Th\u00edch T\u00e2m Thi\u1ec7n<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nan gi\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft V\u00f4 ng\u00e3 (Anatta) c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 : N\u1ebfu th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e3 th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t, th\u00ec l\u1ea5y g\u00ec l\u00e0m t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Kimura Taiken (t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ea1i Th\u1eeba v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u Th\u1eeba Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng lu\u1eadn), \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n th\u00ec Duy\u00ean sinh m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng. Ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129 Moliya Phagguna, Kassapa, Timbakura trong kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng nh\u01b0 : N\u1ebfu V\u00f4 ng\u00e3, t\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu th\u00ec ai c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ? Ai c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd ? Ai ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 ? Hay kh\u1ed5 \u0111au t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u sinh ra ? Do m\u00ecnh hay k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m ra ? … (1) \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t r\u00f5 h\u01a1n khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n tr\u00ean, b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan Duy th\u1ee9c (Vogacara) qua c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Asanga (V\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc) v\u00e0 Vasubandhu (Th\u1ebf th\u00e2n) v\u1ec1 T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c, hy v\u1ecdng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n soi s\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng nghi ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Duy\u00ean sinh – V\u00f4 ng\u00e3 (paticcasamupp\u00e0ola – Anatta) v\u00e0 T\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng (Sunyata).<\/p>\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c (Alayavijnana) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Duy th\u1ee9c (Yogacara), n\u00f3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a c\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn (Ontology) v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t lu\u1eadn (seteriology). Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Duy th\u1ee9c, do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng lu\u1eadn kh\u00e9p k\u00edn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4ng ph\u00e1i, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3i minh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng logic h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n
C\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu T\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u00e1n (Madhyamaka), th\u00ec T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Duy th\u1ee9c. Gi\u1eefa Trung Qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 Duy th\u1ee9c b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau : gi\u1ea3i minh Duy\u00ean sinh t\u00ednh v\u00e0 V\u00f4 ng\u00e3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. V\u00ec l\u1ebd, tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m y tha kh\u1edfi (paratantra – svabhava), t\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh (nibsvabhavatas), hay Kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh (Sunyata) c\u0169ng l\u00e0 Duy\u00ean sinh t\u00ednh (paticcasamupp\u00e0da) hay V\u00f4 ng\u00e3 t\u00ednh (Anatta). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, suy cho c\u00f9ng th\u00ec c\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 Duy th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 minh gi\u1ea3i Kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t sai l\u1ea7m n\u1ebfu \u0111em T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho Kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh; v\u00ec, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, gi\u1eefa Duy th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, do \u0111\u00f3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho nhau, \u00edt ra l\u00e0 tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n
A) Ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan Duy th\u1ee9c<\/p>\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n
1- Th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n
To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Duy th\u1ee9c n\u00f3i ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp ch\u00fa v\u00e0o th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i; d\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t sinh t\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n v\u1ea5n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. V\u00ec r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa Ph\u1eadt gi\u1edbi (t\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9) v\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh gi\u1edbi (nh\u1eefng sinh linh \u0111ang l\u1eb7n h\u1ee5p trong v\u00f4 minh), hay gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea5ng th\u00e1nh tr\u00ed v\u00e0 k\u1ebb ph\u00e0m phu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qui chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi hai th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. T\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 r\u1eb1ng, tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt th\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 \u1ea5y l\u00e0 Tath\u00e0ta, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 (to their appearances as they really are). Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, d\u01b0\u1edbi tri ki\u1ebfn ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 A, ho\u1eb7c B, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 (\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u00f9y theo m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu) b\u1ecb \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3.<\/p>\n
2- C\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/p>\n
N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m (citta) th\u00ec c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 T\u00c2M. T\u00e2m Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 V\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ed (nivikalpajnana), t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t ly m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a T\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 (Nonegocentric), v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eabu sai bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean (dualism). T\u00e2m Ph\u1eadt hay Ph\u1eadt t\u00ednh, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c (absolute reality) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nh\u01b0 (Citaprakrtiprabhasvara).<\/p>\n
Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (t\u00e2m) c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (hay ch\u00fang sinh ch\u01b0a gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9) v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb t\u01b0 duy h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 (egocentric). Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 trong k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u v\u0103n ph\u00e1p, t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 hay ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (pudgala) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (dharma). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng m\u1ed9t trong hai (ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng), th\u00ec s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra. Nh\u00e2n (pudgala) v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p (dharma) \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean; v\u00ec th\u1ebf, cho \u0111\u1ebfn bao gi\u1edd c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp b\u1edfi ta, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9c th\u1ec3 (entities) \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, th\u00ec khi \u1ea5y n\u00f3 v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c (dharmatacitta). C\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 duy th\u1ef1c lu\u1eadn ph\u00e1t t\u1ed1 (naive realism).<\/p>\n
3- B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/p>\n
T\u1eeb hai ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean, ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i (c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf) c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 T\u00e2m. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00e2m Ph\u1eadt l\u00e0 t\u00e2m thanh t\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, trong khi t\u00e2m ch\u00fang sinh l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t (t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh) t\u00e2m Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u00fang sinh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ec3 (Ph\u1eadt t\u00ednh), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hai, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 thanh t\u1ecbnh hay b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t lu\u1eadn (seteriology), tu t\u1eadp l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh thanh l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho t\u00e2m tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i uy\u00ean nguy\u00ean, ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Duy th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 soi s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i minh (deconstruct) c\u00e1i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean – v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a sinh t\u1eed kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c – m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n
B) PH\u00c2N T\u00cdCH T\u00c0NG TH\u1ee8C<\/p>\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c (Alaya vijnana) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kho t\u00e0ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed (sarvabijaka – h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m) hay nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t sinh (janakahetu – hetu : nh\u00e2n t\u1eed) c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n
T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ba ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 : a\/ n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng (thu\u1ed9c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu); b\/ l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng; c\/ th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, do \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ecb \u00fd th\u1ee9c (m\u00e0na) ch\u1ea5p l\u00e0m ng\u00f4i th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i.<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng linh ho\u1ea1t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng dung ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng (d\u00f9 thi\u1ec7n hay \u00e1c) \u00fd ni\u1ec7m, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (vasana)… \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sinh trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n
T\u1eeb n\u1ed9i dung tr\u00ean, ta c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd hai \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c : th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u00e1c n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng, duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng (\u00fd ni\u1ec7m) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ee9 hai, l\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u1ea5p \u1ee7 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i (vipaka – th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, ta c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh t\u00e1c n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec c\u1ee7a T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (entity). V\u00e0 tr\u00ean ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u00fd th\u1ee9c (manas) l\u1ea7m ch\u1ea5p, cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 (ego) th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp n\u00ean ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 (ng\u00e3) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (ph\u00e1p). Cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u00ec kho t\u00e0ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u1ea5y s\u1ebd tan v\u1ee1, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu n\u1eefa. (\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf ph\u1ea7n sau).<\/p>\n
Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 Thuy\u00ean th\u00edch lu\u1eadn (Hermeneutical) v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Duy th\u1ee9c (yogacara). Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta \u0111i v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c theo t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Asanga trong \u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba B\u00e1ch ph\u00e1p minh m\u00f4n lu\u1eadn (Mah\u00e0y\u00e0na – satadharma – vidy\u00e0dvara – s\u00e0stea).<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7, Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o nh\u00ecn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qua l\u0103ng k\u00ednh Duy\u00ean sinh, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 s\u1edf h\u1eefu b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh n\u00e0o, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed7i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec1u mang m\u1ed9t ng\u00e3 t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu trong ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Duy th\u1ef1c lu\u1eadn ph\u00e1c t\u1ed1.<\/p>\n
Tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y (Duy th\u1ef1c lu\u1eadn ph\u00e1c t\u1ed1), T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 l\u1eabn kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi mu\u00f4n ng\u00e0n d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t sai th\u00f9. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 t\u00e1c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00ec th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u1ea3o.<\/p>\n
M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp t\u1eeb t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c m\u00f4ng mu\u1ed9i v\u00e0 cu\u1ed3ng si (ch\u01b0a gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9), th\u00ec trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn (ontological) n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc. V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u1ea3o, v\u00ec th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu d\u00f9 l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t hay tinh th\u1ea7n m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi th\u00ec ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Duy th\u1ee9c. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd, ngo\u00e0i Th\u1ee9c – t\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu n\u00e0o s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c tri nh\u1eadn th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i hay \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 b\u1edfi ng\u00e3 t\u00ednh (c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3) bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3. V\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 Duy th\u1ee9c – Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vasubandhu trong 30 b\u00e0i t\u1ee5ng Duy th\u1ee9c, ghi r\u1eb1ng :<\/p>\n
“Th\u1ecb ch\u01b0 th\u1ee9c chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn,<\/p>\n
ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t s\u1edf ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t,<\/p>\n
do th\u1eed, b\u1ec9 giai v\u00f4,<\/p>\n
c\u1ed1 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft Duy th\u1ee9c”.<\/p>\n
(Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 : C\u00e1c th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn, th\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00ec hai th\u1ee9 \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng, n\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 Duy th\u1ee9c) (b\u00e0i 17).<\/p>\n
Tuy nhi\u00ean T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c, theo Asanga, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 hai ph\u1ea7n : \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y , nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Duy th\u1ee9c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y theo th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t lu\u1eadn. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 soi s\u00e1ng c\u00e1i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ng\u00e3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb l\u1ea7m ch\u1ea5p, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 thanh t\u1ea9y m\u1ecdi \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t thanh nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ea1ch t\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t lu\u1eadn, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t (Th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh) tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf x\u00f3a tan c\u00e1i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c (v\u1ecdng th\u1ee9c).<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, mu\u1ed1n th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadp th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c, hay l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ea1ch \u0111i nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u u\u1ebf \u0111ang che ph\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh thanh t\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Duy th\u1ee9c. Do \u0111\u00f3, theo Asanga, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee1ng di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c, ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ba t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh (trisvabhava).<\/p>\n
M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ba t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh; song, th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 giai tr\u00ecnh tri nh\u1eadn th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch, th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u1ea3o (c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng) v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c (tho\u00e1t ly nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean). C\u0169ng v\u1eady, v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ch\u00e2n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 phi th\u1ef1c t\u00ednh (t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp b\u1edfi nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ba t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 trung \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong Trung Qu\u00e1n. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1eafn t\u1eaft v\u1ec1 ba t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh (trisvabhava) nh\u01b0 sau :<\/p>\n
1- T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp (parikalpita – svabhava) :<\/p>\n
C\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Bi\u1ebfn k\u1ebf s\u1edf ch\u1ea5p t\u00ednh (theo l\u1ed1i d\u1ecbch c\u0169). M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3, tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u00ean g\u1ecdi ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 A ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 B…; v\u00e0, theo c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7t t\u00ednh (visesa) \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. V\u00e0 c\u00e1i bi\u1ec7t t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp n\u00ean (b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c) th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp. T\u1ec9 d\u1ee5, khi \u0111\u1ed1n c\u00e2y l\u1ea5y g\u1ed7 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh b\u00e0n, gh\u1ebf, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda…, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n, gh\u1ebf, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda,… qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt c\u00f3, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean h\u01b0 v\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, b\u00e0n, gh\u1ebf, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda m\u1ee5c n\u00e1t, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m c\u1ee7i. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7t t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n, gh\u1ebf, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n. V\u00e0 khi, d\u00f9ng c\u1ee7i \u0111\u1ed1t th\u00e0nh than, tro,… th\u00ec ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i bi\u1ec7t t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7i, than, hay tro… \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00f3, n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ecdi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ecbnh danh cho thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp, n\u00ean ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp; v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n (skandhas), x\u1ee9 (ayatanas) v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi (dhatus) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n
2- T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c (paratantra svabhava):<\/p>\n
C\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Y tha kh\u1edfi t\u00ednh (theo l\u1ed1i d\u1ecbch c\u0169). T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 V\u00f4 ng\u00e3 hay v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, hay kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt c\u00f3… kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n (nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean) h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ho\u1eb7c theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc (nh\u00e2n sinh qu\u1ea3), ho\u1eb7c theo chi\u1ec1u ngang, c\u00e1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t th\u00ec c\u00e1i kia c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t. N\u00f3i theo v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, th\u00ec m\u1ed7i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec1u mang trong n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Duy\u00ean sinh t\u00ednh (Y tha kh\u1edfi t\u00ednh); \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c. C\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh (Duy\u00ean sinh t\u00ednh) n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ho\u1eb7c Duy th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1c t\u1ed1 – nh\u01b0 m\u1ed7i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (entity) \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn ; ho\u1eb7c Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc (Theology) – nh\u01b0 qui chi\u1ebfu hay qui gi\u1ea3m (reduction) m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, duy nh\u1ea5t (absolute oneness). N\u1ebfu kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c (original dependence) n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd r\u01a1i v\u00e0o, ho\u1eb7c h\u01b0 v\u00f4 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, ho\u1eb7c duy v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n
H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 : tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t lu\u1eadn, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t n\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n cho ba t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd, n\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf tu t\u1eadp, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m v\u00f4 th\u1ee7y; nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu l\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u01b0\u1ee3t ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
3- T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (parinispanna – svabhava) : C\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Vi\u00ean th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt t\u00ednh (theo l\u1ed1i d\u1ecbch c\u0169). B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Tath\u00e0ta (nh\u01b0 nh\u01b0) hay th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh (ultimate reality); \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp bao ph\u1ee7. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, khi ch\u01b0a gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 th\u00ec t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh n\u00e0y (t\u1ee9c b\u1ea1ch th\u1ee9c) b\u1ecb c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean gi\u0103ng ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n l\u1ed9. V\u00e0 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean kh\u1ecfi n\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m khi v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tho\u00e1t ly kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u00fd ni\u1ec7m, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3, c\u1ee7a c\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng, c\u1ee7a th\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u01b0, c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u1ee5y v.v… T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 ba t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i minh r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu l\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh hay b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ng\u00e3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng. Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 ba t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u00fd soi s\u00e1ng ba v\u00f4 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu l\u00e0 : T\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00f4 t\u00ednh (Abh\u00e0vasvabhava), V\u00f4 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 Th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 t\u00ednh t\u1ee9c Th\u1eafng ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ebf (param\u00e0rtha – satya). T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ba t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ba v\u00f4 t\u00ednh, m\u1ecdi ph\u00ea b\u00e1c hay ki\u1ebfn l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 h\u1eefu, v\u00f4, sinh, di\u1ec7t, th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111o\u1ea1n, kh\u1ee9, lai \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb r\u0169 b\u1ecf. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a Trung \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n
* L\u1ed1i v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu t\u1eeb T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, ba t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu th\u1ef1c ra ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c (v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ebf) c\u1ee7a T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c. T\u1ef1 t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb hai m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c, c\u00f2n t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb cho s\u1ef1 sinh kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c. Do \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf chuy\u1ec3n y (asrayaparavrti) c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n y n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 hay s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n tri; c\u00f2n hai t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh kia ( gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i) th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch (mode) tri nh\u1eadn th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9.<\/p>\n
Theo Mah\u00e0y\u00e0na – Satadharma Vidy\u00e0dvara – S\u00e0stra (\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1eeba B\u00e1ch ph\u00e1p minh m\u00f4n lu\u1eadn) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Vasubandhu, khi n\u00e0o h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba (b\u00e1t \u0111\u1ecba trong Th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba) th\u00ec t\u00ean g\u1ecdi T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 D\u1ecb th\u1ee5c (Vipaka), khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0110\u1eb3ng gi\u00e1c ; th\u00ec t\u00ean D\u1ecb th\u1ee5c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1p nhi\u1ec5m c\u1ee7a T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ecbnh h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i B\u1ea1ch t\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c, hay t\u00e2m thanh t\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean (Cittapakrti – parabhasvara), b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 thanh t\u1ecbnh – v\u00f4 l\u1eadu n\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea1i vi\u00ean c\u1ea3nh tr\u00ed hay V\u00f4 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ed (Nirvikalpajnana). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu (ultimate reality) hay l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, cho r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o duy t\u00e2m, cho r\u1eb1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Duy th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 – gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n y (Asrayaparavrti) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eb1m thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c (y\u00e0thabh\u00f9tam) v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i ki\u1ebfn (deconstruct) n\u00f3 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c hay Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi t\u00ednh. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t, kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qua.<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh hai bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng : m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi Tr\u00f9ng tr\u00f9ng duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ; hai l\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a 12 Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t mang t\u00ednh ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i (ngo\u1ea1i s\u1eafc), t\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u th\u1ee9 hai mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i (n\u1ed9i s\u1eafc) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean (thu\u1ed9c gi\u1edbi s\u1eafc) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi – ngo\u1ea1i s\u1eafc; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ngo\u1ea1i s\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ki\u1ebfn m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. V\u00ec Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi ngo\u1ea1i s\u1eafc b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1ef1 t\u00ednh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb qua \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00fd v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean. S\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt trong T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng kinh, d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng : “Ph\u00e1p Duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u1ea5y, d\u00f9 Nh\u01b0 Lai c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hay kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, an tr\u00fa l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi t\u00e1nh \u1ea5y, ph\u00e1p quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e1nh \u1ea5y, y duy\u00ean t\u00e1nh \u1ea5y, Nh\u01b0 Lai ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9, ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t. Nh\u01b0 Lai tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1, tuy\u00ean thuy\u1ebft, khai tri\u1ec3n, khai th\u1ecb, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, minh hi\u1ec3n, minh th\u1ecb”. (T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng b\u1ed9 kinh II, tr 1-2)<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a 12 Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n n\u00e0y. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi 12 Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean, m\u1ed9t khoen x\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t th\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 12 Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u0111o\u1ea1n di\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y “\u00e1i di\u1ec7t th\u00ec v\u00f4 minh di\u1ec7t”; v\u00ec l\u1ebd, v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u00e1i d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i sinh t\u1eed.<\/p>\n
* T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c – B\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi hai nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean<\/p>\n
T\u1ea1i sao T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5p l\u00e0m th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu ng\u00e3 (ng\u00e3 \u00e1i ch\u1ea5p t\u00e0ng) ? Gi\u1ea3i minh c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1eefu c\u01a1 gi\u1eefa t\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c, b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 12 nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean.<\/p>\n
Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Duy th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 b\u1ea3y Chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c (mana th\u1ee9c, \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi n\u0103m \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft, tai, m\u0169i, l\u01b0\u1ee1i v\u00e0 th\u00e2n) g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 B\u00e1t th\u1ee9c t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0ng trong t\u00e1m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea1i sao mana th\u1ee9c (th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 7) kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p (g\u00e1n \u00e9p) s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0m th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c ? V\u00ec l\u1ebd, s\u00e1u th\u1ee9c kia kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a (t\u00e0ng), v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed. (N\u00ean nh\u1edb l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn). Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n cho s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u1ecdi t\u00e1c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3y chuy\u1ec3n th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 n\u01a1i x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 mana th\u1ee9c ch\u1ea5p l\u00e0m t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n
T\u1eeb chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c n\u00f3 h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a c\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng sinh kh\u1edfi (ch\u1ee7ng t\u1eed hay h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng) c\u1ee7a 12 Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00f3 c\u0169ng dung ch\u1ee9a hai b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t (kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n) c\u1ee7a B\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebf – t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 T\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf (g\u1ed3m 12 Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean) v\u00e0 Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf (gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u1ecfi 12 Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean). Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 sau :<\/p>\n
T\u00c0NG TH\u1ee8C<\/p>\n
B\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c B\u1ea1ch t\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c<\/p>\n
T\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf<\/p>\n
(g\u1ed3m 12 Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean) \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf (gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi 12 Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean)<\/p>\n
T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m hai ph\u1ea7n : ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n t\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n
Ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb T\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf, t\u1ee9c 12 Nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean. Ph\u1ea7n t\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 do \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1eeb T\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb (Di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebf). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Duy th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a B\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebf. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n
T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tu t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1i \u0111a \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ecdi t\u1eadp kh\u00ed c\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec5m t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eddi. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u trong thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i ra kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 t\u1ed1i th\u1eafng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp c\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00e0o m\u1ecdi tr\u1ea7n c\u1ea5u nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i \u1edf t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, th\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3 T\u00e0ng th\u1ee9c v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kho t\u00e0ng dung ch\u1ee9a m\u1ecdi t\u1ea1p ni\u1ec7m. V\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 khi m\u1ecdi t\u1ea1p ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u0103ng ti\u00eau, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fac Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n. N\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, m\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft b\u00e0n lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i – m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111ang l\u00e0 – b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n
(1) Kinh T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01afng II…, tr.15-22)\u001a\u001a
\nhttp:\/\/www.lotuspro.net\/tangthuc.html<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Th\u00edch T\u00e2m Thi\u1ec7n M\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nan gi\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft V\u00f4 \u2026 Continue \u00e0 lire