e3o s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1. \u00c1m \u1ea3nh, lo l\u1eafng, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh ni\u1ec7m trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh ni\u1ec7m trong h\u00e0nh vi<\/b>
\n<\/b>
\nTrong khi \u0103n, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m tr\u00ed b\u1ecb qu\u1eabn quanh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, n\u1ed7i \u0111au l\u00e0m \u00e1m \u1ea3nh. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0103n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1ed9i v\u00e3 nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y \u0111ang xoay l\u00faa. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0103n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng h\u00fap, ti\u1ebfng nhai \u1ed3n \u00e0o. C\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn t\u1eebng m\u00f3n \u0103n nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111ang l\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafm nhi\u1ec5m trong h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ng\u00e3 t\u01b0, \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e8n v\u00e0ng, h\u00e3y thong th\u1ea3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i; \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u1ecf, d\u1eebng h\u1eb3n. \u0110\u1eebng t\u1ecf ra n\u00f3ng ru\u1ed9t. H\u00e3y t\u1eadp m\u1ec9m c\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u1ecf, th\u1edf tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 n\u00f3. \u0110\u1eebng qu\u00e1 b\u1eadn t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfm t\u1eebng con s\u1ed1 gi\u00e2y tr\u00f4i qua, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3ng l\u00f2ng ch\u1ea1y. \u0110\u1eebng s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb k\u1eb9t xe, tr\u1ec5 gi\u1edd, \u0111\u1ebfn mu\u1ed9n, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u00e2u th\u00fac b\u1edfi ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

Trong khi ch\u1edd \u0111\u00e8n xanh, h\u00e3y ng\u1ea3 l\u01b0ng ra sau, h\u00edt th\u1edf nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e8n \u0111\u1ecf n\u00e0o \u0111ang b\u1eaft m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i. Ta d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i th\u1edf nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n.<\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt gi\u00fap ta t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp th\u1edf v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00fap ta th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1ed1ng thi\u1ec1n qua sinh ho\u1ea1t th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n:\u00a0http:\/\/www.vneconomy.vn\/20090222110121875P0C5\/tho-cuoi-va-hanh-phuc-trong-con-loc-khung-hoang-tai-chinh.htm<\/b><\/i><\/p>\n

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T\u1eeb t\u00e2m linh t\u1edbi v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n kinh t\u1ebf<\/big><\/big><\/big><\/strong><\/span><\/center><\/div>\n
Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u00f3a<\/big><\/span><\/center><\/div>\n
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Trong n\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n t\u1eebng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i tranh lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, kinh t\u1ebf s\u1eed gia \u1edf \u00c2u M\u1ef9. S\u1ef1 tranh lu\u1eadn \u1ea5y xoay quanh \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a Max Weber trong “Protestantism and Capitalism” (th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20). Theo Weber, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Calvin-ngu\u1ed3n su\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Th\u1ec7-ph\u1ea3n-gi\u00e1o ( Protestant ) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i cho s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i: ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9. \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a phe ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 Werner Sombart, cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Calvin ra \u0111\u1eddi. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf nh\u00e0 th\u1edd Gia t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 \u00c2u ch\u00e2u v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Thomas Aquinas v\u1ec1 “s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng” \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0 -b\u1ea3n-kinh-t\u1ebf. T\u1ea1i sao c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i “h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u00f3a” ? Sombart tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7y “ph\u00e9p t\u1eafc v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng” \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i suy ngh\u0129, t\u1ef1 x\u00e9t, c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf thi\u00ean kh\u1ea3i, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Tinh th\u1ea7n “duy l\u00fd” \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt (Tuy nhi\u00ean ta n\u00ean ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t tinh th\u1ea7n “duy l\u00fd” n\u1ea7y r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n duy l\u00fd c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 duy th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o). Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 khi m\u1ed9t linh m\u1ee5c n\u00f3i v\u1edbi con chi\u00ean : t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh kinh “kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ham mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi”, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u \u1ea5y nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u01a1 ng\u01a1i, b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u cho phe \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 l\u00e0 Ernst Troeltsch \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi Weber tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n Th\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, h\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

Trong ph\u1ea1m vi b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 nhg\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai h\u1ecdc, \u0111a s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n kinht \u1ebf \u1ecf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u M\u1ef9, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 v\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1ecd t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cao trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn.<\/p>\n

Gi\u0169a th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 60, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gia v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft “h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5” (Convergence) nh\u01b0 Herman Kahn (M\u1ef9) \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n s\u1ebd d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u00f3a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 m\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1eadp trung. \u1ede c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (social welfare).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng, l\u1ea7n h\u1ed3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u1eebng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean qua \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 xa c\u00e1c l\u1eddi ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n. (t\u1ec9nh l\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n). V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf: \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 huy t\u1eadp trung t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam mu\u1ed1n c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0-b\u1ea3n-h\u00f3a gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p (m\u1ed9t “undertaker” qua h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u01b0-b\u1ea3n-nh\u00e0-th\u1edd th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, hay m\u1ed9t Entrepreneur c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i) v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ! T\u1ea1i sao ? – c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t “c\u01a1 s\u1edf tinh th\u1ea7n’ v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m linh \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 trong s\u1ea1ch. Tham lam v\u00e0 \u00edch k\u1ef7 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1eaft c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c doanh th\u01b0\u01a1ng, h\u1ecd thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng. Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u00e1i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u0169ng k\u1ebb hy sinh t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f3 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00ean \u0111i nh\u1eefng c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong th\u1eddi b\u00ecnh. T\u1ef1 \u00e1i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c) c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u00f2n, khi “\u0111\u1ee9c tin” v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00f2n; nh\u01b0ng khi th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng “kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sai l\u1ea7m” (infallibility) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed t\u00ecm t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 s\u1eb3n v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb che khu\u1ea5t h\u01a1n tr\u0103m n\u0103m: \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt \u0111i song song v\u1edbi s\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ? C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o bi quan, y\u1ebfm th\u1ebf, xa r\u1eddi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00ednh trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ? Ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed \u0111i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u00fd ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 h\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh tan c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn c\u0169.<\/p>\n

– Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, t\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt ?<\/p>\n

\u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u1edbn: Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ea1o Cao \u0110\u00e0i, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o, Gia t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u1ea1o Tin l\u00e0nh (hay g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1ea3n th\u1ec7 Gia t\u00f4) m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1911, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u00e8n \u00e9p v\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00edn l\u00fd b\u1ea5t dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 cai tr\u1ecb x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, l\u00fac th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i nh\u1ea5t v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. D\u1eef ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn b\u00e9n nh\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng: n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00edn l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c th\u1ea7n, thi\u1ebfu c\u01a1 s\u1edf thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh, qua s\u1ef1 mua cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Vi\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0ng Tin L\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta suy ngh\u0129, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong gi\u1edbi thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean. Cao \u0110\u00e0i v\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o l\u00e0 hai t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba, mang s\u1eafc th\u00e1i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, n\u00ean ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngang t\u1ea7m qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 Gia t\u00f4 La m\u00e3 gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 “s\u1eed h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o”, th\u00ec t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1eeb h\u01a1n b\u1ed1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. X\u00e9t theo l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac Ph\u00e1p \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn nay, t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Gia t\u00f4 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t con s\u1ed1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n kho\u1ea3ng b\u1ed1n tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi (c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn 8 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi). Ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: Trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 Gia t\u00f4 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a), Gia t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o qua c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, l\u1ebd ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea3i theo \u0111\u1ea1o h\u1ec7t th\u1ea3y, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n, th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng “\u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i” t\u1eeb giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ?. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n trong cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00ea li\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f2n c\u00f3 l\u00fd do ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, ch\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n theo \u0111\u1ea1o ? (Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a An Nam ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0 b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u00edt h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi hai v\u00f9ng b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00fd do gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i Gia t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang (ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n dung d\u1ecb nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t y\u00eau \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m r\u1ec3 tinh th\u1ea7n “\u0111\u1ea1o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c” trong n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u “kh\u00f4ng may” cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m linh n\u00e0y. (\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c Gia t\u00f4 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn trong l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn: v\u1eeba ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn v\u1eeba ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn: \u0111\u1ea1o d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o Gia t\u00f4 h\u00f3a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c).<\/p>\n

C\u1ed1t l\u00f5i t\u00e2m linh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n b\u00e1m r\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4 b\u1ed3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t ni\u1ec1m ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh, t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u00e1i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecd t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u00edn l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh cu\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t, si m\u00ea c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Tinh th\u1ea7n b\u00e1m r\u1ec3 \u1ea5y n\u00f3i n\u00f4m na l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt. Cho n\u00ean s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf tinh th\u1ea7n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1 t\u00ednh, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ti\u00ean ki\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o).<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0i \u00fd ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf tinh th\u1ea7n tinh th\u1ea7n (\u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt) cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng:<\/p>\n

1. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ba v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt<\/big><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Hai, tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Ba, \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u1edbi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t. Do \u0111\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ngh\u00e8o: \u0111\u00f3i \u0103n rau, \u0111au u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c gia theo m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, s\u1ebd b\u1ecb l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c ngo\u1ea1i bang. M\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u00ednh th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt ti\u00eau tan.<\/p>\n

+ Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t: \u0110\u00e0nh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i theo m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7. Trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, n\u00f4 n\u1ee9c v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi, t\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp, c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 thi tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh th\u00edch nghi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

+ Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft hai: Tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u1ed1n d\u1ee9t tuy\u1ec7t t\u00ednh tham s\u00e2n si, b\u1edfi tham s\u00e2n si l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tham b\u1ea5t ch\u00e1nh. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, tham hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng h\u00e3nh ti\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tham ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 21 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19. Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cu\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i, qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec1n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean.<\/p>\n

+ Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ba: \u1ede Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean c\u00e1c giai t\u1ea7ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m linh. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n sinh h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c, ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ef1a nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 giang s\u01a1n g\u1ea5m v\u00f3c. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ebf quan t\u1ecfa c\u1ea3ng, \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda quanh n\u0103m. T\u00ednh bao dung c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1edbi, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kinh t\u1ebf nhu y\u1ebfu, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cao, s\u1ed1ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c trong s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1ee3i c\u1ed9ng sinh. M\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt vui t\u01b0\u01a1i, y\u00eau \u0111\u1eddi, sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft ti\u00eau th\u1ee5. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean… \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh bao dung n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c !<\/p>\n

2. T\u00ednh l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/big><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. L\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, hay n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1c kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u. L\u00e0m gi\u00e0u nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt. L\u00e0m gi\u00e0u ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng, t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o ch\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong t\u1ee9 di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ta v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp ng\u01b0\u1eddi: Sinh, L\u00e3o, B\u1ec7nh, T\u1eed. Nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

3. T\u00ednh trung \u0111\u1ea1o<\/strong><\/big><\/span><\/p>\n

Tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 “kh\u00f4ng th\u00e1i qu\u00e1, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp”. T\u00ednh trung \u0111\u1ea1o bi\u1ebft tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi tr\u1ea1ng hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1c \u0111oan. T\u00ednh trung \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, b\u1edfi l\u1ebd ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, v\u00ec trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u1edf c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda sai, thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. \u0110i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta lo ng\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e1u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

Werner Sombart, m\u1ed9t kinh t\u1ebf s\u1eed gia \u0110\u1ee9c cho r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n \u00c2u ch\u00e2u \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, khi c\u1ed5 v\u1ecf cho t\u00ednh ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m (economy) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u1ed1n t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh t\u1eeb liberalistas \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch trung dung kinh t\u1ebf gi\u1eefa hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng c\u1ef1c tham v\u00e0 t\u00ednh phung ph\u00ed qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9. N\u00f3i r\u00f5 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0 chi ti\u00eau. Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, t\u00ednh trung \u0111\u1ea1o trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 doanh th\u01b0\u01a1ng , k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 gia, qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng ngi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t trong c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, theo s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i t\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

4. T\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c<\/strong><\/big><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1o ph\u1eadt khuy\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean tin v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u, kh\u00f4ng v\u1ecbn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp \u0111i, l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng b\u00fat t\u00edch… Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn, t\u1ea1o cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do, khai ph\u00f3ng v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy. T\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 duy n\u1ea9y sinh ra nh\u1eefng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1eafc m\u1eafc t\u1ea1o n\u00ean t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd trong l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Khi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh theo quy lu\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u00ean li\u1ec7u, s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c khoa h\u1ecdc. M\u1ed1i li\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 h\u1eefu c\u01a1 gi\u1eefa t\u00ednh-h\u1ee3p-l\u00fd-h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n duy tu\u1ec7 th\u1ecb nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd linh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a, hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng h\u00f3a trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

6. T\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng sinh<\/strong><\/big><\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7t nghi\u1ec7p. Khi ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn tha nh\u00e2n th\u00ec bi\u1ec7t nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u00edch k\u1ef7, t\u1ecb hi\u1ec1m n\u1eefa m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00f2a \u0111i\u1ec7u trong c\u1ed9ng nghi\u1ec7p chung. Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f4ng ty… t\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng sinh s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn ban qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f4m nay l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh cho ng\u00e0y mai, mang l\u1ea1i ti\u1ec7n nghi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho c\u1ea3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

7. T\u00ednh th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/strong><\/big><\/span><\/p>\n

Tri-t\u00fac-h\u00e0nh trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 soi x\u00e9t, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u. D\u00f9ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cho t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m xen l\u1ea5n v\u00e0o. M\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec3m trong t\u01b0- nhi\u1ebfp-ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed c\u1ed1 l\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e9t th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n n\u00e0y trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb s\u1ebd nh\u1eb9 b\u1edbt c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1c v\u00ec hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i h\u00e0nh, n\u00ean t\u1ef1 coi m\u00ecnh b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t t\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 huy, m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u00ec hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i h\u00e0nh, n\u00ean c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, kh\u00f4ng m\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc, tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n, ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00f4 c\u1edb.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1m k\u1ebft<\/strong><\/big><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0a ra 7 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n tr\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat t\u1ec9a v\u00e0 suy nghi\u1ec7m t\u1eeb c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p, t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tru\u1eddng (t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n) \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tham v\u1ecdng l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m trong t\u1ea7m tay c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hay kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 “\u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e3o” c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u1ebfu suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00fang, \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng \u0111\u00fang s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i, b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp, tri\u1ec3n khai sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ebd l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi chau m\u00e0y, v\u00ec hai l\u1ebd: t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n. V\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ec7 tr\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebb ra s\u1ebd l\u00e0m b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam. V\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng kinh t\u1ebf t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u00fd do th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i thi\u1ebfu h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u1eaft c\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7. Nh\u01b0ng qua s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ly v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf tinh th\u1ea7n h\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

Ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi c\u00f9ng, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn xem c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia trong v\u00f9ng bi\u1ec3n Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Nam H\u00e0n, H\u1ed3ng K\u00f4ng, \u0110\u00e0i Loan, T\u00e2n Gia Ba, Th\u00e1i Lan, Nam D\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o cho h\u1ecd \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5t c\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1 nhanh. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean s\u1ed1ng trong tinh th\u1ea7n ho\u00e0i c\u1ed5, khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong c\u1ea3nh \u0103n ngon, m\u1eb7c sang, nh\u01b0ng trong n\u1ebfp ngh\u0129 ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u00e2n l\u1ea5m tay b\u00f9n b\u00ean con tr\u00e2u v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfc c\u00e0y. Gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 mang l\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m g\u1ea1o rau m\u1eafm mu\u1ed1i ? Nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt. N\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng duy v\u1eadt. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u00e2m linh v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00e2m linh T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m cho b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p, l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 doanh th\u01b0\u01a1ng (Entrepreneur) th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, mang l\u1ea1i \u01a1n \u00edch v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Th\u1ea5y \u0111u\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng x\u00f3a b\u1ecf tinh th\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7, t\u1ef1 ti \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng nhau h\u00e3nh ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n H\u00f3a<\/div>\n
(Vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y 18\/10\/2000)<\/div>\n

http:\/\/www.buddhismtoday.com\/viet\/kinhte\/001-vannan.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

================================================================<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 Kinh T\u1ebf<\/strong><\/big><\/big><\/span><\/center><\/div>\n
GS. Minh Chi<\/strong><\/big><\/span><\/center><\/div>\n
\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a khoa ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf (\u00e9conom\u00e9trie) l\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Edward Denison tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng, v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u00ec sao t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m 50 v\u00e0 60 l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng th\u00fa nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 70.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c1 \u0111ang d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt, Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, \u0110\u00e0i Loan, H\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ea3ng, Sin-ga-po, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Th\u00e1i Lan v\u00e0 Sri Lanka (n\u1ebfu k\u1ec3 ri\u00eang c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb). Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m g\u00ec 9 n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y \u00c2u, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc g\u00ec? Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3? C\u00f3 n\u00e9t g\u00ec chung gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang?<\/span><\/p>\n

I. \u0110I\u1ec2M QUA NH\u1eeeNG Y\u1ebeU T\u1ed0, KH\u1ea2 D\u0128 \u0110\u1ea8Y M\u1ea0NH PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N KINH T\u1ebe\u00a0 \u1ede C\u00c1C N\u01af\u1edaC “CON R\u1ed2NG CH\u00c2U \u00c1”<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u01b0? C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5y r\u1ebb m\u1ea1t ch\u0103ng? Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n trung b\u00ecnh cao nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u00c1 Phi (h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Phi Ch\u00e2u).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc? C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i, \u1edf Nh\u1eadt, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c doanh, nh\u01b0ng H\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ea3ng l\u1ea1i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf r\u1ea5t tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ebf tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi doanh thu l\u00e0 15%, v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 can thi\u1ec7p m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang ngh\u00e8o m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u00e0 \u1edf.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi trang b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u0169 k\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i trong chi\u1ebfn tranh. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c? Ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ecd t\u00e2n trang l\u1ea1i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 du nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y? Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c \u1edf \u00c1 Phi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 du nh\u1eadp k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n!<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u00e1n ph\u00e1 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i?<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u00e1n ph\u00e1 gi\u00e1 (dumping) ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, n\u1ebfu gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean sau khi \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i? Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, M\u1ef9 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nhi\u1ec1u cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf giao th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c \u1edf \u0110\u00e0i Loan, M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 nhi\u1ec1u cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty Anh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a H\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Sin-ga-po. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec sao c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i d\u1eadm ch\u00e2n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7?<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng, nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, t\u1ea1o ra nhu c\u1ea7u l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng?<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1edbi 105 tri\u1ec7u, c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u1eafm nh\u01b0 Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u1edbi 35 tri\u1ec7u, \u0110\u00e0i Loan v\u1edbi 16 tri\u1ec7u, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00edt d\u00e2n nh\u01b0 H\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi 4 tri\u1ec7u 5 (4,5 tri\u1ec7u), Sin-ga-po v\u1edbi 2,5 tri\u1ec7u.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p?<\/span><\/p>\n

\u1ede c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng x\u1ea3y ra qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thu h\u00fat nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u1eeb n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n?<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf?<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhau r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. T\u1eeb n\u1ec1n qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn khuynh h\u1eefu \u1edf Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n, l\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 khuynh t\u1ea3 \u1edf Sin-ga-po, c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n \u1edf Nam Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i Loan (do hai n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb x\u00e2m l\u0103ng), v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba kh\u00e1 t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a H\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u1ea3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed g\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n? Nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed g\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 duy\u1ec7t qua t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.\u00a0C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, n\u00e9t chung c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o,<\/i>\u00a0l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o Kh\u1ed5ng \u1edf Trung Hoa, Th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf Nh\u1eadt, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng n\u00e9t chung x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t cho n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1eefu quan l\u00e0\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o<\/i>.<\/span><\/p>\n

II. PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O V\u00c0 KINH T\u1ebe:<\/span><\/p>\n

Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, n\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1i t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, n\u1ed9i qu\u00e1n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng ngo\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, tinh th\u1ea7n x\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng xu\u1ea5t gia tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n nh\u1eadp th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng ham mu\u1ed1n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec7n nghi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n; s\u1ef1 an t\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng; \u00fd th\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 v\u00e0ng ng\u1ecdc v.v…<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00ean l\u00e0 Tin L\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Tin L\u00e0nh s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1m b\u1ea1c, ch\u1ec9 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi Ch\u00faa, ch\u1ec9 mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i. V\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u phong ki\u1ebfn, c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh ng\u00e0y nay.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u0103n h\u00f3a, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh\u00a0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1 cao cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1m b\u1ea1c, tri t\u00fac, tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh quan tr\u1ecdng, tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, s\u1ef1 hy sinh cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung, t\u00ednh duy l\u00fd, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian, v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, ni\u1ec1m tin \u1edf s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng trao truy\u1ec1n kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u00fd th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng xem ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cao nh\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0. Mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m v\u1ed1n. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m v\u1ed1n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 Tin L\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1m b\u1ea1c, tri t\u00fac, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t si\u00eang n\u0103ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1m b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/span><\/p>\n

Y\u00d9 th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi\u00a0t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i<\/i>\u00a0khi\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o h\u01a1n, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7, n\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o quen thu\u1ed9c\u00e4. Trong cu\u1ed1n “\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Tin L\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a T\u01b0 b\u1ea3n”, Max Weber \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u00f5 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n Tin L\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o th\u1ea5y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u k\u00ednh, l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch. V\u00e0 M\u00e1c trong cu\u1ed1n “G\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc” c\u0169ng vi\u1ebft:<\/span><\/p>\n

“M\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c s\u1ebd v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu ho\u1ea1ch l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn”<\/span><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0\u00a0\u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi,<\/i>\u00a0khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a, v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n m\u00ecnh. H\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi r\u1ea5t ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f3 nh\u1ecdc.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u00f4ng xem c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p m\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 hy sinh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 xem m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m (immanent), trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p Nh\u1eadt, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u:<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n r\u1ea5t m\u1ef1c trung th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u1edbi x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n ch\u1ecbu gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0103n c\u00f3 l\u00e3i, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 1\/3 s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi (t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb), x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p s\u0103n s\u00f3c m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1eddi t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, s\u0103n s\u00f3c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam gi\u1edd t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n, s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 th\u00f4i…<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf Nh\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c, th\u00f4ng qua t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh. C\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong T\u0103ng gi\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng v\u1eady, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean T\u0103ng gi\u00e0 t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecfi, n\u1ebfu v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00ec l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tham d\u1ef1, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1eddi T\u0103ng s\u0129 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n \u1edf g\u1ea7n tham gia th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, l\u00e0m r\u00f5 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ed3i b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi th\u00f4i. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 l\u1eafm trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb T\u0103ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 do T\u0103ng gi\u00e0 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1edfi m\u1edf, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 c\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n tham d\u1ef1, th\u00ec c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n h\u01a1n, nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ea1nh tranh, ganh \u0111ua m\u00e0 l\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn hay, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi. Richard Tanner Pascale, trong cu\u1ed1n “Zen and the art of management” vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng trong m\u1ed9t x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ea5p ba l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 huy v\u00e0 ra l\u1ec7nh. \u00d4ng ta nghe, g\u1ee3i \u00fd, cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 so v\u1edbi x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u01a1c t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u00c2u M\u1ef9, quan h\u1ec7 trong c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u01a1n, h\u00e0i h\u00f2a h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5, c\u00e1nh k\u00e9o gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u1edbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n l\u00e0 4,3 so v\u1edbi 7,1 \u1edf M\u1ef9, n\u0103m 1970.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u00fap cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0\u00a0t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/i>\u00a0gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt d\u1ec5 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfn xa h\u01a1n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a H\u00e9raclite, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n\u00a0ph\u1ea3i<\/i>\u00a0thay \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed th\u00e1ch, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu. Ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5i ngh\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u1ea3 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng hoan ngh\u00eanh. N\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y trong nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan l\u00e0\u00a0s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n<\/i>\u00a0khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1i \u0111a, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i \u0111a, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u00ed do c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng:\u00a0s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 r\u1ebb<\/i>\u00a0c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00ec h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 r\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0\u00a0ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3<\/i>, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n hay k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u0103ng l\u00ean r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. Ngay khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u00e3i c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eebng g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i l\u1edbn cho x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. K\u1ebb th\u00f9 s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 minh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u hay hi\u1ec3u sai. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng v\u1eady, h\u1ecd xem h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi, b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. C\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, khi xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t. Sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y \u00ec ra \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ng\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u00e1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. \u1ede M\u1ef9, con c\u00e1i c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Trung Hoa, Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed phong ki\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u0111\u1ea1o Gia T\u00f4 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u00ec tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt c\u1edfi m\u1edf h\u01a1n, duy l\u00fd h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 l\u1ea5y thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 S\u1eed h\u1ecdc, th\u00ec ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia thu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1i Kh\u1eafc K\u1ef7 (stoiciens) \u1edf C\u1eadn \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 du nh\u1eadp thuy\u1ebft Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp thu m\u1ecdi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh\u00a0kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u<\/i>. Ph\u1eadt tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: Ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch (analyste) (Kinh Soubha s\u1ed1 99|)<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0\u00a0kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh<\/i>, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m bao nhi\u00eau l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gi\u1edd v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c, d\u00e0nh cho t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. T\u00ednh th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ti\u1ebfn xa t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7\u00a0bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t<\/i>. (Tri h\u00e0nh h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t). \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng phi nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean (non-dualiste) c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y, c\u1ee7a minh s\u01b0 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00f4ng th\u1ea7y s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed, trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Trong x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n c\u0169ng v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t th\u1ee3 c\u1ea3 hay k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf r\u1ea5t \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, n\u1ec1 n\u1ebfp t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n r\u00f5 n\u00e9t trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i t\u01b0 duy, l\u1ed1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u00e1t huy t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea1o Kh\u1ed5ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ea1o Kh\u1ed5ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 cha con v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y tr\u00f2 trong ph\u1ea1m vi x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p, hay l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra \u00fd th\u1ee9c trung th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y chung c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ch\u1eebng \u1ea5y m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n nay, \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, kinh t\u1ebf \u0111ang d\u1eadm ch\u00e2n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111ang k\u00e9o d\u00e0i. N\u00ean h\u1ecdc \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh. \u0110\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng sai, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf. C\u00f2n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c con r\u1ed3ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c1, th\u00ec nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y trong b\u00e0i n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 t\u00e2m linh v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng cho ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Tuy \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0n chuy\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta l\u01b0u t\u00e2m, suy ng\u1eabm. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, trong khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t coi nh\u1eb9 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. C\u00f2n s\u1ed1 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m hay l\u00e0 \u00edt quan t\u00e2m.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi – k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, nh\u1eb1m t\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u00e2u g\u00f3p b\u1eb1ng b\u00e0n tay \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 con dao hai l\u01b0\u1ee1i, s\u1ebd gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u1ef7 ph\u00fa M\u1ef9, J. Lynn, sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Rajarsi Janakananda, khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7 trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc Yoga \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9: \u00d4ng n\u00f3i: “Khi t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 (tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ef7 ph\u00fa), th\u00ec t\u00f4i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tha h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. T\u00f4i t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n s\u1ebd \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho t\u00f4i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0m t\u00f4i th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ea7n kinh kh\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m lo \u00e2u, kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh”.. Cho t\u1edbi khi t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p Paramahansa Yogananda v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eadp Yoga v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i Paramahansa Yogananda. V\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n, an t\u1ecbnh, h\u1ef7 l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c an to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, n\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u00e0i n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n sinh, n\u1ebfu xem \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u k\u00ednh, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tha h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ca ng\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, trong Kinh Kutadanta (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 Kinh) v\u00e0 Kinh “Chuy\u1ec3n lu\u00e2n th\u00e1nh v\u01b0\u01a1ng tu h\u00e0nh” (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m), Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n tr\u1eeb n\u1ea1n gi\u1eb7c c\u01b0\u1edbp v\u00e0 tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp th\u00ec d\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t hay l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Qua v\u1ecb B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ebf, \u1edf tri\u1ec1u vua Mahavijita, Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecdn gi\u1eb7c c\u01b0\u1edbp \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec:<\/span><\/p>\n

“Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o trong qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 vua, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c s\u00fac, th\u00ec nh\u00e0 vua h\u00e3y c\u1ea5p cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o trong qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua m\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p, th\u00ec nh\u00e0 vua h\u00e3y c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecd v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o trong qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 vua, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t quan ch\u1ee9c, th\u00ec nh\u00e0 vua h\u00e3y c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m v\u00e0o ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec5u h\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 vua n\u1eefa. V\u00e0 ng\u00e2n qu\u1ef9 nh\u00e0 vua s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an c\u01b0 l\u1ea1c nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tai \u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00e1ch n\u1ea1n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang hoan h\u1ef7 vui v\u1ebb, cho tr\u1ebb con nh\u1ea3y \u0111\u00f9a \u1edf trong l\u00f2ng, v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng”. (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 Kinh. trg 241 – 242)<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, th\u00ec mu\u1ed1n cho n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00ean, ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u an c\u01b0 l\u1ea1c nghi\u1ec7p, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng, ngh\u1ec1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i chung l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ca ng\u1ee3i s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. B\u1edfi v\u00ec, gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u k\u00ednh. C\u1ee9u k\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n t\u00e2m, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7<\/i>. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kinh t\u1ebf d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u qu\u00fd b\u00e1u nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n sinh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, th\u1ecd m\u1ea1ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, dung nhan s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1eb9p v.v… t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Trong kinh “Chuy\u1ec3n lu\u00e2n th\u00e1nh v\u01b0\u01a1ng tu h\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng l\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c T\u1ef7 kheo:<\/span><\/p>\n

“C\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u1ea3i si\u00eang n\u0103ng tu c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n, nh\u1edd tu \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, nhan s\u1eafc th\u1eafm t\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an \u1ed5n, kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c, c\u1ee7a b\u00e1u d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, uy l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7…” (Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m – trg 327. Kinh Chuy\u1ec3n lu\u00e2n Th\u00e1nh v\u01b0\u01a1ng tu h\u00e0nh).<\/span><\/p>\n

* * *<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00fang nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00ec kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh con r\u1ed3ng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c1. M\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac trong m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i sinh, m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd cam t\u00e2m ch\u1ecbu l\u00e0m c\u00e1i b\u00e3i r\u00e1c cho m\u1ed9t T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u00edch k\u1ef7.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta thu h\u00fat v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t, nh\u1eefng kho t\u00e0ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n nay, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 mai sau n\u1eefa, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, th\u1eafm m\u00e0u b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, qua giao l\u01b0u ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kinh t\u1ebf h\u1eb9p h\u00f2i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n v\u00e0 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho l\u01b0u h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i tr\u1ebb, thanh v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t v\u00f4 gi\u00e1, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta – \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee9c \u1edf c\u1ea5p Trung \u01af\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i suy ng\u1eabm v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft theo nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edf c\u1eeda v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1m \u01a1n c\u01b0 s\u0129 B\u00ecnh Anson \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi t\u1eb7ng phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/span><\/center><\/div>\n
http:\/\/www.buddhismtoday.com\/viet\/kinhte\/002-daophatvakinhte.htm<\/a><\/span><\/center>
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KINH T\u1ebe PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O – M\u1ee4C TI\u00caU V\u00c0 PH\u01af\u01a0NG TH\u1ee8C<\/big><\/big><\/span><\/center><\/div>\n
Th\u00edch Huy\u1ec1n Ngu<\/a><\/span><\/center><\/div>\n
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\u00a0Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u00e2u xa l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c s\u1ed1ng sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang sanh. Cho n\u00ean s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, sinh nhai c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y. Trong kinh Tr\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y vua Mah\u00e0vijita r\u1eb1ng: “Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u00e0o trong qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 vua n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c s\u00fac, T\u00f4n v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e3y c\u1ea5p cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt; nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u00e0o trong qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 vua n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nghi\u1ec7p, T\u00f4n v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e3y c\u1ea5p cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0; nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u00e0o trong qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 vua n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c quan ch\u1ee9c, T\u00f4n v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e3y c\u1ea5p cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng. V\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m v\u00e0o ngh\u1ec1 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec5u h\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 vua. V\u00e0 ng\u00e2n qu\u1ef9 nh\u00e0 vua s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an c\u01b0 l\u1ea1c nghi\u1ec7p- Kinh KUTADANA”. T\u1eeb l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, l\u1ebd t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o B\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi tham gia ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, tham gia l\u00e0m kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u00e1m \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00ean k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng tham gia lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 T\u1ed5 B\u00e1ch Tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng(720 \u2013 814) v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m th\u1eddi danh: “m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m, m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0103n”. N\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1eb1ng: th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 tham gia lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf trong ch\u1ed1n Thi\u1ec1n m\u00f4n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, ngay t\u1eeb bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hay l\u00e0m kinh t\u1ebf trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 lu\u00f4n g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p m\u00f4n tu t\u1eadp; xem vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 hay ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng xem vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng T\u0103ng \u0111o\u00e0n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng coi tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m ly d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu quan t\u00e2m hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 chi ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 r\u00f5 n\u00e9t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a GHPGVN n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf trong nh\u00e0 ch\u00f9a n\u00f3i ri\u00eang.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t nam t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 trong suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec ai c\u0169ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong ch\u1ed1n Thi\u1ec1n m\u00f4n. Hi\u1ebfm khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u00e0 coi tr\u1ecdng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd, trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t nam t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy “n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p”; mang t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p, t\u1ef1 t\u00fac, ch\u01b0a d\u00e1m \u0111\u1ec1 ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cao h\u01a1n nhu c\u1ea7u “\u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i”. V\u00ec sao nh\u01b0 v\u1eady? Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc ch\u00ednh \u1edf ch\u1ed5 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau trong khi tham gia ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf?<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo thi\u1ec3n ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t nam, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u01b0a c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0m kinh t\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat hoa l\u1ee3i cho nh\u00e0 ch\u00f9a, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng ch\u00fang th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t theo ki\u1ec3u gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n, mang t\u00ednh th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay th\u00ec t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, n\u1ebfu th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1 ra m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cao h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn th\u1eb7ng d\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u00e1c di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n ho\u00e1, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p cho T\u0103ng Ni sinh du h\u1ecdc\u2026 th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf theo ki\u1ec3u k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng n\u1ed5i. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 mang t\u00ednh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng th\u00ec s\u1ef1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng, gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u01a1n c\u1eed m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb khi xu\u1ea5t gia cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 h\u1ef7 c\u00fang “t\u00f9y t\u00e2m” c\u1ee7a t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng mang t\u00ednh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb ph\u00eda Th\u1ea7y B\u1ed5n s\u01b0, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, mu\u1ed1n kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn, ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh mang t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ngu\u1ed3n kinh ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m \u1edf l\u00f2ng h\u1ea3o t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e1 t\u00e1nh th\u00ec th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n nay, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u1edf c\u01a1 s\u1edf tuy c\u00f3 m\u00e0y m\u00f2 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f3 g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng do kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00ean ch\u01b0a gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau khi tham gia ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb qui m\u00f4, ph\u1ea1m vi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, trong xu th\u1ebf chung c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi, trong kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 V, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 Ch\u01b0 t\u00f4n \u0110\u1ee9c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 Ban Kinh T\u1ebf – T\u00e0i Ch\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i ri\u00eang n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau mang t\u00ednh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u kh\u1ea3 quan cho m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau trong t\u1ea7m tay v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau mang t\u00ednh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c \u1edf ph\u1ea1m vi cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng nhu y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea9m cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng sinh ho\u1ea1t ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho l\u1ec5 nghi, t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau thu\u1ed9c nhu c\u1ea7u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn lao. Ch\u1eb3ng han\u00ef nh\u01b0, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i H\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1edf s\u1edf kinh t\u1ebf r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf \u2013 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i r\u1ea5t cao: nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e1, T\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng, C\u00f4ng ty d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 \u2026vv..( Theo,\u00a0T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/i>, t\u00e2p 2, Nxb. Vi\u1ec7n Th\u00f4ng tin khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, H\u00e0 n\u1ed9i 1997). Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 tham gia s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng m\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7, may m\u1eb7c, m\u1edf c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1, kinh doanh v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ph\u1ea9m\u2026 tuy c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00e1ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n r\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn chung \u0111ang g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ebf t\u1eafc v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i theo ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, thi\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n h\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn v\u00ec \u0110\u1ea1o. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m kinh t\u1ebf, theo ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Ban Kinh T\u1ebf – T\u00e0i Ch\u00e1nh n\u00ean ch\u0103ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kinh doanh c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kinh doanh, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u1ef1 tr\u00f3i m\u00ecnh trong nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf theo ki\u1ec3u v\u1eeba v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau. S\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi ch\u00fang ta d\u00e1m nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh kinh t\u1ebf mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng ho\u00e1 lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh kinh doanh. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1eed l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 du l\u1ecbch v\u0103n ho\u00e1, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c kinh doanh l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ph\u1ea3i d\u00e1m ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, tin h\u1ecdc, in \u1ea5n\u2026<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n mang t\u00ednh t\u1ea7m cao nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec l\u1ebd t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111? x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ed1n. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u1ed5n th\u1ecfa. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, theo ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 d\u00e0nh d\u1ee5m, t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u01a1 s\u1edf, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vay t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c g\u00f3p v\u1ed1n theo theo ki\u1ec3u c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f4ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1eefu t\u00e2m hay \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed; n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u00ec thi\u1ebft ngh\u0129 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ec1 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn, v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 tu s\u0129 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng c\u01b0 s\u0129 ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u00f3 t\u00e2m huy\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng ra \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh. M\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kinh doanh s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u00ednh to\u00e1n “\u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o” v\u00e0 “\u0111\u1ea7u ra” c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c qui lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u2026.s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong nay mai. Cho n\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 s\u1edf kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0m \u0103n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i do ch\u01b0a coi tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 n\u00e0y th\u00ec n\u00ean ch\u0103ng, ch\u00fang ta m\u1eddi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9, kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh am t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c cho n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean kinh t\u1ebf trong gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tinh th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi tham gia ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. V\u00ec nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, khi ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb lung l\u1ea1c, tha h\u00f3a. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc cho c\u00e1c Ban qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c X\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p, C\u00f4ng ty. Cho n\u00ean, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed xu th\u1ebf t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e0 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m v\u01a1i n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n sinh, mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Tham gia ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i t\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 m\u00e0 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y. V\u00ec l\u1ebd, khi l\u00e0m kinh t\u1ebf, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch l\u0169y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i th\u00eam l\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, hay chi\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e1ng, t\u00edch l\u0169y c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, v\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf; Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o Vi\u1ec7t nam c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cho n\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u00ec y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau mang t\u00ednh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi xu th\u1ebf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh qua nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau. M\u1ed9t khi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u kh\u1ea3 quan, ch\u00fang ta tin ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng trong ph\u1ea1m vi nhu c\u1ea7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n, g\u1ea7n g\u0169i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/span><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.buddhismtoday.com\/index\/kinhte.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.buddhismtoday.com\/viet\/kinhte\/kinhte.htm<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

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KINH T\u1ebe V\u00c0 CH\u00cdNH TR\u1eca PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O<\/b>
\nTh\u00edch Nh\u1eadt Hi\u1ebfu<\/p>\n

\"\"D\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 tham v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111em c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ra \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh, ho\u1eb7c \u0111em Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ra minh ch\u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0:”ng\u00f3n tay \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng”[1]<\/a>, ho\u1eb7c chi\u1ebfc b\u00e8 \u0111\u1ec3 sang s\u00f4ng”[2]<\/a>, nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft \u0111em l\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh an cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. V\u1eady, kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb,v.v\u2026 kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu cho r\u1eb1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1i kia, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9 s\u1edd voi! R\u01a1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y sai l\u1ea7m! Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng: “Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i hay con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ed5”[3]<\/a>\u00a0m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

V\u00e2ng! Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t li th\u1ebf gian gi\u00e1c, v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n ban vui c\u1ee9u kh\u1ed5, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ecdi nhu c\u1ea7u khi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft cho m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng nh\u00ecn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m linh. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao qu\u00ed c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1eeb bi, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh[4]<\/a>. Do \u0111\u00f3, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n[5]<\/a>; trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb,v.v… \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i an b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

A. KINH T\u1ebe X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O:<\/b><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i an b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng. Ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng mang l\u1ea1i nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y C\u1ea5p-c\u00f4-\u0111\u1ed9c (An\u0101thapindika), c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho m\u1ed9t C\u01b0 s\u0129:<\/p>\n

a. S\u1edf h\u1eefu l\u1ea1c (Attisukkha): S\u1ef1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac khi c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

b. Th\u1ecd d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea1c (Bhogasukkha): S\u1ef1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac khi th\u1ecd d\u1ee5ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i cho m\u00ecnh, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, b\u00e0 con b\u00e8 b\u1ea1n, nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

c. V\u00f4 tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1c (Ananasukkha): S\u1ef1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n, n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

d. V\u00f4 t\u1ed9i l\u1ea1c (Anmajjasukkha): S\u1ef1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac khi s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

Ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tinh th\u1ea7n. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn: “H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n khi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ec7n”[6]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ho\u1ea1ch to\u00e1n trong vi\u1ec7c thu chi. Ng\u00e0i khuy\u00ean Sig\u0101la: “N\u00ean d\u00f9ng \u00bc l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, \u00bd l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c ph\u00f2ng khi c\u1ea5p n\u1ea1n”[7]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean kinh t\u1ebf m\u01b0u sinh l\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i sinh s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed t\u1ea1i gia ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh[8]<\/a>, xa l\u00e1nh n\u0103m ngh\u1ec1 nu\u00f4i m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p x\u1ea5u nh\u01b0: bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u0169 kh\u00ed, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, nu\u00f4i th\u00fa v\u1eadt cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ebft th\u1ecbt ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ec3, b\u00e1n v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t say v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9c d\u01b0\u1ee3c”[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh, kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: “Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c nh\u01b0 tr\u1ed9m c\u01b0\u1edbp, b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u00f9 h\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 do ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu (d\u0101lliddiya) m\u00e0 ra”[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kinh t\u1ebf an sinh \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh: “Trong qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Vua, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c s\u00fac, T\u00f4n v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e3y cung c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecd h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c; v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia, h\u00e3y cung c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecd v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0; v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan ch\u1ee9c, h\u00e3y cung c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecd l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m v\u00e0o ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec5u h\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Vua, ng\u00e2n qu\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Vua s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ebd an c\u01b0, l\u1ea1c nghi\u1ec7p, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tai \u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00e1ch n\u1ea1n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vui v\u1ebb, cho con nh\u1ea3y l\u00ean ng\u1ef1c, s\u1ed1ng ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng”[11]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc sang thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 III n\u00e0y, n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m ki\u00eau h\u00e3nh chung cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o giai c\u1ea5p qu\u00ed t\u1ed9c, t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n; s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ho\u00e1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t xa gi\u1eefa gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o. V\u1edbi 6 t\u1ef7 d\u00e2n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh y\u00ean: L\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t, b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1, chi\u1ebfn tranh, d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh, thi\u00ean tai\u2026; nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n t\u00e2m v\u00e0 suy tho\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee5c t\u00f9 ng\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p, tham lam, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 si m\u00ea, th\u00ec n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u1eabn c\u00f2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eebng mong g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, mu\u1ed1n cho d\u00e2n y\u00ean th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c doanh d\u1ee5ng, t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf n\u1ea1n th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, bi\u1ebft x\u1ea3 th\u00e2n v\u00ec ngh\u0129a, v\u1ecb tha h\u01a1n v\u1ecb k\u1ec9. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ed3n vinh.<\/p>\n

D\u1ea7u r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb b\u1eadc \u0110\u1ea1o s\u01b0, ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m linh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (kinh t\u1ebf) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ho\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, bi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o quan t\u00e2m t\u1eeb l\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

B. CH\u00cdNH TR\u1eca X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I PH\u1eacT GI\u00c1O:<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/b><\/p>\n

\"\"
\n<\/b><\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i quan t\u00e2m trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec m\u1edbi l\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y tr\u00ean 25 th\u1ebf k\u1ec9. V\u1eady n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u xuy\u00ean qua hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n

I. CH\u00cdNH TR\u1eca PH\u00c1P \u0110\u1ecaNH:<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec, v\u00ec c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn chung.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: “Kh\u00f4ng ban h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng hu\u1ef7 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh, s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh thu\u1edf x\u01b0a”[12]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Theo Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, tr\u1ecb an x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i k\u1ec9 c\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e9p n\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi lo\u1ea1n ly b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p an sinh, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: “N\u00e0y \u0110\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng, qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u tai \u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00e1ch n\u1ea1n; \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby b\u1ecdn c\u01b0\u1edbp \u1ea5p, c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb, c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u1ebfu T\u00f4n v\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3ng thu\u1ebf m\u00e1 m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng sai l\u1ea1c. N\u1ebfu T\u00f4n v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129: Ta h\u00e3y di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb b\u1ecdn gi\u1eb7c c\u1ecf n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng t\u1eed h\u00ecnh, b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7m c\u1ed1, b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea1t v\u1ea1, khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch, t\u1ea9n xu\u1ea5t,\u2026 Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecdn gi\u1eb7c c\u1ecf n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ecdn c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t, sau l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sau \u0111\u00e2y, b\u1ecdn gi\u1eb7c c\u1ecf s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Trong qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Vua, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c s\u00fac, T\u00f4n v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e3y cung c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecd h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c; v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia, h\u00e3y cung c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecd v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0; v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan ch\u1ee9c, h\u00e3y cung c\u1ea5p cho h\u1ecd l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng. Nh\u1eefng ngu\u1eddi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd chuy\u00ean t\u00e2m v\u00e0o ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec5u h\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Vua, ng\u00e2n qu\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Vua s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ebd an c\u01b0, l\u1ea1c nghi\u1ec7p, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tai \u01b0\u01a1ng, \u00e1ch n\u1ea1n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vui v\u1ebb, cho con nh\u1ea3y l\u00ean ng\u1ef1c, s\u1ed1ng ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng”[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng ch\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p l\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o l\u00ean l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea5u tranh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, l\u00e0m x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m t\u01b0 nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n, nh\u1eb1m kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i an b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

“\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gia b\u1ed9c, t\u1ea1p d\u1ecbch, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a tin hay l\u00e0m thu\u00ea, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do\u1ea1 n\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t, b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd than kh\u00f3c v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e0y m\u1eb7t. H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m g\u00ec th\u00ec l\u00e0m, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n,\u2026”[14]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t v\u00e0 si m\u00ea c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 r\u1ed1i ren v\u00e0 t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c mang y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u00edch kh\u1edfi \u00fd th\u1ee9c, ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o sai l\u1ea7m, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 an b\u00ecnh cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ee9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ng\u1ee5y t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ea7y th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c “Kultur” c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c X\u00e3, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c “Samurai” c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u1edf th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 II (1939-1945), l\u00e0m cho 40 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t m\u1ea1ng, thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u di h\u1ea1i sau chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o kh\u01a1i d\u1eady \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu t\u1eadp t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ee9c cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Ni\u1ec1m tin ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u00ean b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, xuy\u00ean qua b\u1ea3n C\u00f4ng Hi\u1ebfn 10 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 do th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh & ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y cho b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c K\u0101lama x\u1ee9\u00a0Kesaputta<\/a>\u00a0(Kesariya Stupa): “Ch\u1edb tin v\u00ec nghe truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft; ch\u1edb tin v\u00ec truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng; ch\u1edb tin v\u00ec nghe ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i; ch\u1edb tin v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh t\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n t\u1ee5ng; ch\u1edb tin v\u00ec nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean l\u00fd lu\u1eadn si\u00eau h\u00ecnh; ch\u1edb tin v\u00ec \u0111\u00fang theo m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng; ch\u1edb tin v\u00ec \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n; ch\u1edb tin v\u00ec ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn; ch\u1edb tin v\u00ec ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb n\u01a1i c\u00f3 uy quy\u1ec1n; ch\u1edb tin v\u00ec v\u1ecb Sa-m\u00f4n l\u00e0 b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng khi n\u00e0o t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 nh\u01b0 sau: C\u00e1c ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i; c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ed ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch; c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac an l\u1ea1c. Th\u1eddi h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 an tr\u00fa”[15]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta c\u1edfi b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 du nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ee5 qua m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1ch v\u1edf, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng tin l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c \u0111oan kh\u00e1c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt tu\u1ec7 tri, th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ecb; th\u1ea5y v\u1edbi nh\u00e3n quan tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 bao dung; \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thanh l\u1ecdc \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, \u0111i v\u00e0o th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n b\u1eebng s\u00e1ng tri ki\u1ebfn, tr\u00e1nh v\u1ecdng ng\u1eef, v\u1ecdng h\u00e0nh,\u2026 gi\u00fap x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00e1nh b\u1edbt b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh, t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

II. CH\u00cdNH TR\u1eca HI\u1ec6P \u0110\u1ecaNH:<\/b><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfn tranh m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1; v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh. V\u00ec r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u00e0o c\u0169ng g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e0n, s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i sinh linh. Th\u1ebf m\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00f4n vinh chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c \u1ea5y l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn[16]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o! V\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb hai nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n: “tham d\u1ee5c” (k\u0101mma) v\u00e0 “t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn” (micchadi\u1e6d\u1e6dha) m\u00e0 ra; n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00ec: kinh t\u1ebf, thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba; s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c, m\u1edbi h\u00f2ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfn tranh. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o x\u01b0a nay v\u1eabn gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh, cho \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 cu\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 si m\u00ea nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1ea1i sao nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec7t vong nh\u01b0 v\u1eady?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: “H\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t ai c\u0169ng s\u1ee3, M\u1ea5t m\u1ea1ng ai c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfp, L\u1ea5y ta suy ra ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Ch\u1edb gi\u1ebft ch\u1edb b\u1ea3o gi\u1ebft”, hay: “H\u1eadn th\u00f9 di\u1ec7t h\u1eadn th\u00f9, \u0110\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, T\u1eeb bi di\u1ec7t h\u1eadn th\u00f9; L\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt ng\u00e0n thu”, v\u00e0: “Chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng sinh th\u00f9 o\u00e1n, Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 \u0111au; S\u1ed1ng t\u1ecbch t\u1ecbnh an l\u1ea1c, B\u1ecf sau m\u1ecdi th\u1eafng b\u1ea1i.”[17]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Khi vua Pasenadi (Ba-t\u01b0-n\u1eb7c) tr\u1ecb v\u00ec v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Kosala (Ki\u1ec1u-t\u1ea5t-la), \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4 t\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh S\u0101vathi (V\u1ec7-x\u00e1-li) \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng v\u00e0 th\u00e2u \u0111o\u1ea1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n vua Aj\u0101tasattu (A-x\u00e0-th\u1ebf), tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3nh th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t tan th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn[18]<\/a>\u00a0v\u00e0 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00f4 bi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00f3ng l\u00ean h\u1ed3i chu\u00f4ng c\u1ea3nh t\u1ec9nh vua Pasenadi r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n

“M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng khi b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia s\u1ebd t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i; v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c, chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t tr\u1edf \u0111i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng. Ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 duy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cu\u1ed3ng si c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: ‘C\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ecbp may!’ Nh\u01b0ng khi qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ed5, ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1t nh\u01a1n s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p k\u1ebb s\u00e1t nh\u01a1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2m l\u0103ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb chinh ph\u1ee5c. K\u1ebb h\u1ed7n h\u00e0o s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ch\u1eedi m\u1eafng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0a qu\u1ea5y r\u1ea7y s\u1ebd b\u1ecb phi\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5u. V\u1eady theo ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi, k\u1ebb c\u01b0\u1edbp \u1eaft b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp”[19]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 \u0110\u1ea1o s\u01b0 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m linh, m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1ch t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh trong vai tr\u00f2 trung gian ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Kosala v\u00e0 Magadha; khi vua Aj\u0101tasattu b\u1ecb vua Pasenadi b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u00e0 quan s\u00e1t trong cu\u1ed9c trao tr\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do cho vua x\u1ee9 Magadha n\u00e0y; l\u00e0m trung gian ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Shakya v\u00e0 Kosala trong vi\u1ec7c tranh ch\u1ea5p n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4ng Robimi; v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra, khi vua Aj\u0101tasattu c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 Vajji (B\u1ea1t-k\u00ec)[20]<\/a>\u00a0tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n r\u1eddi th\u00e0nh Magadha (V\u01b0\u01a1ng X\u00e1) \u0111\u1ebfn Kusin\u0101r\u0101 (C\u00e2u-thi-la) nh\u1eadp di\u1ec7t, vua Aj\u0101tasattu sai v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n Vassak\u0101ra (V\u00f5-x\u00e1)[21]<\/a>\u00a0\u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 m\u01b0u \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua mu\u1ed1n th\u00f4n t\u00ednh n\u01b0\u1edbc Vajji. \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 s\u1eafp b\u1ecb x\u00e2m l\u0103ng n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

“D\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng hay t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u1edbc, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0ng; d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u1ee5 h\u1ecdp trong ni\u1ec7m \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n trong ni\u1ec7m \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong ni\u1ec7m \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft; d\u00e2n ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ban h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh, s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh thu\u1edf x\u01b0a; d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3nh l\u1ec5 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o v\u00e0 nghe theo l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u00e0y; d\u00e2n ch\u00fang t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft c\u00f3c v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng hi\u1ebfp h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh; d\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1ea3nh l\u1ec5 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m v\u1ebb vang t\u00f4n mi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u00f9 xa hay g\u1ea7n, kh\u00f4ng xao l\u00e3ng nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c nghi l\u1ec5 c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n; d\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tu h\u00e0nh ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh”[22]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c gia; nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc qui t\u1ee5 l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u1ee3p qu\u1ea7n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 d\u00e2n Vajji \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Cho d\u00f9 qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 th\u00f4n t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd \u0111i ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng sao th\u1ee7 ti\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Sau khi nghe b\u1ea3y \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang n\u01b0\u1edbc Vajji \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7, \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n Vassak\u0101ra xin c\u00e1o t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt; bi\u1ebft vua x\u1ee9 Magadha kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c gia Vajji, n\u00ean cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e1 gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn tranh trong t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4i l\u1eeda b\u1ecfng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n tham gia d\u1eadp t\u1eaft nguy c\u01a1 \u1ea5y trong m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng, c\u1ea3m ho\u00e1 nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng vua hung b\u1ea1o, hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 Asoka (300-232 BCE). \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea9m m\u00e1u; sau cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eafng n\u01b0\u1edbc Kalinda (g\u1ea7n v\u1ecbnh Bengala), ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng g\u01b0\u01a1m v\u00e0 \u0111ao m\u00e0 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u01a1i th\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u1ed9i m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u00e0 vua v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec chinh ph\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ea5t khu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ee9c Vua h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn, \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t nguy\u1ec7n n\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb bi. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u00f5i \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n

“T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an vui, t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m, l\u1ea1c t\u00e2m v\u00e0 h\u1ec9 h\u1ea1nh theo tinh th\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p, chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p”[23]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"\"Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chinh ph\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng g\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Maurya c\u1ee7a Asoka huy ho\u00e0ng, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua bao phen nguy kh\u1ed1n. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb khi \u0110\u1ee9c vua Asoka t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 chinh ph\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng g\u01b0\u01a1m gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec3u, m\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 chinh ph\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc qui t\u1ee5 d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt m\u00e1u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, ch\u00ednh th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tinh th\u1ea7n \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o lan tr\u00e0n t\u1eeb \u00c1 sang \u00c2u.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 do cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n x\u00e2m l\u0103ng H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o (642 AD). Nh\u01b0ng tinh th\u1ea7n ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p v\u1eabn b\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t, v\u1eabn in \u0111\u1eadm v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9; v\u1eabn b\u1eb1ng chinh ph\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1o ph\u00e1p, tinh th\u1ea7n B\u1ea5t b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng[24]<\/a>\u00a0m\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Mah\u0101tma Gandhi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 trong tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt m\u00e1u. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u tu\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea4n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y \u1edf Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0: con S\u01b0 t\u1eed b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a vua Asoka, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebf Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nay l\u00e0 Qu\u1ed1c \u1ea4n n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9; c\u00e1i v\u00f2ng Ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c in ngay tr\u00ean Qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3, v\u00e0 danh hi\u1ec7u Dharmacakrapra-varttan\u0101ya (Chuy\u1ec3n ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u01a1ng) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc l\u00ean ch\u1ed7 ng\u1ed3i c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nan gi\u1ea3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb,\u2026c\u1ef1c \u0111oan hi\u1ec7n nay, t\u1ea1o ra bao bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfn tranh, kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1, \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t, t\u1eadt b\u1ec7nh, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m,v.v\u2026\u0111\u1ec1u do thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u00e2m, r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u01b0 k\u1ec9, h\u1eb9p h\u00f2i. Bao c\u1ea3nh nh\u1ed3i da n\u1ea5u th\u1ecbt, l\u1eeda b\u1ecfng d\u1ea7u s\u00f4i c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o khi \u00e2m \u1ec9 l\u00fac d\u1eef d\u1ed9i \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2y kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 Iraq, Kosovo, Bosnia, Gaza,\u00a0Afganistant<\/a>, Pakistant,v.v… kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ed3i k\u1ebft th\u00fac, \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd v\u1ef1c th\u1eb3m di\u1ec7t vong.<\/p>\n

Trong l\u00fac Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111ang h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp s\u00e2u v\u00e0o s\u00e2n ch\u01a1i chung c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, c\u1ee5c di\u1ec7n chung c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nguy c\u01a1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng. B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc kinh nghi\u1ec7m ng\u00f3t 2 ng\u00e0n n\u0103m c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c trong su\u1ed1t chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam: kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 b\u00ecnh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n; nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong xu th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc thay da \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ecbt hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4n ngoan, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch trong s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo. X\u01b0a nay, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4n ngoan m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh l\u1ea7m than[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u1ea5y, tr\u1ea7m t\u01b0 chuy\u1ec7n x\u01b0a m\u00e0 ng\u1eabm ngh\u0129 chuy\u1ec7n nay, \u00f4n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5ng T\u1eeb ph\u1ee5 Th\u00edch Ca M\u00e2u Ni ng\u00f3t ba ng\u00e0n n\u0103m qua. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi kinh ng\u1ea1c, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i r\u1ea5t tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 thuy\u1ebft minh v\u1ec1 qui lu\u1eadt v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n sinh, \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1eeb bi v\u00ec \u0111em l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ban vui c\u1ee9u kh\u1ed5 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i. Cho d\u00f9 v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n ho\u00e1, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng,v.v\u2026m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, nh\u01b0ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u xa trong Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt xa x\u01b0a.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, v\u00ec cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y mang nguy\u00ean l\u00fd “duy\u00ean sinh-v\u00f4 ng\u00e3”[26]<\/a>, c\u1ed9ng sinh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u00e2m, n\u00ean m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eady, may ra m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ra kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh nghi\u1ec7t ng\u00e3 l\u1ea7m than c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o, d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh, thi\u00ean tai,v.v\u2026<\/p>\n

Xuy\u00ean qua Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n nay, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u trong Gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn ra, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng duy\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tho\u00e1ng th\u00ec kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. N\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c th\u00ec kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u00dd th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 trong s\u00e1ng th\u00ec h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng, v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u0103n minh; v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a, m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u00ecm h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee7 l\u1ee3i cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng qu\u00ean m\u00ecnh, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n trong quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ecdi \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea7n. M\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 bi\u1ebft ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 hy sinh; \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, vai tr\u00f2 th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh, l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 thanh li\u00eam; h\u1ecd ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh con t\u00e0u qu\u1ed1c gia h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00edch vinh quang cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i “c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u0103n minh, ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng”.<\/p>\n

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[1]<\/a>\u00a0“Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 ng\u00f3n tay \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng. Mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng, n\u00ean bi\u1ebft ng\u00f3n tay \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng” (\u4fee\u591a\u7f85\u6559\u5982\u6a19\u6708\u6307\u3002\u82e5\u5fa9\u898b\u6708\uff0c\u4e86\u77e5\u6240\u6a19\uff0c \u7562\u7adf\u975e\u6708). (Taish\u00f2 No<\/sup><\/span>.17, K.Vi\u00ean Gi\u00e1c, PP.917a – 917b)<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a>\u00a0Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: “N\u00e0y c\u00e1c T\u1ef3 kheo, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc b\u00e8 \u0111\u1ec3 sang s\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eef; Ch\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p c\u00f2n x\u1ea3 b\u1ecf hu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed3 phi ph\u00e1p”. (Evameva kho, bhikkhave, kull\u016bpamo may\u0101 dhammo desito nitthara\u1e47atth\u0101ya, no gaha\u1e47atth\u0101ya. Kull\u016bpama\u1e43 vo, bhikkhave, dhamma\u1e43 desita\u1e43, \u0101j\u0101nantehi dhamm\u0101pi vo pah\u0101tabb\u0101 pageva adhamm\u0101. {The Dhamma is simlar to a ratf, being for the purpose of crossing overe, not being for the purpose of grasping. When you know the Dhamma to be similar to a raft, you should abandon even good states, how much note so bad states}). (Majjhima Nik\u0101ya I, No<\/sup><\/span>.22, Alagadd\u016bpam\u0101sutta, N\u0101\u1e47amoli, 1995, P.229); hay: “Nh\u01b0 Lai thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p du nh\u01b0 phi\u1ec7t d\u1ee5, ph\u00e1p th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u01b0ng x\u1ea3 h\u00e0 hu\u1ed1ng phi ph\u00e1p”. (Taish\u00f2 No<\/sup><\/span>.8, K. Kim Cang B\u00e1t-nh\u00e3, 748, Sh.235)<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a>\u00a0Kinh Ph\u1ea1m v\u00f5ng (Bh\u0101hmajada sutta): v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i 62 lu\u1eadn thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a>\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, \u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb bi, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh (p:maitr\u012b-praj\u00f1\u0101-santir\u0101ja)<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a>\u00a0Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n (Education in whole man): j Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (Man in himself): v\u00f4 tham, v\u00f4 s\u00e2n, v\u00f4 si; t\u1eeb, bi, h\u1ec9, x\u1ea3,v.v\u2026; k Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (Social man): kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n ho\u00e1, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng,v.v\u2026<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a>\u00a0 Anguttara Nik\u0101ya ii, Colombo, 1929, PP.232-233<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a>\u00a0 Digha Nik\u0101ya II, Sig\u0101lasutta, Colombo 1929, P.115<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a>\u00a0Ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng (s:samm\u0101 \u0101j\u012bva\/ right livelihood), m\u1ed9t trong B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o (\u0100riya-a\u1e6d\u1e6dha\u1e45gika-magga\/ \u0100rya-a\u1e63\u1e6d\u0101\u1e45ga-m\u0101rga\/\/ The Eightfold Noble Path)<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a>\u00a0The Buddha and His Teaching, N\u0101r\u0101da Thera, Teiwan, 1998, P.328<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a>\u00a0D\u012bgha Nik\u0101ya II, No<\/span>.26, Cakkavatti-S\u012bhan\u0101dasutta, Edi. F.Max M\u00fcller, 1956<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a>\u00a0D\u012bgha Nik\u0101ya I, No<\/span>.5, K\u016btadantasutta, Edi. F.Max M\u00fcller, 1956, P.176<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a>\u00a0D\u012bgha Nik\u0101ya II, No<\/span>.16, Mah\u0101parinibb\u0101nasutta, Edi. F.Max M\u00fcller, 1956, P.79<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a>\u00a0D\u012bgha Nik\u0101ya I, No<\/sup><\/span>.5, K\u016btadantasutta, Edi. F.Max M\u00fcller, 1956, PP.175-176<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a>\u00a0Ibid, P.142<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a>\u00a0B\u1ea3n C\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfn 10 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 do th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh & ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt: “ch\u1edb v\u1ed9i tin v\u00e0o truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n, tin \u0111\u1ed3n, kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, lu\u1eadn l\u00fd suy \u0111o\u00e1n, tri\u1ebft l\u00fd si\u00eau h\u00ecnh, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n uy, uy t\u00edn \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0”. (Buddha<\/a>‘s charter of ten free inquiry: Nor go upon\u00a0oral history<\/a>,\u00a0traditional<\/a>,\u00a0news<\/a>\u00a0sources,\u00a0scriptures<\/a>\u00a0or other official texts,\u00a0logical<\/a>\u00a0reasoning,\u00a0philosophical<\/a>reasoning,\u00a0common sense<\/a>, one’s own\u00a0opinions<\/a>,\u00a0authorities<\/a>\u00a0or\u00a0experts<\/a>, one’s own\u00a0teacher<\/a>.) (Anguttara Nik\u0101ya,\u00a0Kesaputta<\/a>, Nyanaponika Thera &…, 1999, PP.86-87)<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a>\u00a0Th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o (Jihad), Th\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn Thi\u00ean ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o\/ Th\u1eadp t\u1ef1 chinh (crusade).<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a>\u00a0Dhp.129-201-225<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a>\u00a0l\u00f2ng\u00a0bi<\/a>\u00a0(s-p:karu\u1e47\u0101) v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng\u00a0t\u1eeb<\/a>\u00a0(s:maitr\u012b, p:mett\u0101) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang sinh.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a>\u00a0Anguttara Nik\u0101ya I, Chapter III, \u00a7\u00a7.4,5. Two sayings about war, Rhys Davids, 1950, PP.109-110<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a>\u00a0Vajji (t\u1ee9c Vrijji): m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c theo th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 (Solas Mahajanapadas; republics), n\u01a1i giao th\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa 16 \u0110\u1ea1i V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c (Mah\u0101janapadas: Great kingdoms), r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, thu\u1ed9c mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c s\u1ed1ng H\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Nam \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c. Theo\u00a0Anguttara Nik\u0101ya<\/a>\u00a0I, P.213; IV, PP.252, 256, 261: Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a>\u00a0Anguttara Nik\u0101ya IV, Rhys Davids, 1950, P.11<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a>\u00a0D\u012bgha Nik\u0101ya II, No<\/span>.16, Mah\u0101parinibb\u0101nasutta, Edi. F.Max M\u00fcller, 1956, PP.79-81<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a>\u00a0\u0110\u1eb7c san ho\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ed1 3, Bi k\u00fd Asoka, Vi\u1ec7n Ho\u00e1 \u0110\u1ea1o GHPGVNTN, 1973, tr.118<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a>\u00a0b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1i (s:\u0101hi\u1e43sa), b\u1ea5t s\u00e1t (p:p\u0101\u1e47\u0101\u1e6dip\u0101t\u0101 pa\u1e6divirati\/ ~ verama\u1e47\u012b) (D\u012bgha Nik\u0101ya I, No<\/span>.5, K\u016btadantasutta, Edi. F.Max M\u00fcller, 1956, P.165)<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a>\u00a0Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u00e0 kh\u1eafc c\u00f2n d\u1eef t\u1ee3n h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 c\u1ecdp beo. (\u82db\u653f\u731b\u4e8e\u864e<\/b>: h\u00e0 ch\u00ednh m\u00e3nh vu h\u1ed5) (Kh\u1ed5ng T\u1eed)<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a>\u00a0Prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da-\u0101natta<\/p>\n

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Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/h1>\n
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Trong su\u1ed1t 45 n\u0103m thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y c\u00f3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u: kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 di\u1ec7t; v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng, \u00e1i luy\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c th\u1ebf gian (ta<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>h\u0101<\/i>) l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb \u00e1i luy\u1ebfn n\u00e0y m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m sinh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay nhi\u1ec1u r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u1ea3y ra. <\/p>\n

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\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi (prat\u012btyasamutp\u0101da<\/i>) l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. Theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u00e0y, m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1edfi l\u00ean theo m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u00e0y bao tr\u00f9m \u00fd ngh\u0129a: c\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3, c\u00e1i kia c\u00f3; c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u1edfi, c\u00e1i kia kh\u1edfi; c\u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, c\u00e1i kia kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3; c\u00e1i n\u00e0y di\u1ec7t, c\u00e1i kia di\u1ec7t. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u00e0y m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, tu t\u1eadp hay gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1t sinh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi th\u1ea5y Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nh\u1eadp th\u1ebf v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bao g\u1ed3m kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0kinh t\u1ebf<\/i>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n cho m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nay.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn chung, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 (v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1n) ho\u1eb7c tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu c\u1ea7u (v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua), v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf hay giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau khi tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n nhu c\u1ea7u. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n r\u01b0\u1ee3u ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao b\u00e1n cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 tai n\u1ea1n giao th\u00f4ng, b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh gia \u0111\u00ecnh…<\/p>\n

\"Kinh<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn kinh t\u1ebf d\u01b0\u1edbi con m\u1eaft tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf ng\u00e0y nay, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 con dao hai l\u01b0\u1ee1i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u00edch v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Do v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, phi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, v\u00f4 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 v\u1ecb k\u1ef7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1edbi n\u00e0y. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t v\u1edbi n\u1ea1n kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1, nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t, h\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch gi\u00e0u ngh\u00e8o, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ecbnh AIDS th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c suy \u0111\u1ed3i. Th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i tham \u00e1i (ta<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>h\u0101<\/i>) c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i tham mu\u1ed1n (chanda<\/i>) kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi\u00a0ta<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>h\u0101<\/i>.\u00a0Ta<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>h\u0101<\/i>\u00a0l\u00e0 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n nhu c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh v\u1ecb k\u1ef7, g\u00e2y n\u00ean b\u1ea5t an n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; trong khi\u00a0chanda<\/i>\u00a0l\u00e0 tham mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh v\u1ecb tha, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i m\u00ecnh l\u1ee3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 an sinh c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, qua \u0111\u00f3 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u00e2m s\u00e2u. Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho c\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0a cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u k\u1ec7, v\u1ecb n\u00e0y h\u1ecdc m\u00e3i nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ch\u1eb3ng thu\u1ed9c. Th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i, khi bi\u1ebft v\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1ee3 r\u00e8n, ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 cho v\u1ecb n\u00e0y tu t\u1eadp theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfm h\u01a1i th\u1edf v\u00e0o ra t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u1ea5y v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9. V\u00e0, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n kh\u1ed5 \u0111au g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf – x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3. \u201c\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gia ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y, ngh\u00e8o l\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.\u201d[1]<\/a>\u00a0\u201cKh\u1ed5 \u0111au tr\u00ean cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n.\u201d[2]<\/a>\u00a0Ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00f2ng tham, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.[3]<\/a>\u00a0Do \u0111\u00f3, \u1edf g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i xua \u0111u\u1ed5i ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3 ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch, v\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kinh doanh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n hay b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t. Theo ti\u00eau ch\u00ed n\u00e0y, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 tri\u1ec7u ph\u00fa.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m, B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n\u00a0Ujjaya<\/i>\u00a0vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi sau:s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c (u<\/i>\u1e6d\u1e6d<\/i>h\u0101na-sampad\u0101<\/i>), s\u1ef1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng (rakkhana-sampad\u0101<\/i>), b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1t (kaly\u0101<\/i>\u1e47<\/i>a-mitta<\/i>), n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng (samm\u0101-\u0101j\u012bva<\/i>). Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n

\u201cN\u00e0y B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n thu ho\u1ea1ch ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn suy gi\u1ea3m. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5y l\u1ea1c, say x\u1ec9n, c\u1edd b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 giao du b\u1ea1n \u00e1c. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn v\u00e0o v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf van, v\u00e0 tr\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng m\u01b0a, h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m, kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng\u2026<\/p>\n

\u201cN\u00e0y B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n thu ho\u1ea1ch ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ee5y l\u1ea1c, kh\u00f4ng say x\u1ec9n, kh\u00f4ng c\u1edd b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 giao du v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n thi\u1ec7n. V\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1edbn v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn v\u00e0o v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn ra. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 tr\u1eddi m\u01b0a, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 mong \u0111\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m\u2026<\/p>\n

\u201cN\u00e0y B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n, b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho m\u1ed9t thanh ni\u00ean tr\u1ebb trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.\u201d[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

R\u1ed3i, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin tinh th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

Trong \u0111o\u1ea1n sau, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi tri\u1ec7u ph\u00fa\u00a0An\u0101thapindika<\/i>\u00a0n\u0103m l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n:<\/p>\n

\u201cN\u00e0y gia ch\u1ee7, c\u00f3 n\u0103m l\u00fd do n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ea7y d\u1ef1ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 n\u0103m? \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00e0y gia ch\u1ee7, v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n nh\u1edd n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tinh t\u1ea5n, th\u00e2u g\u00f3p v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh b\u00e0n tay, ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i ra, th\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p; v\u1ecb \u1ea5y: 1)T\u1ef1 l\u00e0m m\u00ecnh an l\u1ea1c, hoan h\u1ef7 v\u00e0 ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c. L\u00e0m cho v\u1ee3 con, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an l\u1ea1c, hoan h\u1ef7 v\u00e0 ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c; 2) L\u00e0m cho b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 th\u00e2n h\u1eefu an l\u1ea1c, hoan h\u1ef7 v\u00e0 ch\u01a1n ch\u00e1nh duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 an l\u1ea1c; 3) C\u00e1c tai ho\u1ea1 t\u1eeb l\u1eeda, t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1eeb vua, t\u1eeb \u0103n tr\u1ed9m, t\u1eeb k\u1ebb th\u00f9 hay t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba t\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee9ng, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 gi\u1eef t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an to\u00e0n cho n\u00f3; 4) L\u00e0m n\u0103m hi\u1ebfn c\u00fang: Hi\u1ebfn c\u00fang cho b\u00e0 con, hi\u1ebfn c\u00fang cho kh\u00e1ch, hi\u1ebfn c\u00fang cho t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft, hi\u1ebfn c\u00fang cho vua, hi\u1ebfn c\u00fang cho ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean, v\u00e0 5) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Sa m\u00f4n, B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n n\u00e0o ly ki\u00eau m\u1ea1n, ly ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt, an tr\u00fa nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c nhu ho\u00e0, nhi\u1ebfp ph\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh, an t\u1ecbnh t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0m l\u1eafng d\u1ecbu t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng Sa m\u00f4n, B\u00e0 la m\u00f4n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3 d\u1ecb th\u1ee5c, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f5i tr\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do th\u1ee9 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ea7y d\u1ef1ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n.\u201d[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

Li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh, \u201cT\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ea7n chia l\u00e0m b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea7n: M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn, hai ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng doanh nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh l\u00fac kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n<\/i>.\u201d[6]<\/a>\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u00e0i c\u1ea5m bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngh\u1ec1 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u0169 kh\u00ed, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n th\u1ecbt \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y nghi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac th\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng. C\u00f3 l\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i cho th\u01b0\u01a1ng gia\u00a0An\u0101thapindika<\/i>, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a s\u1edf h\u1eefu, th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u00f4ng n\u1ee3 v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh. V\u00e0 ba lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac tr\u00ean (thu\u1ed9c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t) kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1u c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac do thanh t\u1ecbnh (thu\u1ed9c tinh th\u1ea7n) th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u, \u00fd.[8]<\/a>\u00a0Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng n\u00f3i, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i k\u1ebb ngu nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebb t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch.[9]<\/a>\u00a0K\u1ebb t\u00ecm c\u1ea7u m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa l\u00e1nh\u00a0tanh\u0101<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Ch\u01a1n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m b\u1eb1ng thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, sau khi tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng, gi\u1eefa ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 vua\u00a0Bimbisara<\/i>\u00a0ai s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n? Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi go\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng, ng\u00e0i s\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n, v\u00ec nh\u00e0 vua kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i thi\u1ec1n trong b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y, s\u00e1u ng\u00e0y, n\u0103m ng\u00e0y\u2026 cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y; trong khi, \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i thi\u1ec1n\u00a0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y\u2026 cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n.[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

Khi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7 ho\u00e1 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi bao g\u1ed3m khu v\u1ef1c Ch\u00e2u \u00dac v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u \u00c1-Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean nh\u1edb v\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, kinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a\u00a0 Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u2013 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, kinh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh \u2013 th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac th\u1eadt s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

Th\u00edch T\u00e2m \u0110\u1ee9c<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n

——————————————————————————–
\n[1] A\u1e45guttara Nik\u0101ya, III, 350.
\n[2] Ibid., 352.
\n[3] D\u012bgha Nik\u0101ya, III, 65, 70.
\n[4] A\u1e45guttara Nik\u0101ya, IV, p.241.
\n[5] Kinh b\u1ed9 t\u0103ng chi (A\u1e45guttara Nik\u0101ya), II, Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch, H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, 1988, tr. 49-51.
\n[6] D\u012bgha Nik\u0101ya, III, 188.
\n[7] A\u1e45guttara Nik\u0101ya, III, p.207.
\n[8] A\u1e45guttara Nik\u0101ya, II, p. 69.
\n[9] Dhammap\u0101da, 355.
\n[10] Trung B\u1ed9 Kinh (Majjhima Nik\u0101ya), I, Th\u00edch Minh Ch\u00e2u d\u1ecbch, \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc V\u1ea1n H\u1ea1nh, 1973, tr. 94B \u2013 94C<\/p>\n

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