{"id":2299,"date":"2012-03-22T09:38:09","date_gmt":"2012-03-22T09:38:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/?page_id=2299"},"modified":"2013-03-14T15:22:39","modified_gmt":"2013-03-14T15:22:39","slug":"37-ph%e1%ba%a9m-tr%e1%bb%a3-d%e1%ba%a1o","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/?page_id=2299","title":{"rendered":"37 PH\u1ea8M TR\u1ee2 \u0110\u1ea0O"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

37 PH\u1ea8M TR\u1ee2 \u0110\u1ea0O
\nM\u1ed9t To\u00e1t Y\u1ebfu V\u1ec1 Nh\u1eefng Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 C\u1ea7n Thi\u1ebft Cho S\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0i Ho\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng LEDI SAYADAW
\nPh\u1ea1m Kim Kh\u00e1nh d\u1ecbch<\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.budsas.org\/uni\/u-37bd\/37bd-10.htm#top<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean “The Wheel Publication — Kandy”<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

V\u1edbi quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0i\u1ec7n, c\u1ed1 \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Ledi Sayadaw, m\u00e0 “Ti\u1ec3u S\u1eed” \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “Ph\u00e1c H\u1ecda” trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, (theo lo\u1ea1i “The Wheel”, s\u1ed1 31\/32) t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 “A Manual of Insight” (Vipassan\u00e0 D\u00ecpan\u00e0)<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>) h\u1eefu \u00edch nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e2n h\u1ea1nh \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh trong lo\u1ea1i “The Wheel”. Ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y cung \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n phong ph\u00fa tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c ta nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 M\u1ee5c Ti\u00eau. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u1ea5y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc mong qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean c\u1eb7n k\u1ebb suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng nghi\u1ec1n ng\u1ea9m.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n h\u00e0nh trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed “The Light of the Dhamma” (Rangoon), ti\u1ebfc thay nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 ng\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin tri \u00e2n qu\u00fd v\u1ecb trong “The Union of Burma Buddha S\u00e0sana Council, Rangoon” \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, trong b\u1ea3n n\u1ea7y nhi\u1ec1u danh t\u1eeb P\u00e0li \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong b\u1ea3n ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 t\u00fac ho\u1eb7c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng Anh ng\u1eef t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2u ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong b\u1ea3n ch\u00e1nh, danh t\u1eeb\u00a0bodhipakkhiya-dhamma<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang Anh ng\u1eef l\u00e0 “Factors Leading To Enlightenment” (Nh\u1eefng Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 D\u1eabn \u00d0\u1ebfn S\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9). Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e2u n\u1ea7y gi\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eef bojjhanga, “Factors of Enlightenment” (Nh\u1eefng Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 C\u1ee7a S\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9) (Xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII ). Do \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef1a s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 “The Requisites of Enlightenment” (Nh\u1eefng Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 C\u1ea7n Thi\u1ebft Cho S\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9). \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f4i ch\u00fat kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ec9 r\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 (bodhi<\/em>) m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gia c\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u00f3m b\u1ea3y ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh g\u1ecdp chung l\u00e0 37\u00a0bodhipakkhiya-dhamma<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nyanaponika Mahathera
\nCh\u1ee7 Bi\u00ean, “The Wheel”
\nKandy, Ceylon
\n31 th\u00e1ng Ba, 1971<\/span><\/p>\n

-ooOoo-<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ec1<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ec3 theo l\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Pyinmana Myo-ok Maung Po Mya v\u00e0 Trader Maung Hla, trong th\u00e1ng Nayon, 1266 K\u1ef7 Nguy\u00ean Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0i\u1ec7n (th\u00e1ng 6, 1904 D.L.), S\u01b0 s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ba m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y\u00a0Bodhipakkhiya-dhamma<\/em>, Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 Thi\u1ebft Y\u1ebfu C\u1ee7a S\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 (th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 37 Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o, hay 37 B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 Ph\u1ea7n).<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ed1n H\u1ea1ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f3 Kh\u1ea3 N\u0103ng Th\u00e0<\/span>nh T\u1ef1u Con \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Trong b\u1ed9\u00a0Puggala-Pannatti<\/em>, Nh\u00e2n Thi Thuy\u1ebft (s\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 t\u00ednh, 160, c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn,Abhidhamma Pitaka<\/em>) v\u00e0 trong\u00a0Anguttara Nik\u00e0ya,<\/em>\u00a0T\u0103ng Nh\u1ee9t A H\u00e0m (Nh\u1eefng Con S\u1ed1 B\u1ed1n, s\u1ed1 133) c\u00f3 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p “Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt” (Buddha S\u00e0sana)<\/em>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n l\u00e0m b\u1ed1n h\u1ea1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Uggh\u00e0titannu,
\n2. Vipancitannu,
\n3. Neyya, v\u00e0
\n4. Padaparama.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Trong b\u1ed1n h\u1ea1ng ch\u00fang sanh n\u1ea7y\u00a0Uggah\u00e0titannu<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng “hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc”, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt [1] v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 sau khi ch\u1ec9 nghe Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi ph\u00e1p ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vipancitannu<\/span><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u00d0\u1ea1o Qu\u1ea3 sau khi nghe m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eafn do \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 \u00d0\u1ea1o Qu\u1ea3 khi th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eafn kia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam.<\/span><\/p>\n

Neyya<\/span><\/em>\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u00d0\u1ea1o Qu\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eafn do \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c khi nghe th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng ghi ch\u00e9p, v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec1n ng\u1eabm suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u1ed3i \u0111em ra tu t\u1eadp th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u00d0\u1ea1o Qu\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1ea1ng Neyya n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1ng t\u00f9y theo th\u1eddi gian tu t\u1eadp c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u00d0\u1ea1o Qu\u1ea3, v\u00e0 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ba-la-m\u1eadt (p\u00e0rami<\/em>), v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m (kilesa<\/em>) m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch tr\u1eef trong lu\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1ng c\u00e1 t\u00ednh n\u1ea7y bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn ba m\u01b0\u01a1i ho\u1eb7c s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m ch\u00ed c\u00f4ng tu t\u1eadp th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1ng ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00e1c, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh trong b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y; nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00d0\u1ea1o Qu\u1ea3 A La H\u00e1n n\u1ebfu c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec [2] c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 h\u01a1n hai t\u1ea7ng Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 ba m\u1edbi chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, khi n\u00f3i “chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n trong b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y”, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng tinh t\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t, th\u1eddi gian tinh t\u1ea5n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft s\u1ebd k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng d\u1ec3 du\u00f4i, bu\u00f4ng l\u01a1i tinh t\u1ea5n, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea3y n\u0103m hay h\u01a1n n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tinh t\u1ea5n chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3, \u1eaft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n [3] c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n trong th\u1ebf gian. Trong khi \u1ea5y c\u1ea7u mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t nh\u1edd Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (future\u00a0Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>), ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u n\u1ebfu ta h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 duy\u00ean l\u00e0nh g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n \u1ea5y. Kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt th\u1ecd k\u00fd (niyata vy\u00e0karana<\/em>, l\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt) m\u1edbi ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>) v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt th\u1ecd k\u00fd\u00a0(niyata vy\u00e0karana<\/em>) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>) hay th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian, d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00edch tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ba-la-m\u1eadt (p\u00e0rami<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p c\u1ea3 hai — Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n trong b\u1ea3y ng\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt th\u1ecd k\u00fd.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng trong m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m ng\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Padaparama<\/span><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>) v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p, v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i quen t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n (v\u00e0san\u00e0<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y. N\u1ebfu l\u00eca \u0111\u1eddi trong khi \u0111ang h\u00e0nh samatha, thi\u1ec1n v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng, hay vipassan\u00e0, thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t, v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay c\u1ea3nh tr\u1eddi, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t trong ki\u1ebfp k\u1ebf, trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n h\u1ea1ng c\u00e1 t\u00ednh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ba Lo\u1ea1i B\u1ec7nh Nh\u00e2n<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng theo nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00e1c, chia l\u00e0m ba h\u1ea1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ba lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n [4], \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

(1) M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0nh b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac, d\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

(2) M\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft v\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh, d\u1ea7u ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

(3) M\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i n\u1ebfu thu\u1ed1c men th\u00edch nghi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00fang thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb th\u00edch nghi.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ba lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 th\u1ecd k\u00fd (niyata vy\u00e0karana<\/em>), v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf h\u1ea1ng\u00a0padaparama<\/em>\u00a0gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec kh\u00f4ng hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea1ng\u00a0padaparama<\/em>\u00a0kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, ho\u1eb7c trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n, ho\u1eb7c trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean\u00a0Chattam\u00e0nava<\/em>\u00a0[5], c\u1ee7a con \u1ebfch tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129Saccaka<\/em>\u00a0[6] l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t trong ki\u1ebfp k\u1ebf li\u1ec1n sau ki\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang sanh h\u1ea1ng\u00a0Neyya<\/em>\u00a0gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n th\u1ee9 ba. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n trong lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 ba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh, c\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y ch\u00fang sanh h\u1ea1ng\u00a0Neyya<\/em>\u00a0c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian trong ki\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf h\u1ea1ng\u00a0Neyya<\/em>, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t cho m\u00ecnh, h\u1ee3p theo tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c, l\u00e1nh xa nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i xa l\u00e1nh, t\u00ecm \u0111\u00fang th\u1ea7y, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang theo s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ea5n chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ngay trong ki\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u01b0 kh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng; n\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e1nh xa d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c; n\u1ebfu m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xa l\u00e1nh d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y t\u1ed1t; n\u1ebfu m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c; n\u1ebfu m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u mu\u1ed1n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tu t\u1eadp nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00ec tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c qu\u00e1 cao; n\u1ebfu m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u tu\u1ed5i c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u01b0\u01a1n y\u1ebfu b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n, \u1eaft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t trong ki\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Vua\u00a0Aj\u00e0tasattu\u00a0<\/em>(A X\u00e0 Th\u1ebf) [7], con c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 tri\u1ec7u ph\u00fa\u00a0Mah\u00e0dhana<\/em>\u00a0[8], T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u\u00a0Sudinna<\/em>\u00a0[9], l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t trong ki\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vua\u00a0Aj\u00e0tasattu<\/em>\u00a0kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i gi\u1ebft cha. \u00d0\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u0103n tr\u00f4i l\u1eb7n h\u1ee5p trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (sams\u00e0ra,<\/em>\u00a0v\u00f2ng quanh nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n) trong th\u1eddi gian hai a-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 (asankheyyas<\/em>), v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb\u00a0Paccekabuddha<\/em>, \u00d0\u1ed9c Gi\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n

Con c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 tri\u1ec7u ph\u00fa\u00a0Mah\u00e0dhana<\/em>\u00a0c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ee3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong nh\u1ee5c d\u1ee5c ng\u0169 tr\u1ea7n l\u00fac thi\u1ebfu th\u1eddi n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u t\u00e2m v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng khi ni\u00ean cao tu\u1ed5i l\u1edbn. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t xa x\u00f4i di\u1ec7u v\u1ee3i, ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i s\u1ed1ng quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi Tam B\u1ea3o,\u00a0Ti-Ratana<\/em>\u00a0[10] anh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3. Khi th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a anh \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt n\u00f3i v\u1edbi \u00d0\u1ee9c\u00a0Ananda<\/em>: “N\u1ea7y\u00a0Ananda<\/em>, n\u1ebfu con c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tri\u1ec7u ph\u00fa kia xu\u1ea5t gia, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n (S\u00e0sana<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai trong th\u1eddi son tr\u1ebb, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, anh ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 \u00d0\u1ea1o Qu\u1ea3 A-La-H\u00e1n v\u00e0 s\u1ebd nh\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n (Parinibb\u00e0na<\/em>) [11] trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y. N\u1ebfu xu\u1ea5t gia, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, anh ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-Na-H\u00e0m (An\u00e0g\u00e0mi<\/em>, B\u1ea5t Lai) [12] v\u00e0 khi ch\u1ebft s\u1ebd t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh V\u00f4 Phi\u00ean Thi\u00ean (Suddh\u00e0v\u00e0sa brahma loka<\/em>) [13] c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u00d0\u1ea1o Qu\u1ea3 A-La-H\u00e1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n (Parinibb\u00e0na<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

“C\u00f2n m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu xu\u1ea5t gia s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 Lai v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, anh ta s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c T\u01b0-\u00d0\u00e0-H\u00e0m (Sakad\u00e0g\u00e0mi,<\/em>\u00a0Nh\u1ee9t Lai) -ho\u1eb7c Tu-\u00d0\u00e0-Hu\u1eddn (Sot\u00e0panna<\/em>, Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n bao gi\u1edd t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh (ap\u00e0ya lokas<\/em>)” [14]. \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i\u00a0Ananda<\/em>\u00a0nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u con c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 tri\u1ec7u ph\u00fa \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00edch tr\u1eef ba-la-m\u1eadt (p\u00e0rami<\/em>) \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u00edn m\u00f9i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt “th\u1ecd k\u00fd” (niyata vy\u00e0karana<\/em>), n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u00f2n ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng trong d\u00f2ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a anh kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed5i d\u1eady m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, v\u00ec th\u1ebf d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy\u00ean may g\u1eb7p Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>) anh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. N\u1ebfu ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a anh trong kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh (ap\u00e0ya loka<\/em>) c\u00f2n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00ec nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n trong ki\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i anh ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed5 (ap\u00e0ya loka<\/em>) v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Di L\u1ea1c,\u00a0Metteya,<\/em>\u00a0v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. V\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f2n v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2u k\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt [15]. B\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh thay! Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt c\u00f2n xa, r\u1ea5t xa v\u1eddi, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 con nh\u00e0 tri\u1ec7u ph\u00fa tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i anh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00edch tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ee7 ba-la-m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t trong ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea7y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee7 ba-la-m\u1eadt ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>), d\u1ea7u mu\u1ed1n d\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 ta s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n, ch\u1eafc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t hay kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea7y qu\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3\u00a0niyata\u00a0<\/em>(t\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt th\u1ecd k\u00fd) v\u00e0\u00a0aniyata\u00a0<\/em>(kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt th\u1ecd k\u00fd). X\u00e9t theo hai b\u00e0i trong Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh \u00d0i\u1ec3n (Tipitaka) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau tr\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n con nh\u00e0 tri\u1ec7u ph\u00fa, ta n\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt th\u1ecd k\u00fd,\u00a0aniyata neyya<\/em>, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng khi t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 tinh t\u1ea5n, d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ba-la-m\u1eadt (p\u00e0rami<\/em>) t\u00edch tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. N\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ea5n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3\u00a0Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>\u00a0n\u1ea7y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea7y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129\u00a0Al\u00e0ra<\/em>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0Uddaka<\/em>(Majjhima Nik\u00e0ya<\/em>, Trung A H\u00e0m 28) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00edch tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ee7 ba-la-m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng may ph\u1ea3i sanh tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eb1m m\u1ed9t trong t\u00e1m n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n (atthakkhanas<\/em>) [16], nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u00d0i\u1ec1u Ki\u1ec7n Th\u1ef1c H\u00e0nh C\u1ea7n Thi\u1ebft Cho H\u1ea1ng\u00a0Neyya\u00a0<\/em>v\u00e0\u00a0<\/span>Padaparama<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Trong b\u1ed1n h\u1ea1ng ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, h\u1ea1ng\u00a0Uggh\u00e0titann\u00f9<\/em>\u00a0v\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng\u00a0Vipancitann\u00f9\u00a0<\/em>c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc\u00a0Sot\u00e0patti-magga<\/em>\u00a0(Tu-\u00d0\u00e0-Hu\u1eddn \u00d0\u1ea1o) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 cao si\u00eau h\u01a1n — nh\u01b0 B\u00e0Vis\u00e0kh\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 C\u1ea5p C\u00f4 \u00d0\u1ed9c,\u00a0An\u00e0thapindika<\/em>\u00a0[17] khi ch\u1ec9 nghe thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p qua nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Thanh T\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0 Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh (s\u00ecla-visuddhi<\/em>), t\u00e2m t\u1ecbnh (citta-visuddhi<\/em>) v.v… C\u0169ng n\u00ean nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do v\u1eady n\u00ean ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi t\u1ecbnh (s\u00ecla visuddhi<\/em>) v\u00e0 t\u00e2m t\u1ecbnh (citta visuddhi<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong Kinh \u00d0i\u1ec3n P\u00e0li ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho hai h\u1ea1ng ch\u00fang sanh\u00a0Neyya<\/em>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0Padaparama<\/em>\u00a0tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc\u00a0Sot\u00e0patti-magga<\/em>\u00a0(Tu-\u00d0\u00e0-Hu\u1eddn \u00d0\u1ea1o). Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng d\u00e0nh cho ba h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 cao si\u00eau. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u A La H\u00e1n Qu\u1ea3 c\u0169ng v\u1eady, c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh n\u1ea7y nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch\u00a0dittha-dhamma-sukha-vih\u00e0ra\u00a0<\/em>(an tr\u1ee5 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i) [18], b\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u1ecb A La H\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh n\u1ea7y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sau khi ng\u00e0n n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o —\u00a0Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>\u00a0— hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i) \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f4i qua, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb\u00a0Patisambhidh\u00e0-patta<\/em>\u00a0(A-La-H\u00e1n v\u1edbi Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 Ph\u00e2n T\u00e1ch), ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n hai h\u1ea1ng ch\u00fang sanh\u00a0Neyya<\/em>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0Padaparama<\/em>. Ng\u00e0y nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 hai h\u1ea1ng ch\u00fang sanh n\u1ea7y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Neyya-puggala<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong hai h\u1ea1ng ch\u00fang sanh n\u1ea7y, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u1edf h\u1ea1ng\u00a0Neyya<\/em>\u00a0c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc t\u1ea7ng Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u (sot\u00e0panna<\/em>, Tu-\u00d0\u00e0-Hu\u1eddn) trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y n\u1ebfu c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nhbodhipakkhiya dhamma\u00a0<\/em>(ba m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y Ph\u00e1p Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o, hay 37 B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 Ph\u1ea7n) nh\u01b0\u00a0satipatth\u00e0na\u00a0<\/em>(T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9),\u00a0sammappadh\u00e0na<\/em>\u00a0(T\u1ee9 Ch\u00e1nh C\u1ea7n) v.v… N\u1ebfu h\u1edd h\u1eefng d\u1ec3 du\u00f4i trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3\u00a0Sot\u00e0panna<\/em>\u00a0(Tu \u00d0\u00e0 Hu\u1eddn) trong ki\u1ebfp k\u1ebf, sau khi t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh tr\u1eddi (deva<\/em>). N\u1ebfu \u1edf trong c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi sau n\u1ea7y m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e1nh xa, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o (bodhipakkhiya<\/em>) nh\u01b0 T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 v.v… v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>), nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy\u00ean may g\u1eb7p Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/span><\/p>\n

Padaparama-puggala<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb trong h\u1ea1ng\u00a0Padaparama<\/em>\u00a0c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t trong ki\u1ebfp t\u1edbi, trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, sau khi t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh tr\u1eddi (deva loka<\/em>) v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o (Bodhipakkhiya<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ea1i Ch\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n V\u1eabn C\u00f2n<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian n\u0103m ng\u00e0n n\u0103m c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i bao g\u1ed3m Th\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ea1i Ch\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n. Th\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ea1i Ch\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n n\u1ea7y s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o m\u00e0 Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh \u00d0i\u1ec3n (Ti-pitakas<\/em>) c\u00f2n l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian. H\u1ea1ng ch\u00fang sanh\u00a0padaparama<\/em>\u00a0n\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00edch tr\u1eef m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng hay h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng ba-la-m\u1eadt c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y. Ph\u1ea3i t\u00edch tr\u1eef h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng\u00a0s\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0(gi\u1edbi). Ph\u1ea3i t\u00edch tr\u1eef h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng\u00a0sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>\u00a0(\u0111\u1ecbnh). Ph\u1ea3i t\u00edch tr\u1eef h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng\u00a0pann\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>(tu\u1ec7).<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi (S\u00ecla)<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong ba lo\u1ea1i t\u00edch tr\u1eef,\u00a0s\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0(Gi\u1edbi),\u00a0sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>\u00a0(\u00d0\u1ecbnh),\u00a0pann\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>(Tu\u1ec7), h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng\u00a0s\u00ecla\u00a0<\/em>c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a:\u00a0Panca S\u00ecla<\/em>[19],\u00a0Aj\u00ecvatthamaka S\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0[20],\u00a0Atth\u00e0nga Uposatha S\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0[21],\u00a0Dasanga S\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0[22] \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nam n\u1eef t\u1ea1i gia c\u01b0 s\u0129, v\u00e0\u00a0Bhikkhu S\u00ecla\u00a0<\/em>[23] \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t gia.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ecbnh (Sam\u00e0dhi)<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng \u00d0\u1ecbnh (sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u\u00a0parikamma-sam\u00e0dhi\u00a0<\/em>(t\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi, hay tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 m\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0kasinas<\/em>\u00a0(nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o), ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n h\u01a1n, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u\u00a0upac\u00e0ra-sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>\u00a0(c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh) ho\u1eb7c tinh t\u1ea5n ch\u00fa t\u00e2m h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u\u00a0appan\u00e0-sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>(to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecbnh).<\/span><\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 (Pann\u00e0)<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (pann\u00e0<\/em>) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trau gi\u1ed3i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a\u00a0r\u00f9pa<\/em>\u00a0(s\u1eafc, nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t),\u00a0n\u00e0ma<\/em>\u00a0(danh, nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m linh),\u00a0khandh\u00e0<\/em>(u\u1ea9n, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng),\u00a0\u00e0yatana<\/em>\u00a0(c\u0103n, s\u00e1u c\u1eeda gi\u00e1c quan),\u00a0dh\u00e0tu<\/em>\u00a0(nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1, hay th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i),\u00a0sacca<\/em>\u00a0(ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, hay di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf), v\u00e0\u00a0paticcasamupp\u00e0da<\/em>(duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi, hay ph\u00e1t sanh do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng phu trau gi\u1ed3i minh s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng (lakkhana<\/em>) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0\u00a0anicca<\/em>\u00a0(v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng),\u00a0dukkha<\/em>\u00a0(kh\u1ed5),\u00a0anatt\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(v\u00f4 ng\u00e3).<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong ba lo\u1ea1i h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1o Tu\u1ec7 (magga-n\u00e0na<\/em>) v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 Tu\u1ec7 (phala-n\u00e0na<\/em>) [24],\u00a0s\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0(gi\u1edbi) v\u00e0sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>\u00a0(\u0111\u1ecbnh) c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 trang s\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ebf gian cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o (sunna<\/em>, h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng, t\u1ee9c chu k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf gian kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt, th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt). H\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00fac n\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng\u00a0pann\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7), li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0r\u00f9pa, n\u00e0ma, khandha, \u00e0yatana, dh\u00e0tu, sacca,<\/em>\u00a0v\u00e0paticcasamuppada<\/em>\u00a0(s\u1eafc, danh, ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n, l\u1ee5c c\u0103n, t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i, di\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi) ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>). Ngo\u00e0i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>) — xuy\u00ean qua v\u00f4 s\u1ed1\u00a0“sunna”<\/em>\u00a0t\u1ee9c chu k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf gian kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o — kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 nghe nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0pann\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7), d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 nghe tho\u00e1ng qua. Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy\u00ean may t\u00e1i sanh ng\u00e0y nay trong th\u1ebf gian n\u1ea7y, trong khi Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt c\u00f2n \u0111ang l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n t\u00edch tr\u1eef h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1o Tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 Tu\u1ec7 nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 trong m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0paramatha\u00a0<\/em>[25] (ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f9ng t\u1ed9t), v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 g\u1eb7p, v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u00edch tr\u1eef h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng\u00a0s\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0(gi\u1edbi) v\u00e0\u00a0sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>\u00a0(\u0111\u1ecbnh). T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u ta ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 T\u1ee9 \u00d0\u1ea1i (mah\u00e0-bh\u00f9ta<\/em>) —\u00a0pathav\u00ec, \u00e0po, tejo, v\u00e0 v\u00e0yo<\/em>\u00a0[26] — c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u1ea7y. N\u1ebfu minh s\u00e1t hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1eadn t\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u1ea7y \u1eaft ta th\u00e2u ho\u1ea1ch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (pann\u00e0<\/em>), v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c n\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7aAbhidhamma,<\/em>\u00a0Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>) \u0111\u00e1ng cho ta gia c\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vijj\u00e0<\/span><\/span><\/em>\u00a0(Minh) v\u00e0\u00a0Carana<\/em>\u00a0(H\u1ea1nh)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u00ecla<\/span><\/em>\u00a0(gi\u1edbi) v\u00e0\u00a0sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>\u00a0(\u0111\u1ecbnh) h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh\u00a0carana<\/em>\u00a0(H\u1ea1nh) trong khi\u00a0pann\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0\u00a0vijj\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(Minh). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh, tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 Minh H\u1ea1nh. Minh (vijj\u00e0<\/em>) gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh, H\u1ea1nh (carana<\/em>) nh\u01b0 c\u1eb7p ch\u00e2n.\u00a0Vijj\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a chim,\u00a0carana<\/em>\u00a0nh\u01b0 c\u00e1nh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 Gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ebfu Tu\u1ec7 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 hai ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0ng m\u00f9 m\u1eaft. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 Minh (vijj\u00e0<\/em>) nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ebfu H\u1ea1nh (carana<\/em>) gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1eaft t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0ng hai ch\u00e2n b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 hai, Minh (vijj\u00e0<\/em>) v\u00e0 H\u1ea1nh (carana<\/em>), gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 hai m\u1eaft s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u1eb7p ch\u00e2n kho\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh. Thi\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 hai, Minh v\u00e0 H\u1ea1nh, th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9 m\u00e0 ch\u00e2n c\u1eb3ng qu\u00e8 qu\u1eb7t, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1eadu Qu\u1ea3 C\u1ee7a T\u00ecnh Tr\u1ea1ng Ch\u1ec9 C\u00f3\u00a0Carana<\/em>\u00a0(H\u1ea1nh)<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh c\u00f9ng chung s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>), c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 Gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng Minh (vijj\u00e0<\/em>), nh\u01b0 tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p, danh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n. V\u00ec c\u00f3 H\u1ea1nh d\u00f5ng m\u00e3nh, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng Minh, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe l\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1ecd c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c\u00a0L\u00e0lud\u00e0y\u00ec<\/em>\u00a0[27], \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c\u00a0Upananda<\/em>\u00a0[28], nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0uChabbagg\u00ecya<\/em>\u00a0[29], v\u00e0 Vua x\u1ee9\u00a0Kosala\u00a0<\/em>[30], t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt To\u00e0n Gi\u00e1c. Nh\u1edd trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch tr\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u H\u1ea1nh (carana<\/em>) t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u00e0 tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi n\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i s\u1ed1ng li\u00ean h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt T\u1ed1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu t\u00edch tr\u1eef h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng Minh (vijj\u00e0<\/em>) n\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y th\u01b0\u1eddng nghe trong ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea7y th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tai \u0111i\u1ebfc.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1eadu Qu\u1ea3 C\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u1ee3p Ch\u1ec9 C\u00f3\u00a0Vijj\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(Minh)<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng Minh (vijj\u00e0<\/em>) nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 danh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c u\u1ea9n, nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ebfu H\u1ea1nh (carana<\/em>) nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (d\u00e0na<\/em>), th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi (nicca s\u00ecla<\/em>) v\u00e0 gi\u1eef b\u00e1t quan trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y gi\u1edbi (uposatha s\u00ecla<\/em>). N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 duy\u00ean may g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u1ecb lai v\u00e0 nghe nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p do Ng\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng \u1eaft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 v\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 Minh (vijj\u00e0<\/em>), nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu H\u1ea1nh (carana<\/em>) n\u00ean r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3, c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 hi\u1ebfm hoi cho c\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i g\u1eb7p v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t\u00a0antara-kappa\u00a0<\/em>(chu k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf gian) gi\u1eefa\u00a0Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>, Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu H\u1ea1nh (carana<\/em>) k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean lang thang b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong D\u1ee5c Gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i l\u1eb7n h\u1ee5p l\u0103n tr\u00f4i trong m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sanh, sanh-t\u1eed, t\u1eed-sanh. C\u01a1 h\u1ed9i g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y \u1edf trong l\u1ea1c c\u1ea3nh [31]. N\u1ebfu trong th\u1eddi gian \u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng may ph\u1ea3i sa \u0111\u1ecda v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed5 [32] th\u00ec c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng trong Kh\u1ed5 C\u1ea3nh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c trong b\u1ed1n c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed5, tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean li\u00ean t\u1ee5c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y thi\u1ebfu c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (d\u00e0na<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng gi\u1eef g\u00ecn trong s\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng thu th\u00fac l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01a1 b\u1ea9n nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady thi\u1ebfu H\u1ea1nh (carana<\/em>), c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd s\u1ebd t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong B\u1ed1n Kh\u1ed5 C\u1ea3nh sau khi ch\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu may nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ed1t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi nh\u00e0n l\u1ea1c (suggati-loka<\/em>), b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn \u1edf c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o, v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu H\u1ea1nh (carana<\/em>) trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (d\u00e0na<\/em>), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u0169ng thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, th\u1eed th\u00e1ch v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed5 t\u00e2m trong cu\u1ed9c sinh s\u1ed1ng, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh (ap\u00e0ya lokas<\/em>). B\u1edfi v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu H\u1ea1nh (carana<\/em>) nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 b\u00e1t quan trai gi\u1edbi (uposatha s\u00ecla<\/em>), nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e3i v\u00e3, tranh ch\u1ea5p, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, th\u00f9 o\u00e1n, trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng khi giao d\u1ecbch v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb \u1ed1m \u0111au \u01b0\u01a1n y\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m cho m\u00ecnh g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 sa \u0111\u1ecda v\u00e0o kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh (ap\u00e0ya loka<\/em>). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd kinh nghi\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng trong m\u1ed7i ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng, s\u1ebd t\u00edch t\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng \u1edf l\u1ea1c c\u1ea3nh (suggati loka<\/em>) v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh (duggati loka<\/em>). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu H\u1ea1nh (carana<\/em>) qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt hi\u1ebfm hoi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0i\u1ec3m Ch\u00e1nh Y\u1ebfu<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu l\u00e0, ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o ta h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng Minh (vijj\u00e0<\/em>) v\u00e0 H\u1ea1nh (carana<\/em>) m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp t\u1edbi. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng Minh (vijj\u00e0<\/em>), thi\u1ebfu h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng H\u1ea1nh (carana<\/em>) nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed v\u00e0 tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi, ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i g\u1eb7p Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai,\u00a0Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c, h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng H\u1ea1nh (carana<\/em>) nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ebfu h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng Minh (vijj\u00e0<\/em>), m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. Do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf h\u1ea1ng\u00a0padaparama<\/em>\u00a0ng\u00e0y nay, d\u1ea7u nam hay n\u1eef, c\u00f3 ch\u00fa nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00edch tr\u1eef trong th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o,\u00a0Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng H\u1ea1nh (carana<\/em>) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (d\u00e0na<\/em>), tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi (s\u00ecla<\/em>), v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng (samatha bh\u00e0van\u00e0)<\/em>, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i, t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng minh s\u00e1t B\u1ed1n Nguy\u00ean T\u1ed1 Ch\u00e1nh Y\u1ebfu C\u0103n B\u1ea3n, T\u1ee9 \u00d0\u1ea1i, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p, c\u00f3 hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng\u00a0d\u00e0na,<\/em>\u00a0b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, l\u00e0 H\u1ea1nh (carana<\/em>), b\u1ed1 th\u00ed n\u1eb1m trong ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng\u00a0saddh\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>(\u0111\u1ee9c tin), v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng\u00a0saddhammas,<\/em>\u00a0b\u1ea3y ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t, l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa n\u1eb1m trong m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m\u00a0carana-dhammas<\/em>, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00e1p. M\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m\u00a0carana-dhammas<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0S\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0(Gi\u1edbi);
\n2.\u00a0Indriya-samvara<\/em>\u00a0(thu th\u00fac l\u1ee5c c\u0103n);
\n3.\u00a0Bhojane mattannut\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>(\u1ea9m th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng):
\n4.\u00a0J\u00e0gariy\u00e0nuyoga<\/em>\u00a0(t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c):
\n5-11.\u00a0Saddhamma<\/em>\u00a0(b\u1ea3y \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh);
\n12-15. B\u1ed1n\u00a0Jh\u00e0nas\u00a0<\/em>(T\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n, b\u1ed1n t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m ph\u00e1p k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n cao nh\u1ea5t (jh\u00e0nal\u00e0bhi<\/em>). V\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t (sukkhavipassaka<\/em>) [33] ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1nh ph\u00e1p (catarana-dhammas<\/em>) [34], t\u1ee9c m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m tr\u1eeb b\u1ed1n t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n (Jh\u00e0nas<\/em>). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u00fa nguy\u1ec7n mu\u1ed1n g\u1eb7p Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>) c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 b\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p\u00a0saddhammas<\/em>\u00a0(ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t).<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 trong ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 m\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1nh ph\u00e1p (carana-dhammas<\/em>) \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean:\u00a0s\u00ecla, indriyasamvara, bhojane mattannut\u00e0, j\u00e0gariy\u00e0nuyoga<\/em>, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3y\u00a0saddhammas<\/em>. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y\u00a0s\u00ecla<\/em>, gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0\u00a0Aj\u00ecvatthamaka nicca s\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0(Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef, ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng),\u00a0Indriyasamvara\u00a0<\/em>c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a thu th\u00fac l\u1ee5c c\u0103n — nh\u00e3n, nh\u0129, t\u1ef7, thi\u1ec7t, th\u00e2n, \u00fd.\u00a0Bhojane mattannut\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y th\u1ee9c \u0103n v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh.\u00a0J\u00e0gariy\u00e0nuyoga<\/em>\u00a0c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee7 ng\u00e0y, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ng\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t canh trong \u0111\u00eam [35] , trong hai canh c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i th\u00ec th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh\u00a0bh\u00e0van\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n, trau gi\u1ed3i t\u00e2m).<\/span><\/p>\n

Saddhamma<\/span><\/em>\u00a0c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3y ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t:<\/span><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0Saddh\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>(\u0111\u1ee9c tin),
\n2.\u00a0Sati<\/em>\u00a0(ni\u1ec7m),
\n3.\u00a0Hiri\u00a0<\/em>(h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i),
\n4.\u00a0Ottappa<\/em>\u00a0(gh\u00ea s\u1ee3 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i),
\n5.\u00a0B\u00e0husacca<\/em>\u00a0(h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u r\u1ed9ng),
\n6.\u00a0Viriya<\/em>\u00a0(tinh t\u1ea5n),
\n7.\u00a0Pann\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3\u00a0Sot\u00e0pannas<\/em>\u00a0(Tu-\u00d0\u00e0-Hu\u1eddn) trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (d\u00e0na<\/em>). Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ai t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh\u00a0d\u00e0na<\/em>, h\u1ea1nh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, v\u00e0\u00a0uposatha-s\u00ecla<\/em>, b\u00e1t quan trai gi\u1edbi trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y gi\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 T\u1ef1 Th\u1ef1c H\u00e0nh V\u00e0 Nh\u1eefng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mong Ch\u1edd V\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt T\u01b0\u01a1ng Lai<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec c\u00f4ng phu th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb c\u00f2n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 mong ch\u1edd v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m g\u00ec h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u00edch tr\u1eef ba-la-m\u1eadt (p\u00e0rami)<\/em>, kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i theo \u0111\u00fang th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn trong Kinh \u00d0i\u1ec3n P\u00e0li, t\u1ee9c\u00a0s\u00ecla, sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0pann\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>(gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh, tu\u1ec7). Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean tri\u1ec3n ho\u00e3n, g\u00e1t ch\u1edd h\u00e0nh xong\u00a0s\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0(gi\u1edbi) r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh\u00a0sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>\u00a0(\u0111\u1ecbnh), hay tri\u1ec3n ho\u00e3n c\u00f4ng phu th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh\u00a0pann\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>(tu\u1ec7) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edd ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh\u00a0sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>\u00a0(\u0111\u1ecbnh). Theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3y giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thanh t\u1ecbnh (visuddhis<\/em>) nh\u01b0:<\/span><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0S\u00ecla-visuddhi\u00a0<\/em>(gi\u1edbi t\u1ecbnh),
\n2.\u00a0Citta-visuddhi<\/em>\u00a0(t\u00e2m t\u1ecbnh),
\n3.\u00a0Ditthi-visuddhi<\/em>\u00a0(ki\u1ebfn t\u1ecbnh),
\n4.\u00a0Kankh\u00e0vitarana-visuddhi\u00a0<\/em>(\u0111o\u1ea1n nghi t\u1ecbnh),
\n5.\u00a0Magg-\u00e0magga-n\u00e0nadassana-visuddhi<\/em>\u00a0(\u0111\u1ea1o phi \u0111\u1ea1o tri ki\u1ebfn t\u1ecbnh),
\n6.\u00a0Patipad\u00e0n\u00e0nadassana-visuddhi<\/em>\u00a0(\u0111\u1ea1o tri ki\u1ebfn t\u1ecbnh), v\u00e0
\n7.\u00a0N\u00e0na-dassana-visuddhi\u00a0<\/em>(tri ki\u1ebfn t\u1ecbnh).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecf s\u00f3t hay tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n c\u00f4ng phu th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i vi\u00ean m\u00e3n ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh giai \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ebf, theo \u0111\u00fang th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1. V\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u00fa nguy\u1ec7n t\u00edch tr\u1eef ba-la-m\u1eadt c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n nh\u1eb1m t\u00edch tr\u1eef\u00a0s\u00ecla, sam\u00e0dhi v\u00e0 pann\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>(gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u1ec7) c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n P\u00e0li d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng\u00a0citta-visuddhi<\/em>\u00a0(t\u00e2m t\u1ecbnh) ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh sau khi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7\u00a0s\u00ecla-visuddhi<\/em>\u00a0(gi\u1edbi t\u1ecbnh), r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh\u00a0ditthi-visuddhi<\/em>\u00a0(ki\u1ebfn t\u1ecbnh) sau khi \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n m\u00e3n h\u00e0nh xong\u00a0citta-visuddhi\u00a0<\/em>(t\u00e2m t\u1ecbnh), r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh\u00a0kankh\u00e0vitarana-visuddhi<\/em>\u00a0(\u0111o\u1ea1n nghi t\u1ecbnh) sau khi \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u00e3n\u00a0ditthi-visuddhi\u00a0<\/em>(ki\u1ebfn t\u1ecbnh), r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng phu trau gi\u1ed3i ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n v\u1ec1\u00a0anicca, dukkha, v\u00e0 anatt\u00e0 bh\u00e0van\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>(v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00f4 ng\u00e3) ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u sau khi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7\u00a0kankh\u00e0vitarana-visuddhi\u00a0<\/em>(\u0111o\u1ea1n nghi t\u1ecbnh), th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c cao \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng g\u00f3p nh\u1eb7t ba-la-m\u1eadt (p\u00e0rami<\/em>) t\u1ea1o n\u00ean do ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ea3o h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng nh\u1eb1m thanh l\u1ecdc t\u00e2m (samatha manasik\u00e0ra citta-visuddhi<\/em>) ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u sau khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7\u00a0s\u00ecla-visuddhi<\/em>\u00a0(gi\u1edbi t\u1ecbnh).<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 s\u0103n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 c\u00e2u, kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ea3o h\u1ecd n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c th\u00ec \u0111\u1eebng n\u00ean th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m, h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 minh s\u00e1t (samatha-vipassan\u00e0-manasik\u00e0ra<\/em>). N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p (dhammantar\u00e0ya<\/em>, ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i, c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p). Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i n\u00ean khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 s\u0103n ho\u1eb7c th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 n\u00ean qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt, Ph\u00e1p, T\u0103ng. Nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf h\u1ecd n\u00ean t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u1ea7y. Khuy\u00ean nh\u1ee7 h\u1ecd n\u00ean qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh, c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ta, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh. S\u01b0 (Ng\u00e0i Ledi Sayadaw) c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 ch\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1edbi chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng Kinh \u00d0i\u1ec3n P\u00e0li v\u00e0\u00a0“nisaya”<\/em>\u00a0(b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eebng ch\u1eef) quy\u1ec3n\u00a0Abhidhammattha Sangaha\u00a0<\/em>(Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p To\u00e1t Y\u1ebfu) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng duy\u00ean h\u1ec7,Paccaya Niddesa<\/em>, c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9\u00a0Patth\u00e0na\u00a0<\/em>(T\u01b0\u01a1ng Quan Duy\u00ean H\u1ec7) c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn trong khi v\u1eabn h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh tu h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 gieo tr\u1ed3ng m\u1ea7m gi\u1ed1ng\u00a0vijj\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>(Minh).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, m\u1ed7i khi g\u1eb7p thi\u1ec7n t\u00edn (d\u00e0yaka up\u00e0sakas<\/em>), \u0111\u00fang theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 S\u01b0, S\u01b0 khuy\u00ean h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u l\u00e0 th\u1ee3 s\u0103n hay th\u1ee3 c\u00e2u chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng n\u00ean ghi nh\u1edb, qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Tam B\u1ea3o v\u00e0 ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Tam B\u1ea3o (Ti-Ratana<\/em>) l\u00e0 gieo tr\u1ed3ng h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng H\u1ea1nh (carana<\/em>). Qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 gieo tr\u1ed3ng h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng Minh (vijj\u00e0)<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 s\u0103n hay th\u1ee3 c\u00e2u ta c\u0169ng n\u00ean khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch nghi n\u1ebfu ta khuy\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 s\u0103n hay th\u1ee3 c\u00e2u n\u00ean h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng (samatha<\/em>) v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u00e0<\/em>). \u00d0\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, n\u00ean gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 cho h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. N\u00ean s\u00e1ch t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd n\u00ean ki\u00ean tr\u00ec c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng. H\u1ecd \u1edf trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o t\u00edch tr\u1eef ba-la-m\u1eadt (p\u00e0rami<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed1t c\u0169ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ea5t C\u01a1 H\u1ed9i Gieo Tr\u1ed3ng H\u1ed9t Gi\u1ed1ng\u00a0Vijj\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(Minh) V\u00ec Kh\u00f4ng Bi\u1ebft Gi\u00e1 Tr\u1ecb C\u1ee7a Th\u1eddi Hi\u1ec7n T\u1ea1i<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0i v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m, trong Kinh \u00d0i\u1ec3n P\u00e0li v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ea3y giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thanh t\u1ecbnh (visuddhi<\/em>), nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng (samatha<\/em>) hay thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u00e0<\/em>), d\u1ea7u t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c tinh t\u1ea5n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 n\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1edbi t\u1ecbnh (s\u00ecla-visuddhi<\/em>). V\u00e0i h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 k\u00e9m hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft b\u1ecb d\u1eabn d\u1eaft l\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00ec tin theo nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0\u00a0dhammantar\u00e0ya<\/em>\u00a0(ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i cho Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p).<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gi\u1edd ph\u00fat hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 gieo tr\u1ed3ng m\u1ea7m gi\u1ed1ng\u00a0vijj\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>(Minh), v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u khi g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>). Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i c\u00f2n l\u1eb7n h\u1ee5p l\u0103n tr\u00f4i trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (sams\u00e0ra<\/em>) b\u1edfi v\u00ec trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 xa x\u00f4i d\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quan ni\u1ec7m, tr\u1ea3i qua v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 chu k\u1ef3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u00e1t tr\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng (Ganges), m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f4i khi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i g\u1eb7p Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>) nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e2u th\u1eadp n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u1ea7m gi\u1ed1ng\u00a0vijj\u00e0<\/em>(Minh).<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea7m gi\u1ed1ng, n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u00edn m\u00f9i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1edf m\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e2y non m\u1ea1nh kho\u1ebb s\u1edfn s\u01a1, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00edn. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng ch\u01b0a ch\u00edn, ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 m\u00f9i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh m\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecdc, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, d\u1ea7u th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc, t\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n chu\u1ed7i theo th\u00f3i quen th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng trong khi \u1ea5y qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ee5ng kinh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng theo d\u00f5i l\u1eddi kinh, \u1eaft s\u1ebd c\u00f3 h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u00edn, kh\u00f4ng m\u00f9i. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00edn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 m\u00f9i n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp sau k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng (samatha<\/em>) cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c\u00a0parikamma nimitta<\/em>\u00a0[36] v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u00e0)<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ec7 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t s\u1eafc v\u00e0 danh (r\u00f9pa v\u00e0 n\u00e0ma<\/em>), d\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, l\u00e0 h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng ch\u00edn m\u00f9i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t. Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c\u00a0uggaha nimitta<\/em>\u00a0v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c\u00a0sammasana-n\u00e0na<\/em>\u00a0[37], d\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, l\u00e0 h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e0ng ch\u00edn m\u00f9i h\u01a1n. Thi\u1ec1n v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c\u00a0Patibh\u00e0ga-nimitta<\/em>\u00a0[38] v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0Udayabbayan\u00e0na<\/em>\u00a0[39], d\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, l\u00e0 h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e0ng ch\u00edn m\u00f9i h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu c\u00e0ng chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n h\u01a1n trong c\u00f4ng phu th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng\u00a0vijj\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(Minh) c\u00e0ng gi\u00e0 gi\u1eb7n ch\u00edn m\u00f9i h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a d\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Adhik\u00e0ra<\/span><\/span><\/em>\u00a0(Ph\u00e1p H\u00e0nh Nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh Tinh T\u1ea5n V\u00e0 Th\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh \u00d0i\u1ec3n P\u00e0li n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3\u00a0adhik\u00e0ra<\/em>\u00a0trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>) qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n (Jh\u00e0nas<\/em>), c\u00e1c \u00d0\u1ea1o (Maggas<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Qu\u1ea3 (Phalas<\/em>) trong th\u1eddi Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o sau n\u1ea7y. Danh t\u1eeb “adhik\u00e0ra<\/em>” c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng”, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea7m gi\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ed5 sanh th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p. Ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3i qua cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh theo nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n, v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng theo thi\u1ec1n v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng (samatha<\/em>) v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u00e0<\/em>) m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng\u00a0samatha v\u00e0 vijj\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0adhik\u00e0ra<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong hai lo\u1ea1i h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>) m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng\u00a0vijj\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(Minh) th\u00ec qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t l\u1edbn lao. \u00d0\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng\u00a0vijj\u00e0<\/em>(Minh) li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0r\u00f9pa v\u00e0 n\u00e0ma dhamma<\/em>\u00a0(ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 danh ph\u00e1p) ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f2n Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>) v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 hay bi\u1ebft m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n nay, d\u1ea7u nam hay n\u1eef, nh\u1eefng ai t\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 suy ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n x\u00e9t t\u1eadn t\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1eafc v\u00e0 danh ph\u00e1p (r\u00f9pa n\u00e0ma dhamma<\/em>) n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u1eb7n k\u1ebb n\u1eb1m l\u00f2ng b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu (T\u1ee9 \u00d0\u1ea1i) c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, suy ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 \u00d0\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n h\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ba lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong T\u1ea1ng Kinh v\u00e0 T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng (samatha<\/em>) v\u00e0 minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u00e0<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1eddi gian tr\u00f4i qua v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng, gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o, b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec l\u1ee1 m\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o,<\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong h\u1ea1ng\u00a0Padarama v\u00e0 Neyya<\/em>\u00a0[40] n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e2u g\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng\u00a0samatha<\/em>\u00a0(v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng) v\u00e0\u00a0vipassan\u00e0<\/em>(minh s\u00e1t) ch\u00edn m\u00f9i, v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch si\u00eau th\u1ebf trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y hay trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh tr\u1eddi (deva loka<\/em>) v\u00e0o ki\u1ebfp t\u1edbi — trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt n\u1ea7y ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai,<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e2u ho\u1ea1ch nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn bao la trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ba lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n h\u1ea1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t L\u1eddi Khuy\u00ean V\u00e0 C\u1ea3nh Gi\u00e1c<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng trong su\u1ed1t b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m H\u1ea1 (vassas<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00fac t\u00edch c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu trong Tam T\u1ea1ng Kinh (Tipitaka<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat t\u1ec9a ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn l\u1ea1i th\u00ec ta c\u00f2n ba m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o (bodhipakkhiya-dhamma,<\/em>\u00a0nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 37 B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 Ph\u1ea7n). Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9 (bodhipakkhiya-dhamma<\/em>) n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t t\u1ee7y ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Tam T\u1ea1ng kinh. B\u1ea3y giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thanh l\u1ecdc (visuddhi<\/em>), l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2u g\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1ea7y, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh\u00a0s\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0(Gi\u1edbi),sam\u00e0dhi\u00a0<\/em>(\u00d0\u1ecbnh), v\u00e0\u00a0pann\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(Tu\u1ec7). Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0adhis\u00ecla s\u00e0sana<\/em>\u00a0(Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gi\u1edbi Lu\u1eadt Cao Si\u00eau),\u00a0adhicitta s\u00e0sana<\/em>\u00a0(Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n C\u1ee7a T\u00e2m Cao Si\u00eau), v\u00e0\u00a0adhipann\u00e0 s\u00e0sana<\/em>(Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n C\u1ee7a Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 Cao Si\u00eau). Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0sikkh\u00e0s,<\/em>\u00a0nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p tu h\u1ecdc. Khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0s\u00ecla\u00a0<\/em>(Gi\u1edbi). \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 t\u1ea1i gia l\u00e0\u00a0nicca s\u00ecla (<\/em>nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec). Nh\u1eefng ai tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7\u00a0nicca s\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7\u00a0carana<\/em>\u00a0(H\u1ea1nh). Ch\u00ednh H\u1ea1nh (carana<\/em>) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Minh (vijj\u00e0<\/em>) gi\u00fap ta th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh th\u00eam B\u00e1t Quan Trai Gi\u1edbi (uposatha s\u00ecla<\/em>) trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y gi\u1edbi th\u00ec c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n\u00a0nicca s\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0nhi\u1ec1u. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng c\u01b0 s\u0129,\u00a0nicca s\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0(gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0\u00a0\u00e0jivatthamaka s\u00ecla\u00a0<\/em>[41]. Nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi n\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 th\u1eadt l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec. N\u1ebfu, v\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ph\u00e0m nh\u00e2n (putthujjana<\/em>) ta vi ph\u1ea1m m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi n\u00e0o, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i v\u00e0 xin gi\u1edbi l\u1ea1i, l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi ch\u00fa nguy\u1ec7n, xin trong s\u1ea1ch gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 sau, \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu, trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi n\u1eefa th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi ch\u00fa nguy\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n xin gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh l\u1ecdc trong s\u1ea1ch tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3. M\u1ed7i khi\u00a0nicca s\u00ecla<\/em>, gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m th\u00ec n\u00ean s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh tr\u1edf n\u00ean trong s\u1ea1ch tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. Ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c trong s\u1ea1ch Tuy nhi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m\u00a0kasina\u00a0<\/em>(d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3 tr\u00f2n l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1ed3i r\u1ed3i gom t\u00e2m an tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3) hay th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng \u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n (asubha-bh\u00e0van\u00e0<\/em>) v.v… qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt hi\u1ebfm hoi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t minh s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh, hay ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p v.v… Th\u1eadt hi\u1ebfm hoi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00ec ng\u00e0y nay nhi\u1ec1u Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p Sai L\u1ea7m (micch\u00e0dhamma)<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 ch\u00edn m\u00f9i, t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i cho Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n Sai L\u1ea7m<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n Sai L\u1ea7m (micch\u00e0-dhamma<\/em>) t\u1ee9c “nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i cho Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p” (dhammantar\u00e0ya<\/em>), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quan ki\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i\u00a0sams\u00e0ra<\/em>, ni\u1ec1m tin cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3, chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng tri\u1ec3n ho\u00e3n m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n, ch\u1edd cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ba-la-m\u1eadt (p\u00e0ramis<\/em>) \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u00edn m\u00f9i, ni\u1ec1m tin cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi nay ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0\u00a0dvi-hetuka<\/em>\u00a0[42], nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sanh ra v\u1edbi hai nh\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n, ni\u1ec1m tin cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 th\u1eddi x\u01b0a kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00f9ng t\u1ed9t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (kusala kamma<\/em>) n\u00e0o l\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00edch. N\u1ebfu ta chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p\u00a0(kusala kamma<\/em>) l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o ba-la-m\u1eadt (p\u00e0rami<\/em>) cho nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu ba-la-m\u1eadt. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ea1o ba-la-m\u1eadt \u1eaft c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u00e2u g\u1eb7t ba-la-m\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ba-la-m\u1eadt ch\u01b0a ch\u00edn m\u00f9i ra s\u1ee9c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u00ec ba-la-m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ch\u00edn m\u00f9i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 trong ki\u1ebfp t\u1edbi trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ba-la-m\u1eadt ch\u00edn m\u00f9i s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ba-la-m\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00edn m\u00f9i chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sanh ra v\u1edbi hai nh\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n (dvi-hetuka<\/em>) chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh\u00a0ti-hetuka\u00a0<\/em>[43] trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng t\u1edbi. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1idvi-hetuka<\/em>\u00a0(sanh ra v\u1edbi hai nh\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n) m\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f2n tu\u1ed9t xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c\u00a0ahetuka<\/em>\u00a0[44]. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 anh kia tr\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbnh xu\u1ea5t gia, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u (bhikkhu<\/em>). N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u1edbi anh r\u1eb1ng “ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh xu\u1ea5t gia n\u1ebfu anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u. N\u1ebfu li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eady, ch\u1edb n\u00ean d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh xu\u1ea5t gia nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf”, — \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0\u00a0dhammantar\u00e0ya<\/em>, ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i cho Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: “Nh\u01b0 Lai tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u00fd thi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi sanh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u1edbn lao” — (Majjhima Nik\u00e0ya<\/em>, Trung A H\u00e0m, s\u1ed1 8)<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ed1 th\u00ed (d\u00e0na<\/em>) ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m ng\u00e3 l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t t\u00e2m b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u00a0punnantar\u00e0ya<\/em>, ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ed1 th\u00ed. N\u1ebfu l\u00e0m th\u1ed1i ch\u00ed nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi, tham thi\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o dhammantar\u00e0ya, ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i cho Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp t\u1edbi. N\u1ebfu g\u00e2y ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i cho Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m trong gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 k\u00e9m nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m v\u00e0 h\u00e8n h\u1ea1 trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp v\u1ecb lai. Do \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e3y coi ch\u1eebng!<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u00ean x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ebfm hoi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n sai l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eb1m kh\u00f3a ch\u1eb7t c\u00e1nh c\u1ed5ng v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed5 (ap\u00e0ya<\/em>), — cho nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp v\u1ecb lai trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (sams\u00e0ra<\/em>) — ho\u1eb7c n\u1eefa, nh\u1eb1m t\u00edch tr\u1eef nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t gi\u00fap ta tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng t\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt k\u1ebf sau \u0111\u00e2y, do nh\u1edd th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng (samatha<\/em>) v\u00e0 minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u00e0<\/em>) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/span><\/p>\n

[1] G\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt: \u00d0i\u1ec3m n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ghi ch\u00e9p trong kinh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean. (Ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean Buddhist Publication Society — Kandy)<\/span><\/p>\n

[2] \u00d0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n l\u00e0m ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean, trung ni\u00ean, v\u00e0 l\u00e3o ni\u00ean. Xem “Path of Purification” (Visuddhi Magga<\/em>\u00a0– Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o) do \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c N\u00e0namoli chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb P\u00e0li sang Anh, trang 721.<\/span><\/p>\n

[3] Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n — n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb ch\u1eef:\u00a0the present Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

[4]\u00a0Puggala-Pannatti<\/em>, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 100f;\u00a0Anguttara, Tika-nip\u00e0ta\u00a0<\/em>(nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 Ba) s\u1ed1 22. (Xem “The Wheel” s\u1ed1 155\/158, trang 18)<\/span><\/p>\n

[5]\u00a0<\/span>Vim\u00e0na Vatthu.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

[6]\u00a0Majjhima Nik\u00e0ya<\/em>, Trung A H\u00e0m, s\u1ed1 36.<\/span><\/p>\n

[7]\u00a0D\u00ecgha Nik\u00e0ya<\/em>, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, s\u1ed1 2: kinh\u00a0<\/span>S\u00e0mannaphala Sutta.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

[8] Dhammapada Commentary, Ch\u00fa Gi\u1ea3i kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa —\u00a0Peta Vatthu<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

[9]\u00a0Vinaya Pitaka<\/em>, T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadt,\u00a0P\u00e0r\u00e0jik\u00e0<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

[10]\u00a0Ti-ratana<\/em>\u00a0= “Tam B\u1ea3o”: Ph\u1eadt B\u1ea3o, Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o, T\u0103ng B\u1ea3o. (Buddha, Dhamma, Sangha)<\/span><\/p>\n

[11] \u00d0\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n: S\u1ef1 vi\u00ean t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-La-H\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n, parinibb\u00e0na.<\/span><\/p>\n

[12] A-Na-H\u00e0m, hay “B\u1ea5t Lai” l\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng Th\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 ba trong T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh. V\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 B\u1ea5t Lai v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f2n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh D\u1ee5c Gi\u1edbi (k\u00e0ma-loka<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

[13] V\u00f4 Phi\u00ean Thi\u00ean — c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tinh khi\u1ebft, bao g\u1ed3m n\u0103m c\u1ea3nh tr\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi, c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh “B\u1ea5t Lai” t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o v\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 A-La-H\u00e1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

[14]\u00a0Ap\u00e0ya-loka<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed5 bao g\u1ed3m: c\u1ea3nh a-tu-la, c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7, c\u1ea3nh th\u00fa v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c<\/span><\/p>\n

[15]\u00a0Sunna-kappas<\/em>\u00a0— nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2u k\u1ef3 “h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng”, t\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng a-t\u0103ng-k\u1ef3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n

[16]\u00a0Atthakkhana: D\u00ecgha Nik\u00e0ya<\/em>, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m,\u00a0P\u00e0thika-vagga,<\/em>\u00a0ph\u1ea9m\u00a0P\u00e0thika<\/em>, b\u00e0i kinhDasuttara Sutta; Anguttara Nik\u00e0ya III, Atthaka-nip\u00e0ta, Akkhana Sutta,\u00a0<\/em>trang 60:– (i)paccantaro,\u00a0<\/em>s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt,\u00a0Buddha S\u00e0sana,<\/em>\u00a0kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n; (ii)\u00a0Arino<\/em>, t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean V\u00f4 S\u1eafc; (iii)\u00a0Vitalingo,<\/em>\u00a0nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sanh ra \u0111\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9n ngu si hay b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n, v.v… ; (iv)\u00a0Asannasatta<\/em>, s\u1ed1ng trong c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean V\u00f4 T\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ee9c; (v)\u00a0Micch\u00e0-ditthi<\/em>, sanh tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang n\u1eb7ng t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn; (vi)\u00a0Peta<\/em>, trong c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ec9; (vii)\u00a0Tirach\u00e0na<\/em>, trong c\u1ea3nh th\u00fa; v\u00e0 (viii)\u00a0Niraya<\/em>, trong c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c.<\/span><\/p>\n

[17] Dhamma Commentary, t\u00edch chuy\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u 1 v\u00e0 c\u00e2u 18.<\/span><\/p>\n

[18]\u00a0Dittha-dhamma-sukha-vih\u00e0r<\/em>a — Ph\u00e1t sanh \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb A-La-H\u00e1n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9: “Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh n\u1eefa; ta \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ea1ch; ta \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u00e3n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m; ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec n\u1eefa ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 A La H\u00e1n.” Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady Ng\u00e0i an tr\u1ee5 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

[19]\u00a0Panca S\u00ecla<\/em>, Ng\u0169 Gi\u1edbi. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nam hay n\u1eef, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0: c\u1eed ki\u00eang kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t sanh, kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh, kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t say.<\/span><\/p>\n

[20] Ba ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m “Gi\u1edbi” trong B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o (ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef, ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng), khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 v\u1edbi chi ti\u1ebft, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh\u00a0Aj\u00ecvatthamaka s\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0nh\u01b0 sau: 1. Con nguy\u1ec7n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i hay l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng sanh m\u1ea1ng; 2. Con nguy\u1ec7n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp; 3. Con nguy\u1ec7n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t say; 4. Con nguy\u1ec7n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i; 5. Con nguy\u1ec7n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e2m th\u1ecdc, l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea7y h\u1eddn gi\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia; 6. Con nguy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u1eddi th\u00f4 l\u1ed7 c\u1ed9c c\u1eb1n; 7. Con nguy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u1eddi nh\u1ea3m nh\u00ed; 8. Con nguy\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng sinh s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng t\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

[21]\u00a0Atth\u00e0nga Uposatha S\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0= T\u00e1m gi\u1edbi, hay b\u00e1t quan trai gi\u1edbi, l\u00e0 ki\u00eang c\u1eef: 1. s\u00e1t sanh, 2. tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp, 3. t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh, 4. n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i, 5. d\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t say, 6. \u0103n sau gi\u1edd ng\u1ecd, 7. khi\u00eau v\u0169, h\u00e1t x\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u1eddn k\u00e8n, v\u00e0 ca nh\u1ea1c, \u0111eo tr\u00e0ng hoa, d\u00f9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc hoa, son ph\u1ea5n v\u00e0 trang s\u1ee9c v.v… 8. n\u1eb1m gi\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 cao.<\/span><\/p>\n

[22]\u00a0Dasanga S\u00ecla,<\/em>\u00a0m\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi. Gi\u1edbi s\u1ed1 (7) trong B\u00e1t Quan Trai Gi\u1edbi chia l\u00e0m hai, v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 10 l\u00e0 c\u1eef ki\u00eang, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

[23]\u00a0Bhikkhu S\u00ecla,<\/em>\u00a0T\u1ee9 Thanh T\u1ecbnh Gi\u1edbi, b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi gi\u00fap ch\u01b0 T\u0103ng gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c trong s\u1ea1ch (catup\u00e0risuddhi-s\u00ecla) l\u00e0:– 1. Ki\u00eang c\u1eef, kh\u00e9p m\u00ecnh trong 227 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 (Gi\u1edbi B\u1ed5n); 2. Thu th\u00fac l\u1ee5c c\u0103n; 3. Gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng; 4. Gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft (t\u1ee9 v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng: y ph\u1ee5c, ch\u1ed7 \u1edf, v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c men).<\/span><\/p>\n

[24]\u00a0Magga-n\u00e0na:<\/em>\u00a0Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o, t\u1ee9c Tu \u00d0\u00e0 Hu\u1eddn \u00d0\u1ea1o, T\u01b0 \u00d0\u00e0 H\u00e0m \u00d0\u1ea1o, v.v…Phala-n\u00e0na<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n Th\u00e1nh Qu\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

[25]\u00a0Paramatha:<\/em>\u00a0ch\u00e2n l\u00fd trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00f9ng t\u1ed9t; ch\u00e2n l\u00fd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf. S\u00e1ch\u00a0Abhidhammattha Sangaha<\/em>, Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p To\u00e1t Y\u1ebfu, k\u1ec3 ra b\u1ed1n paramatha dhammas l\u00e0:\u00a0Citta,<\/em>\u00a0t\u00e2m v\u01b0\u01a1ng;\u00a0Cetasika,<\/em>t\u00e2m s\u1edf;\u00a0R\u00f9pa<\/em>, s\u1eafc; v\u00e0\u00a0Nibb\u00e0na,<\/em>\u00a0Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

[26]\u00a0Pathav\u00ec\u00a0<\/em>(nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u00d0\u1ea5t),\u00a0\u00c0po<\/em>\u00a0(nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 N\u01b0\u1edbc, hay nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0m d\u00ednh li\u1ec1n),\u00a0Tejo<\/em>(nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 L\u1eeda) v\u00e0\u00a0V\u00e0yo<\/em>\u00a0nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 Gi\u00f3, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh di \u0111\u1ed9ng hay n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1); ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

[27] Dhammapada Commentary, B\u1ea3n Ch\u00fa Gi\u1ea3i Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa, c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u 64.<\/span><\/p>\n

[28] B\u1ea3n Ch\u00fa Gi\u1ea3i Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u 158, c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u tham \u00e1i<\/span><\/p>\n

[29]\u00a0Vinaya Pitaka<\/em>, T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadt, ph\u1ea9m\u00a0Mah\u00e0vagga<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

[30] Dhammapada Commentary, B\u1ea3n Ch\u00fa Gi\u1ea3i Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa, c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u 60.<\/span><\/p>\n

[31] L\u1ea1c c\u1ea3nh,\u00a0suggati loka<\/em>, l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi (manusa<\/em>) v\u00e0 s\u00e1u c\u1ea3nh tr\u1eddi D\u1ee5c\u00a0Devaloka<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

[32] Kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh,\u00a0duggati loka<\/em>, l\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh a-tu-la, ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ec9, th\u00fa, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c.<\/span><\/p>\n

[33]\u00a0Sukkhavipassaka<\/em>: (L\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch) V\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean thi\u1ec1n v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh th\u1eb3ng thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

[34] M\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t: t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 1 \u0111\u1ebfn 11, t\u1ee9c 15 tr\u1eeb b\u1ed1n t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n (Jh\u00e0na<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\n

[35] \u00d0\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ba canh.<\/span><\/p>\n

[36]\u00a0Nimitta\u00a0<\/em>l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong t\u00e2m khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tu t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u1ea5y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Chu\u1ea9n B\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c\u00a0Parikamma Nimitta<\/em>, \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh trong t\u00e2m.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u1eafm, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong t\u00e2m sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0Uggaha-Nimitta<\/em>. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh trong t\u00e2m.<\/span><\/p>\n

[37]\u00a0Sammasana-n\u00e0na<\/em>, tu\u1ec7 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t, qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, n\u1eafm v\u1eefng v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a tu\u1ec7 n\u1ea7y h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nho\u00e1ng th\u1ea5y minh s\u00e1t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

[38]\u00a0Patibh\u00e0ga-nimitta<\/em>, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. Thi\u1ec1n v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c gom t\u00e2m an tr\u1ee5 th\u1eadt v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng chao \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u00d0\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh trong t\u00e2m.<\/span><\/p>\n

[39]\u00a0Udayabbayan\u00e0na,<\/em>\u00a0tu\u1ec7 sanh di\u1ec7t, l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c ph\u00e1t sanh do c\u00f4ng phu qu\u00e1n s\u00e1t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong ch\u00edn tu\u1ec7 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thanh l\u1ecdc\u00a0Patipad\u00e0n\u00e0nadassana-Visuddhi,<\/em>\u00a0Tri Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

[40] Xem t\u1eeb trang 147 s\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y.<\/span><\/p>\n

[41]\u00a0Ajivatthamaka s\u00ecla<\/em>. Xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch s\u1ed1 2, trang 158 , s\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y.<\/span><\/p>\n

[42]\u00a0Dvi-hetuka-patisandhi<\/em>, sanh ra v\u1edbi hai nh\u00e2n. C\u00e2u n\u1ea7y h\u00e0m \u00fd l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra v\u1edbi hai nh\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n, t\u1ee9c hai nh\u00e2n v\u00f4-tham (alobha<\/em>) v\u00e0 v\u00f4-s\u00e2n (adosa<\/em>). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi sanh ra v\u1edbi hai nh\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 trong ki\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n, v\u00ec c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 v\u00f4 si (amoha<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

[43]\u00a0Ti-hetuka-patisandhi,\u00a0<\/em>sanh ra v\u1edbi ba nh\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n:\u00a0alobha<\/em>\u00a0(v\u00f4 tham),\u00a0adosa\u00a0<\/em>(v\u00f4 s\u00e2n) v\u00e0\u00a0amoha<\/em>(v\u00f4 si).<\/span><\/p>\n

[44]\u00a0ahetuka<\/em>: m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh sanh ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

-ooOoo-<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea9m tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea1o
\n<\/span>(Bodhipakkhiya-dhamma)<\/span><\/p>\n

H<\/span>\u00f4m nay S\u01b0 (Ng\u00e0i Ledi Sayadaw) s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ba m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o, hay ba m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 Ph\u1ea7n, nh\u1eefng Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 C\u1ea7n Thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 [1], m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n trau gi\u1ed3i thi\u1ec1n v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft ch\u00ed th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o cho m\u00ecnh c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ebfm hoi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (present\u00a0Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1p\u00a0Bodhipakkhiya dhamma<\/em>, Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o, g\u1ed3m b\u1ea3y nh\u00f3m l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0Satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>, Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (4 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1),
\n2.\u00a0Sammappadh\u00e0na<\/em>, Ch\u00e1nh C\u1ea7n (4 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1),
\n3.\u00a0Iddhip\u00e0da<\/em>, Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac, hay c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, (4 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1),
\n4.\u00a0Indriya<\/em>, C\u0103n, hay Kh\u1ea3 N\u0103ng Ki\u1ec3m So\u00e1t (5 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1)
\n5.\u00a0Bala<\/em>, L\u1ef1c, hay N\u0103ng L\u1ef1c Tinh Th\u1ea7n (5 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1)
\n6.\u00a0Bojjhanga<\/em>, Gi\u00e1c Chi, nh\u1eefng Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 (7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1)
\n7.\u00a0Magganga<\/em>, \u00d0\u1ea1o, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Con \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng (8 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1)<\/span><\/p>\n

(T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 37 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1)<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ph\u00e1p\u00a0bodhipakkhiya-dhamma<\/em>, Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o, hay B\u1ed3 \u00d0\u1ec1 Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n (pakkhiya<\/em>) c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 (bodhi<\/em>) m\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o (magga-n\u00e0na<\/em>). \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p,\u00a0dhammas<\/em>\u00a0(nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m linh) l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n k\u1ebf c\u1eadn (padatth\u00e0na<\/em>, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu (sambh\u00e0ra<\/em>) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, hay \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 (upanissaya<\/em>) c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1o Tu\u1ec7 (magga-n\u00e0na<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

37 PH\u1ea8M TR\u1ee2 \u0110\u1ea0O (Bodhipakkhiya Sangaho<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
T\u1ee8 NI\u1ec6M X\u1ee8
\n(Catt\u00e0ro satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n		4<\/span><\/td>\n1. Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n
\n2. Ni\u1ec7m Th\u1ecd
\n3. Ni\u1ec7m T\u00e2m
\n4. Ni\u1ec7m Ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
T\u1ee8 CH\u00c1NH C\u1ea6N
\n(Catt\u00e0ro sammappadh\u00e0n\u00e0<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n		4<\/span><\/td>\n1. Tinh T\u1ea5n l\u00e1nh xa \u00e1c ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh
\n2. Tinh T\u1ea5n ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba \u00e1c ph\u00e1p ch\u01b0a sanh
\n3. Tinh T\u1ea5n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u01b0a sanh
\n4. Tinh T\u1ea5n t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 sanh<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
T\u1ee8 TH\u1ea6N T\u00daC
\n(Catt\u00e0ro iddhip\u00e0d\u00e0<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n		4<\/span><\/td>\n1. D\u1ee5c Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac
\n2. T\u1ea5n Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac
\n3. T\u01b0 Duy Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac
\n4. Tr\u1ea1ch Qu\u00e1n Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NG\u0168 C\u0102N
\n(Pancindriy\u00e0ni<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n		5<\/span><\/td>\n1. T\u00edn C\u0103n
\n2. T\u1ea5n C\u0103n
\n3. Ni\u1ec7m C\u0103n
\n4. \u00d0\u1ecbnh C\u0103n
\n5. Tu\u1ec7 C\u0103n<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NG\u0168 L\u1ef0C
\n(Pancabal\u00e0ni<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n		5<\/span><\/td>\n1. T\u00edn L\u1ef1c
\n2. T\u1ea5n L\u1ef1c
\n3. Ni\u1ec7m L\u1ef1c
\n4. \u00d0\u1ecbnh L\u1ef1c
\n5. Tu\u1ec7 L\u1ef1c<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
TH\u1ea4T GI\u00c1C CHI
\n(Sattabojjhang\u00e0<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n		7<\/span><\/td>\n1. Ni\u1ec7m Gi\u00e1c Chi
\n2. Tr\u1ea1ch Ph\u00e1p Gi\u00e1c Chi
\n3. Tinh T\u1ea5n Gi\u00e1c Chi
\n4. Ph\u1ec9 Gi\u00e1c Chi
\n5. Khinh An Gi\u00e1c Chi
\n6. \u00d0\u1ecbnh Gi\u00e1c Chi
\n7. X\u1ea3 Gi\u00e1c Chi<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
B\u00c1T CH\u00c1NH \u0110\u1ea0O
\n(Atthamaggang\u00e0ni<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n		8<\/span><\/td>\n1. Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn
\n2. Ch\u00e1nh T\u01b0 Duy
\n3. Ch\u00e1nh Ng\u1eef
\n4. Ch\u00e1nh Nghi\u1ec7p
\n5. Ch\u00e1nh M\u1ea1ng
\n6. Ch\u00e1nh Tinh T\u1ea5n
\n7. Ch\u00e1nh Ni\u1ec7m
\n8. Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
T\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng:<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/td>\n37<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

-ooOoo-<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ee9 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9
\n<\/em><\/span>(Satipatth\u00e0na)<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

D<\/span>anh t\u1eeb\u00a0satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

Bhusam titthat\u00ec’ti patth\u00e0nam; sati eva patth\u00e0nam satipatth\u00e0nam.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t, v\u00e0o l\u00e0 “ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9”, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec7m; c\u00f4ng phu “ch\u00fa ni\u1ec7m” t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9:<\/span><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0K\u00e0y\u00e0nupassan\u00e0-satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>\u00a0(Th\u00e2n Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9),
\n2.\u00a0Vedan\u00e0nupassan\u00e0-satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>\u00a0(Th\u1ecd Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9)
\n3.\u00a0Citt\u00e0nupassan\u00e0-satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>\u00a0(T\u00e2m Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9),
\n4.\u00a0Dhamm\u00e0nupassan\u00e0-satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>\u00a0(Ph\u00e1p Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

1.\u00a0K\u00e0y\u00e0nupassan\u00e0-satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>, Th\u00e2n Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9, v\u1eafn t\u1eaft g\u1ecdi Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa ni\u1ec7m ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-v\u00e0o v\u00e0 h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-ra.<\/span><\/p>\n

2.\u00a0Vedan\u00e0nupassan\u00e0-satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>, Th\u1ecd Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9, v\u1eafn t\u1eaft g\u1ecdi Ni\u1ec7m Th\u1ecd, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa ni\u1ec7m ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m th\u1ecd.<\/span><\/p>\n

3.\u00a0Citt\u00e0nupassan\u00e0-satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>, T\u00e2m Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9, v\u1eafn t\u1eaft g\u1ecdi Ni\u1ec7m T\u00e2m, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa ni\u1ec7m ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng hay nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0 \u00fd ngh\u0129 li\u00ean h\u1ee3p ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng.<\/span><\/p>\n

4.\u00a0Dhamm\u00e0nupassan\u00e0-satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>, Ph\u00e1p Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9, v\u1eafn t\u1eaft g\u1ecdi Ni\u1ec7m Ph\u00e1p, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa ni\u1ec7m ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ea7n (n\u00ecvaranas, ph\u00e1p tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i) v.v…<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong b\u1ed1n ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9 n\u1ebfu ni\u1ec7m, hay ch\u00fa t\u00e2m ghi nh\u1eadn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-ra v\u00e0 h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-v\u00e0o ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0m x\u00fac \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1edfi v\u00ec ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u trong th\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

“V\u1eefng ch\u1eafc thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp” c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-ra v\u00e0 h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t gi\u1edd, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 an tr\u1ee5 t\u00e2m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0o h\u01a1i th\u1edf tr\u1ecdn th\u1eddi gian \u1ea5y. N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef t\u00e2m an tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o h\u01a1i th\u1edf trong hai gi\u1edd, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef t\u00e2m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o h\u01a1i th\u1edf trong hai gi\u1edd. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fac n\u00e0o t\u00e2m ch\u00fa ni\u1ec7m r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c b\u1edfi v\u00ec chi thi\u1ec1n T\u1ea7m (vitakka<\/em>) kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1\u00a0satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>, xem\u00a0“Satipatth\u00e0na Sutta”<\/em>, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch trong “The Wheel” s\u1ed1 18. C\u0169ng \u0111\u1ecdc Ch\u00fa Gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i kinh n\u1ea7y trong “The Way of Mindfulness”, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch do Soma Thera (Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy).<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao ta ph\u1ea3i v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc gom t\u00e2m an tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-ra v\u00e0 h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-v\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u01a1 khuy\u1ebft? L\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp trung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 canh ch\u1eebng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t l\u1ee5c th\u1ee9c (vinn\u00e0na<\/em>) [2], v\u1ed1n nhanh ch\u00f3ng bay nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0 tr\u00f4i gi\u1ea1t b\u1ec1nh b\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 xa x\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quan ni\u1ec7m, trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (sams\u00e0ra<\/em>) v\u00f4 t\u1eadn.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u01b0 xin n\u00f3i r\u00f5 th\u00eam. T\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen ch\u1ea1y rong t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ea7y sang \u0111\u1ea7u kia quanh qu\u1ea9n t\u1edbi lui s\u00e1u tr\u1ea7n c\u1ea3nh, kh\u1edfi hi\u1ec7n \u1edf s\u00e1u c\u0103n m\u00f4n. [3]<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u01b0 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p anh ch\u00e0ng kia m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edd \u0103n c\u01a1m anh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edb m\u00e0 c\u1ee9 m\u00e3i th\u00eanh thang rong r\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ea7u kia, cha m\u1eb9 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i t\u00ecm, g\u1ecdi v\u1ec1 \u0103n. R\u1ed3i sau khi \u0103n n\u0103m s\u00e1u mi\u1ebfng th\u00ec anh l\u1eadt \u00fap ch\u00e9n l\u1ea1i, b\u1ecf \u0111i, kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng h\u1ebft b\u1eeda. Anh ch\u00e0ng l\u00e3ng tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. \u0102n u\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft d\u00f9ng cho \u0111\u1ee7 no. Khi n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n anh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i h\u1ebft tr\u1ecdn c\u00e2u. N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00ean \u0111u\u00f4i, \u0111ang chuy\u1ec7n n\u1ea7y b\u1eaft sang c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c. \u00d0o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau. N\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng ai hi\u1ec3u. Anh ch\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec h\u1eefu \u00edch tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian n\u1ea7y, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft anh mu\u1ed1n g\u00ec. Anh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh trong c\u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Anh ch\u00e0ng m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n \u1ed5n ki\u1ec7n, n\u1ebfu anh g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb l\u01b0\u01a1ng y t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi, ch\u1eefa b\u1ecbnh cho anh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00eam nh\u1eb7t. \u00d0\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n anh ch\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eeda c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng no b\u1ee5ng. Trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y anh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1n, n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 sau nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong th\u1ebf gian n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n \u1ed5n ki\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 anh ch\u00e0ng m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00e2m khi ng\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n, thi\u1ec1n v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng (samatha<\/em>) hay thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u00e0<\/em>). C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 anh ch\u00e0ng m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed kia kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0103n tr\u1ecdn b\u1eeda c\u01a1m m\u00e0 b\u1ecf \u0111i sau khi tr\u1ee3n tr\u1ea1o n\u0103m s\u00e1u mi\u1ebfng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e2m tr\u00ed b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ea7y ng\u1ed3i xu\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m rong r\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ea7u kia b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u00f3. M\u1ed7i khi l\u1ec5 Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt anh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gom t\u00e2m v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n \u1ea5y m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt bay nh\u1ea3y h\u1ebft \u00fd ngh\u0129 n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc h\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u kinh c\u00fang Tam B\u1ea3o nh\u01b0\u00a0“Iti’ pi so …”<\/em>, Ph\u1ea9m H\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf T\u00f4n qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u1ea7y …”<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e2m b\u1ecbnh ch\u00f3 d\u1ea1i (s\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc), kh\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4 m\u00f4i kh\u00f4 c\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng khi th\u1ea5y xa xa m\u1ed9t ao h\u1ed3 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1t th\u00ec s\u1ee3 h\u1ea3i b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y. L\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9c \u0103n n\u00ean thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb th\u00ec c\u1ea3m nghe \u0111\u1eafng mi\u1ec7ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nu\u1ed1t, ph\u1ea3i phun nh\u1ed5 ra h\u1ebft. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3ng danh th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch linh nghi\u1ec7m. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1eef t\u00e2m an tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c. Khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecdc“Iti’ pi so”<\/em>\u00a0th\u00ec t\u00e2m ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i b\u00e0i kinh, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecdc c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y, c\u1ea3 th\u00e1ng hay c\u1ea3 n\u0103m. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c l\u00f2ng t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i b\u00e0i kinh, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u t\u00e2m ph\u00f3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y gi\u1edbi (uposatha<\/em>, b\u1ed1-t\u00e1t), c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh t\u00ecm n\u01a1i v\u1eafng v\u1ebb y\u00ean t\u0129nh \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u00a0kes\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(t\u00f3c),\u00a0lom\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>(l\u00f4ng), v.v… ho\u1eb7c h\u1ed3ng danh \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, vui ch\u01a1i tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n, qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh tu ni\u1ec7m. \u00d0\u1ebfn ch\u00f9a, v\u00e0o l\u00fac m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecdc kinh chung, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ee5ng kinh\u00a0brahma-vih\u00e0ra<\/em>\u00a0(T\u1ee9 V\u00f4 L\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u00e2m) [4], nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c r\u1ea3i\u00a0mett\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>(t\u00e2m t\u1eeb), nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m, tinh th\u1ea7n t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n, nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129 bay nh\u1ea3y t\u1ee9 tung b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 r\u1ed1t c\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ee5ng b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1eddi kinh m\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u n\u01a1i n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee7 cho th\u1ea5y bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi tuy b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 anh ch\u00e0ng m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed trong l\u00fac t\u1ea1o thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p,\u00a0kusala kamma<\/em>, gieo tr\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o ph\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/span><\/p>\n

“P\u00e0pasmim ramate mano” — T\u00e2m th\u1ecfa th\u00edch trong \u00e1c ph\u00e1p.
\n(Dhammapada, Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa, c\u00e2u 116)<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 ch\u1ea3y t\u1eeb tr\u00ean cao xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p, t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh c\u0169ng d\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean x\u00edt l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n \u00e1c ph\u00e1p. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u01b0 k\u1ec3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00e2m v\u1edbi anh ch\u00e0ng m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t con s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y th\u1eadt nhanh, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n n\u1ecd ch\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7y ghe nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00e8o ch\u1ed1ng, hay l\u00e8o l\u00e1i. Anh xu\u00f4i d\u00f2ng, xuy\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng kh\u00fac s\u00f4ng ch\u1ea3y d\u00e0i theo r\u1eebng n\u00fai hoang vu kh\u00f4ng b\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eadu, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed7 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eb7p ghe. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf anh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng th\u1ea3 tr\u00f4i theo d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00d0\u00eam \u0111\u1ebfn, thuy\u1ec1n \u0111i ngang qua nh\u1eefng x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng, th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 b\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 ghe \u0111\u1eadu, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec \u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i anh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y, n\u00ean c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ec1n tr\u00f4i ngang qua m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i c\u1eb7p b\u1ebfn. R\u1ed3i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn, thuy\u1ec1n tr\u00f4i ngang qua nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f3 ph\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm v\u1eefng tay l\u00e1i, anh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o b\u1ebfn v\u00e0 l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ec1n tr\u00f4i, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ra kh\u01a1i, gi\u1eefa bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00f2ng quanh lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng (sams\u00e0ra<\/em>) d\u00e0i d\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn c\u0169ng t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 con s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y nhanh. Nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n \u0111i thuy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u00e8o ch\u1ed1ng hay l\u00e8o l\u00e1i con thuy\u1ec1n. T\u00e2m nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n. Ch\u00fang sanh b\u1ecb tr\u00f4i gi\u1ea1t trong d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u0169 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n, h\u1ebft ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c, xuy\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng chu k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf gian\u00a0“sunna”<\/em>\u00a0kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n \u0111i xuy\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng n\u00fai hoang vu kh\u00f4ng b\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ed7 c\u1eb7p ghe. \u00d0\u00f4i l\u00fac nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh v\u00e0o chu k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf gian c\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>) truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft v\u00ec b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong t\u00e1m tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i (atthakkhanas<\/em>) [5], c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n tr\u00f4i ngang qua nh\u1eefng ph\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u1eddng hay x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng c\u00f3 b\u1ebfn cho thuy\u1ec1n ghe \u0111\u1eadu, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec \u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i, anh l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft. R\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn khi, trong nh\u1eefng l\u00fac kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0m ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean hay ch\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean (devas hay Brahmas<\/em>) trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>) nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 (magga v\u00e0 phala<\/em>) b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00e2m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh\u00a0vipassan\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(minh s\u00e1t), tu t\u1eadp\u00a0satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>\u00a0(T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9), n\u00ean v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u0103n tr\u00f4i trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (sams\u00e0ra<\/em>). Nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh \u1ea5y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i bu\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m v\u00e0 b\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 ghe \u0111\u1eadu, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o b\u1ebfn v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u00e1nh l\u00e1i v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u0169 k\u00e9o tr\u00f4i ra bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng. Xuy\u00ean qua v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1t tr\u00ean b\u1edd s\u00f4ng H\u1eb1ng (Ganges) trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i d\u00e0i d\u1eb5ng, nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gom t\u00e2m an tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c tu t\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n, qua ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9,\u00a0<\/span>Satipatth\u00e0na.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00f4i gi\u1ea1t trong v\u00f2ng quanh nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh\u00a0satipatth\u00e0na,<\/em>\u00a0T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u hay bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00e2m trong khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 minh s\u00e1t (samatha v\u00e0 vipassan\u00e0)<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y th\u00ed d\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp b\u00f2 t\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 cho n\u00f3 k\u00e9o c\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c k\u00e9o xe, hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi luy\u1ec7n voi \u0111\u1ec3 vua x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng trong l\u00fac c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u00f2 t\u01a1. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i cho n\u00f3 nh\u1eadp b\u1ea7y v\u00e0 quen \u1edf chu\u1ed3ng, r\u1ed3i x\u1ecf v\u00e0m, t\u1ee9c x\u1ecf s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y v\u00e0m xuy\u00ean qua m\u0169i con b\u00f2 v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00e2y v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t. R\u1ed3i d\u00f9ng d\u00e2y v\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n cho n\u00f3 quen l\u00e0m theo \u00fd m\u00ecnh. Ph\u1ea3i luy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u00f2 \u0111\u1ee7 thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e1c \u00e1ch, cho n\u00f3 k\u00e9o xe ho\u1eb7c k\u00e9o c\u00e0y. \u00d0\u1ebfn ch\u1eebng \u1ea5y b\u00f2 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1n. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00ed d\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi luy\u1ec7n b\u00f2 t\u01a1.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong th\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ea7y, quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi luy\u1ec7n b\u00f2 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u00f2 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u trong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c k\u00e9o xe hay k\u00e9o c\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng, sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n, c\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y l\u1ee3i \u00edch th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu Ph\u1eadt, c\u01b0 s\u0129 hay t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u, s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng phu tu luy\u1ec7n trong thi\u1ec1n v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t (samatha v\u00e0 vipassan\u00e0<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (present\u00a0Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>), ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh (s\u00ecla visuddhi<\/em>) gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 trong ph\u00e1p luy\u1ec7n b\u00f2, cho b\u00f2 nh\u1eadp b\u1ea7y v\u00e0 t\u1eadp n\u00f3 quen s\u1ed1ng trong chu\u1ed3ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u00f2 t\u01a1, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadp b\u1ea7y v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng trong chu\u1ed3ng s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 khu\u1ea5y, l\u00e0m h\u01b0 ho\u1ea1i m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng hay s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 b\u00f2, c\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng trong s\u1ea1ch gi\u1eef g\u00ecn tam nghi\u1ec7p [6], do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh trong \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ebd g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, nh\u01b0 Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng trau gi\u1ed3i\u00a0k\u00e0yagat\u00e0 satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>\u00a0[7], th\u00e2n qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 x\u1ecf s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y v\u00e0m qua m\u0169i con b\u00f2, v\u00e0 sau khi c\u1ed9t d\u00e2y v\u00e0m v\u00e0o tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t, luy\u1ec7n cho b\u00f2 tu\u00e2n theo l\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u00f2 b\u1ecb c\u1ed9t v\u00e0o tr\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo l\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ee7 bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0m g\u00ec th\u00ec l\u00e0m theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y lo\u1ea1n, c\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, khi b\u1ecb c\u1ed9t v\u00e0o th\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y\u00a0satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>\u00a0(t\u1ee9 ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9), t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y lo\u1ea1n m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i an tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn n\u01a1i n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 mu\u1ed1n. Th\u00f3i quen khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt ch\u1ea1y lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m t\u1eeb xa x\u01b0a trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quan ni\u1ec7m, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng, tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh\u00a0samatha<\/em>\u00a0(thi\u1ec1n v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng) v\u00e0\u00a0vipassan\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t) m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n th\u00ec c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 b\u00f2 g\u00e1c v\u00e0o \u00e1ch xe hay \u00e1ch c\u00e0y m\u1ed9t con b\u00f2 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ecf v\u00e0m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f2 theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n. B\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u00f2 c\u00f2n hoang d\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 v\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ch\u1ea1y hoang lo\u1ea1n, l\u1ec7ch ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c v\u00f9ng v\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1 \u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t th\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tu luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 l\u1eafng t\u00e2m b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 minh s\u00e1t (samatha v\u00e0 vipassan\u00e0<\/em>) th\u00ec t\u00e2m d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng an tr\u1ee5, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p luy\u1ec7n voi, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111em con voi hoang d\u1ea1i ra kh\u1ecfi r\u1eebng, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, n\u01a1i chuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 luy\u1ec7n voi c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng c\u1ed9t ki\u00ean c\u1ed1, r\u1ed3i c\u1ed9t voi ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i an to\u00e0n, gi\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c, tr\u1edf n\u00ean y\u00ean t\u0129nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hung h\u0103ng hoang d\u1ea1i. Sau \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp voi l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho vua. \u00d0\u1ebfn ch\u1eebng \u1ea5y voi m\u1edbi tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1eefu \u00edch, m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1eadn s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 \u1edf chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng khi qu\u1ed1c gia h\u1eefu s\u1ef1.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1ea1c th\u00fa tr\u1ea7n gian c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khu r\u1eebng m\u00e0 con voi hoang d\u1ea1i th\u1ecfa th\u00edch h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5. Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>) t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0a voi r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n. Voi r\u1eebng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i t\u00e2m. \u00d0\u1ee9c tin (saddh\u00e0<\/em>) v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng ham mu\u1ed1n (chanda<\/em>) trong Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p (s\u00e0sana-dhamma<\/em>) gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con voi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c luy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bu\u1ed9c chung v\u1edbi con voi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, r\u1ed3i \u0111em ra ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng. Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh (s\u00ecla visuddhi<\/em>), t\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c trong s\u1ea1ch, l\u00e0 c\u00e1i h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 bao quanh ch\u1ed7 c\u1ed9t voi. C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t hay nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n trong th\u00e2n nh\u01b0 h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-ra v\u00e0 h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-v\u00e0o gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u1edf b\u00ean trong r\u00e0o m\u00e0 voi b\u1ecb c\u1ed9t v\u00e0o. Ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n (k\u00e0yagat\u00e0-sati<\/em>) [8] gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y c\u1ed9t voi v\u00e0o tr\u1ee5. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb luy\u1ec7n voi c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ec1n v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t (samatha v\u00e0 vipassan\u00e0<\/em>). C\u00f4ng phu h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n, v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng hay minh s\u00e1t, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 di\u1ec5n binh, t\u1eadp tr\u1eadn hay x\u00f4ng pha tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn ra d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, S\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i thuy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e8o l\u00e1i chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi luy\u1ec7n b\u00f2 t\u01a1, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi luy\u1ec7n voi. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu trong ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n m\u00e0 t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n xem l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng phu h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh (s\u00ecla visuddhi<\/em>) tr\u1edf l\u00ean, trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i d\u00e0i d\u1eb3ng t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 xa x\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quan ni\u1ec7m.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dd ngh\u0129a ch\u00e1nh l\u00e0 d\u1ea7u ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-ra v\u00e0 h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-v\u00e0o, hay ni\u1ec7m\u00a0iriy\u00e0patha\u00a0<\/em>(b\u1ed1n oai nghi — \u0111i, \u0111\u1ee9ng, ng\u1ed3i, n\u1eb1m) v\u1edbi\u00a0sampajanna<\/em>\u00a0(t\u00e2m gi\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng) ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch\u00a0dh\u00e0tu-manasik\u00e0ra<\/em>(gom t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0o T\u1ee9 \u00d0\u1ea1i), ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch\u00a0atthika-sann\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>(ni\u1ec7m x\u01b0\u01a1ng), ta ph\u1ea3i chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea1t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0o th\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n oai nghi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh bao l\u00e2u c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y su\u1ed1t \u0111\u00eam ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb l\u00fac ng\u1ee7, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh. L\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ta tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y ta gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i thuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng tay l\u00e1i, hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con b\u00f2 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 vua \u0111ang x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t th\u1edbt voi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh. Trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>), c\u00f4ng phu th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch vi\u00ean m\u00e3n l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u00a0samatha<\/em>\u00a0(v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng) m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng minh s\u00e1t thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay\u00a0(pure vipassan\u00e0<\/em>), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb sukkha vipassaka [9], ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o\u00a0vipassan\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0sau khi \u0111\u00e3 ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n ri\u00eang r\u1ebd m\u00e0 t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh Minh S\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m lu\u00f4n ph\u00e1p ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n,\u00a0k\u00e0yagat\u00e0-sati<\/em>, th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 tinh t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. Ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n (k\u00e0yagat\u00e0-sati<\/em>) li\u00ean h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Tu\u1ec7 Sanh Di\u1ec7t (udayabbaya-n\u00e0na<\/em>), th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m-v\u1eadt-l\u00fd, qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng (samatha<\/em>), b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-ra v\u00e0 h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c\u00a0r\u00f9p\u00e0vacara catuttha jh\u00e0na<\/em>, T\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi; b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ni\u1ec7m\u00a0vanna manasik\u00e0ra<\/em>\u00a0[10], ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u00a0kes\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(t\u00f3c),\u00a0lom\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(l\u00f4ng), v.v… ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e1m t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n,\u00a0sam\u00e0pattis<\/em>\u00a0[11], v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh\u00a0patikk\u00f9la manasik\u00e0ra<\/em>[12] c\u0169ng c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafc S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n. N\u1ebfu trong khi thi\u1ec1n, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Minh S\u00e1t (vipassan\u00e0<\/em>) ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 minh s\u00e1t (samatha<\/em>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0vipassan\u00e0<\/em>) m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1eef t\u00e2m an tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ecfa th\u00edch h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a\u00a0amatta nibb\u00e0na<\/em>\u00a0[13].<\/span><\/p>\n

“Amatam tesam paribhuttam, yesam k\u00e0yagat\u00e0 sati paribhutt\u00e0.”\u00a0<\/span><\/em>[14]<\/span><\/p>\n

“Nh\u1eefng ai hoan h\u1ef7 th\u1ecfa th\u00edch trong ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n (k\u00e0yagat\u00e0-sati<\/em>) an vui th\u1ecfa th\u00edch tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i B\u1ea5t Di\u1ec7t (Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n).”<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y danh t\u1eeb\u00a0Amata<\/em>\u00a0— \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n — c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m thanh b\u00ecnh an l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng. [15]<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi, t\u00e2m r\u1ea5t chao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh khi ta mu\u1ed1n ch\u0103m ch\u00fa v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00e0 kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n v\u00e0 n\u00f3ng n\u1ea3y. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con s\u00e2u n\u1eb1m trong tr\u00e1i \u1edbt, kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u1edbt, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t tham \u00e1i (tanh\u00e0<\/em>) kh\u00f4ng nghe s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u00e1i d\u1ee5c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1ea9m t\u00e1nh s\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 cao t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a s\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00e1nh t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5, c\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y ch\u00fang sanh kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00e2m khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn khi, do c\u00f4ng phu th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n,\u00a0k\u00e0yagat\u00e0-sati<\/em>, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, ta m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n. \u00d0\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tan bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng ta m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft s\u1ee3 s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m \u1ea5y t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1ea7ng S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n hay t\u1ea7ng Tu\u1ec7 Sanh Di\u1ec7t (udayabbaya n\u00e0na<\/em>) xuy\u00ean qua ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n (k\u00e0yagat\u00e0-satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>), ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0y d\u00e0i d\u00f2ng n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao si\u00eau nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh kh\u00f3 t\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi ph\u00e1pk\u00e0yagat\u00e0-sati\u00a0<\/em>(Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n). C\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n (ariya puggalas<\/em>) \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1p T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00e2m linh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n (parinibb\u00e0na<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1eef t\u00e2m an tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o trong th\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-ra v\u00e0 th\u1edf-v\u00e0o ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t t\u1eeb 7 ng\u00e0y hay 15 ng\u00e0y, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng, 2 th\u00e1ng, 3 th\u00e1ng, hay 4 th\u00e1ng, hay 5 th\u00e1ng, 6 th\u00e1ng hay m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, 2 n\u0103m, hay 4 n\u0103m, t\u00f9y theo m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-ra v\u00e0 h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-v\u00e0o, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc quy\u1ec3n “\u00c0nap\u00e0na D\u00ecpan\u00ec<\/em>” [16].<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m ba m\u01b0\u01a1i hai ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n. Trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh n\u1ea7y,\u00a0kes\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>(t\u00f3c),lom\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>(l\u00f4ng),\u00a0nakh\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>(m\u00f3ng tay, m\u00f3ng ch\u00e2n),\u00a0dant\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>(r\u0103ng),\u00a0taco<\/em>\u00a0(da) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0\u00a0taca pancaka<\/em>(nh\u00f3m n\u0103m ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t b\u1eb1ng taco). N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc an tr\u1ee5 t\u00e2m v\u00e0o n\u0103m \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y c\u00f4ng phu Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n (k\u00e0yagat\u00e0-sati) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u00ean m\u00e3n th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p ni\u1ec7m\u00a0catu dh\u00e0tu vavatth\u00e0na<\/em>\u00a0(Ph\u00e2n T\u00e1ch T\u1ee9 \u00d0\u1ea1i),\u00a0r\u00f9pa vipassan\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd, t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p), v\u00e0\u00a0n\u00e0ma-vipassan\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m linh, danh ph\u00e1p), xem nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec3n\u00a0“Lakkhana D\u00ecpan\u00ec”, “Vijj\u00e0-magga D\u00ecpan\u00ec”, “Ah\u00e0ra D\u00ecpan\u00ec”<\/em>, v\u00e0“Anatt\u00e0 D\u00ecpan\u00ec”<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7a S\u01b0.<\/span><\/p>\n

* * *<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn ph\u00e1p\u00a0k\u00e0yagat\u00e0-sati bh\u00e0van\u00e0<\/em>, Th\u00e2n Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1p “T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9”, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf h\u1ea1ng\u00a0Neyya<\/em>\u00a0v\u00e0Padaparama<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ea7n n\u00ean ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 n\u1eafm v\u1eefng trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m (bh\u00e0van\u00e0<\/em>), nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/span><\/p>\n

[1] V\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a danh t\u1eeb, xem Ph\u1ea7n N\u00f3i \u00d0\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 Bi\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

[2] L\u1ee5c th\u1ee9c: s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i hay bi\u1ebft l\u00e0: nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c t\u1ee9c hay bi\u1ebft qua m\u1eaft (th\u1ea5y), nh\u0129 th\u1ee9c hay bi\u1ebft qua m\u0169i (h\u1eedi) v.v… t\u1ef7 th\u1ee9c, thi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9c, th\u00e2n th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c.<\/span><\/p>\n

[3] T\u1ee9c nh\u00e3n c\u0103n, nh\u0129 c\u0103n v.v…<\/span><\/p>\n

[4]\u00a0Brahma-vih\u00e0ra<\/em>\u00a0(t\u1ee9 v\u00f4 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e2m) l\u00e0:\u00a0mett\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>(t\u00e2m t\u1eeb),\u00a0karun\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(t\u00e2m bi),\u00a0mudit\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(t\u00e2m h\u1ef7), v\u00e0upekkh\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(t\u00e2m x\u1ea3). Xem The Wheel s\u1ed1 6.<\/span><\/p>\n

[5] Xem ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i trong ph\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ec1.<\/span><\/p>\n

[6] Tam nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p. Ba lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y bao g\u1ed3m m\u01b0\u1eddi (10) h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

–\u00a0K\u00e0yakamma<\/em>, 3 th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p: s\u00e1t sanh, tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp, t\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh;
\n–\u00a0Vac\u00eckamma<\/em>, 4 kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p: n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i, n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e2m th\u1ecdc, n\u00f3i th\u00f4 l\u1ed7 c\u1ed9c c\u1eb1n v\u00e0 n\u00f3i nh\u1ea3m nh\u00ed.
\n–\u00a0Manokamma,<\/em>\u00a03 \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p: l\u00f2ng tham lam, s\u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

[7] Th\u00e2n qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9: ch\u00fa t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m tr\u1edf v\u00e0o th\u00e2n. Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

[8]\u00a0K\u00e0yagat\u00e0-sati<\/em>, Th\u00e2n Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 cho g\u1ecdn, ph\u00e1p n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n”.<\/span><\/p>\n

[9]\u00a0Sukkha vipassaka<\/em>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u00e0<\/em>) m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qua thi\u1ec1n v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/span><\/p>\n

[10]\u00a0Vanna manasik\u00e0ra,<\/em>\u00a0ch\u00fa t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0o m\u00e0u s\u1eafc hay h\u00ecnh th\u1ec3, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p ni\u1ec7m 32 ph\u1ea7n trong th\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

[11] T\u00e1m t\u1ea7ng\u00a0sam\u00e0pattis<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 4 t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 4 t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n V\u00f4 S\u1eafc.<\/span><\/p>\n

[12] Ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh (\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1ee3c) c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

[13]\u00a0Amatta nibb\u00e0na<\/em>, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i B\u1ea5t Di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n — m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

[14]\u00a0Anguttara<\/em>, T\u0103ng Nh\u1ee9t A H\u00e0m,\u00a0Ekaka-nip\u00e0ta<\/em>; B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh trong “The Wheel”, s\u1ed1 155\/158, trang 6.<\/span><\/p>\n

[15] Danh t\u1eeb n\u1ea7y h\u00e0m x\u00fac\u00a0kilesa-nibb\u00e0na<\/em>, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 “d\u1eadp t\u1eaft m\u1ecdi \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m” trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb A-La-H\u00e1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

[16]\u00a0\u00c0n\u00e0p\u00e0na D\u00ecpan\u00ec<\/em>, s\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfng P\u00e0li, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh.<\/span><\/p>\n

-ooOoo-<\/span><\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG III<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ee9 ch\u00e1nh c\u1ea7n
\n<\/span>(Sammappadh\u00e0na<\/em>)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

D<\/span>anh t\u1eeb\u00a0sammappadh\u00e0na<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

Bhusam dahati vahat\u00ec’ti padh\u00e0nam sammadeva padh\u00e0nam sammappadh\u00e0nam.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a: padh\u00e0na l\u00e0 t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n, m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng; n\u1ebfu chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 sammappadh\u00e0na, Ch\u00e1nh C\u1ea7n, hay Ch\u00e1nh Tinh T\u1ea5n.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m, t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea3y may h\u00e0m \u00fd g\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ea1o, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh tinh t\u1ea5n” (\u00e0t\u00e0pa-v\u00ecriya<\/em>). \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean trong \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u00e0mam taco ca nah\u00e0ru ca atthi ca avasissatu, sar\u00ecre upasussatu mamsalohitam; yam tam purisath\u00e0mena purisav\u00ecriyena purisaparakkamena pattabbam, na tam ap\u00e0punitv\u00e0 viriyassa santh\u00e0nam bhavissati.<\/span><\/p>\n

“H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 cho da, g\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ecbt c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, m\u00e1u trong th\u00e2n t\u00f4i kh\u00f4 c\u1ea1n d\u1ea7n, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u00e1nh chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t.” (Anguttara Nik\u00e0ya<\/em>, T\u0103ng Nh\u1ee9t A-H\u00e0m,\u00a0Duka Nip\u00e0ta<\/em>; Wheel 155\/158, tr.9).<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m g\u1ecdn nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

1. H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 cho da c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i,
\n2. H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 cho g\u00e2n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i,
\n3. H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 cho x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i,
\n4. H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 m\u00e1u kh\u00f4 c\u1ea1n d\u1ea7n.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tinh t\u1ea5n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh, “N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn, ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec3 du\u00f4i ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 hay h\u1eefng h\u1edd bu\u00f4ng l\u01a1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi vi\u00ean m\u00e3n th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u, ta quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1edbi cho b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u1ea5y.” \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tinh t\u1ea5n m\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Sona [1] v\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Cakkhup\u00e0la [2] \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c gia c\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n tr\u1ecdn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n hay c\u00e1c \u00d0\u1ea1o, c\u00e1c Qu\u1ea3, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 do thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai nh\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n (dvi-hetuka<\/em>), hay v\u00ec trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 ta t\u00edch tr\u1eef kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ba-la-m\u1eadt (p\u00e0rami<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f3 tinh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb c\u00e1i t\u00e2m t\u00e1n lo\u1ea1n hoang d\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n (Jh\u00e0na<\/em>) n\u00e0o hay \u00d0\u1ea1o (magga<\/em>) v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 (phala<\/em>) g\u00ec. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea7y n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nam hay n\u1eef, trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00edch tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ba-la-m\u1eadt c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafc \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3. L\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng trong th\u1eddi n\u1ea7y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra v\u1edbi hai nh\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n (dvi-hetuka<\/em>). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh trong h\u1ea1ng\u00a0Neyya\u00a0<\/em>[3] kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng tinh t\u1ea5n chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c, ch\u00e1nh c\u1ea7n (sammappadh\u00e0na<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n th\u00edch nghi (sammap-padh\u00e0na<\/em>), nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft ch\u00ed (pahitatta<\/em>) \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c, n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m gia c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ba, b\u1ed1n, hay n\u0103m tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao si\u00eau; n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi tinh t\u1ea5n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i, b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i, hay n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y, “s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m” (pahitatta<\/em>) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh gia c\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u1ebft, trong gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1eabn t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng.”<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Sona quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee7, th\u1ee9c su\u1ed1t ba th\u00e1ng m\u00f9a m\u01b0a (vassa<\/em>), ch\u1ec9 \u0111i v\u00e0 ng\u1ed3i. M\u1ee9c tinh t\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i Cakkhup\u00e0la c\u0169ng d\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y. \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Phussadeva [4] ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eafc \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 sau hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m n\u0103m tinh t\u1ea5n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea5y. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Mah\u00e0siva [5], m\u1ee9c tinh t\u1ea5n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tinh t\u1ea5n (sammappadh\u00e0na<\/em>, ch\u00e1nh c\u1ea7n) nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u1ea5y. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb gia c\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7\u00a0pariyatti\u00a0<\/em>(ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc, hay S\u1ee9c H\u1ecdc Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd) \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, trong khi \u1ea5y nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng\u00a0pariyatti\u00a0<\/em>(S\u1ee9c H\u1ecdc Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd) v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i v\u1ea5n v\u01b0\u01a1ng trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch g\u00e2y\u00a0palibodhas<\/em>\u00a0(tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i), nh\u01b0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p, thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd, vi\u1ebft s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p v.v… \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c gia c\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n (sammappadh\u00e0na<\/em>, ch\u00e1nh c\u1ea7n) su\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian l\u00e2u d\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o c\u00e1c ba-la-m\u1eadt (p\u00e0ramis<\/em>) c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u00edn m\u00f9i, th\u1eddi gian s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ch\u1eebng \u1ea5y h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ee7 thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian. \u00d0?n l\u00fac \u1ea5y h\u1ecd s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, hi\u1ec7n gi\u1edd h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c gia c\u00f4ng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh kh\u1ed5 nh\u1ecdc \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p kh\u00f4ng. H\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng so s\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu trong th\u1eddi gian ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kham kh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i g\u1eb7p, n\u1ebfu trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i sa \u0111\u1ecda v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c c\u1ea3 tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n n\u0103m. C\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 nh\u1ecdc m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu trong ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c kh\u1ed5 \u0111au nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 ba ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 trong c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t th\u00ec ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u1eabn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u1ea7y sau ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee7 thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c ch\u00edn m\u00f9i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t th\u00ec c\u00f4ng phu chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n \u1ea5y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c ch\u00edn m\u00f9i, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng t\u1edbi k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3. D\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>) hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n, nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c tinh t\u1ea5n trau gi\u1ed3i t\u00e2m tr\u00ed (bh\u00e0van\u00e0 \u00e0cinna kamma<\/em>) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ef1c d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh. Nh\u1edd c\u00e1i nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh \u1ea5y h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh xa nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh (ap\u00e0ya<\/em>), v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai k\u1ebf sau \u0111\u00e2y, sau chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi h\u1eefu ph\u00fac (sugati<\/em>). Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng gia c\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c ch\u00edn m\u00f9i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t sau ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tinh t\u1ea5n. V\u00ec thi\u1ebfu ch\u00e1nh c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. Do v\u1eady, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng “C\u1eb7p M\u1eaft Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7”, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd coi ch\u1eebng hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i\u00a0sammappadh\u00e0na<\/em>\u00a0[6], ch\u00e1nh c\u1ea7n, l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Uppann\u00e0nam akusal\u00e0nam dhamm\u00e0nam pah\u00e0n\u00e0ya v\u00e0y\u00e0mo,
\n2. Anuppann\u00e0nam akusal\u00e0nam dhamm\u00e0nam anupp\u00e0-d\u00e0ya v\u00e0y\u00e0mo,
\n3. Anuppann\u00e0nam kusal\u00e0nam dhamm\u00e0nam upp\u00e0d\u00e0ya v\u00e0y\u00e0mo,
\n4. Uppann\u00e0nam kusal\u00e0nam dhamm\u00e0nam bhiyyo-bh\u00e0v\u00e0ya v\u00e0y\u00e0mo.<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Tinh t\u1ea5n ch\u1ebf ph\u1ee5c ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi sanh, ho\u1eb7c \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sanh;
\n2. Tinh t\u1ea5n xa l\u00e1nh (ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 sau), ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t sanh, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho n\u00f3 kh\u1edfi sanh;
\n3. Tinh t\u1ea5n l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sanh nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a kh\u1edfi sanh;
\n4. Tinh t\u1ea5n t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec b\u1ec1n l\u00e2u nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi sanh ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sanh.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

C\u00e1c H\u00e0nh \u00d0\u1ed9ng (nghi\u1ec7p) B\u1ea5t Thi\u1ec7n \u00d0\u00e3 v\u00e0 Ch\u01b0a Ph\u00e1t Sanh (Uppanna v\u00e0 Anuppanna Akusala Kamma<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00ean trong c\u00e1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang sanh c\u00f2n th\u00eanh thang trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (sams\u00e0ra<\/em>) c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0Uppanna akusala kamma<\/em>, v\u00e0
\n2.\u00a0Anuppanna akusala kamma<\/em>.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Uppanna akusala kamma\u00a0<\/span><\/em>(nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd, b\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n, kh\u1ea9u, \u00fd, m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m trong chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i v\u00f4 t\u1eadn nh\u1eefng chu k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf gian v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Trong nh\u1eefng\u00a0akusala kammas<\/em>\u00a0(nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n) \u1ea5y c\u00f3 v\u00e0i nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed5 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng\u00a0ap\u00e0ya-lokas<\/em>\u00a0(kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh, b\u1ed1n c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng). Nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c \u0111ang ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac tr\u1ed5 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh (ap\u00e0ya-lokas<\/em>), v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng d\u00ednh li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u00fang sanh t\u1eeb chu k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf gian n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ebfn chu k\u1ef3 kh\u00e1c, t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed5 [7].<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f2n mang n\u1eb7ng\u00a0sakk\u00e0ya-ditthi<\/em>\u00a0(Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn), d\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u01b0 Thi\u00ean, hay ch\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00edch tr\u1eef m\u1ed9t kho t\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 c\u0169, bao g\u1ed3m\u00a0akusala kammas<\/em>\u00a0(nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n). Ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n n\u1ea7y t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh\u00a0Av\u00ecci,<\/em>\u00a0a-t\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 kho t\u00e0ng t\u00edch tr\u1eef nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ed5 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng\u00a0ap\u00e0ya-lokas<\/em>\u00a0(kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh) kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u1ea5y ch\u1edd m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed5 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0 s\u1ebd theo d\u00ednh li\u1ec1n ch\u00fang sanh t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea7y sang ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi kh\u00f4 c\u1ea1n ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0uppanna<\/em>\u00a0(\u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh).<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh (uppanna akusala kammas<\/em>) \u1ea5y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb\u00a0sakk\u00e0ya-ditthi<\/em>(Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn, l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh). Ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o c\u00f2n ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn th\u00ec c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ebfn khi tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t r\u1ecdi s\u00e1ng v\u00e0o\u00a0anatt\u00e0-lakkh\u00e0na<\/em>\u00a0(\u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00f4 ng\u00e3) th\u00ec\u00a0sakk\u00e0ya-ditthi<\/em>, Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn sai l\u1ea7m \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 t\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb. \u00d0\u1ebfn ch\u1eebng \u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3\u00a0uppanna akusala kammas<\/em>, nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh, m\u1ea5t d\u1ea7n ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn tan trong kho t\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng\u00a0akusala kammas<\/em>, nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y tr\u1edf \u0111i ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh,\u00a0ap\u00e0ya-lokas<\/em>, d\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 trong gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Anuppanna akusala kammas<\/span><\/em>\u00a0(nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t sanh) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng\u00a0akusala kamma<\/em>, nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ta m\u1ed7i khi ph\u00e1t sanh, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00fac n\u00e0o trong ki\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0 trong chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp sau \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0anuppanna<\/em>, ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t sanh. Nh\u1eefng\u00a0akusala duccarita kammas<\/em>\u00a0(nghi\u1ec7p \u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng trong s\u1ea1ch) m\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o, d\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 k\u1ec3.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng\u00a0anuppanna akusala kammas<\/em>, nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a t\u1ea1o \u1ea5y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn (sak\u00e0ya-ditthi<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn \u1ea5y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t sanh c\u0169ng tan bi\u1ebfn ngay trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc \u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y danh t\u1eeb “tan bi\u1ebfn” c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb gi\u1edd ph\u00fat n\u1ea7y, trong nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, trong chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, v\u00e0 trong chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng chu-k\u1ef3-th\u1ebf-gian t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i ph\u1ea1m nh\u1eefng\u00a0akusala kammas<\/em>, nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi. Xuy\u00ean qua tr\u1ecdn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai trong\u00a0anamatagga sams\u00e0ra\u00a0<\/em>(v\u00f2ng quanh nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn), nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh \u1ea5y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n vi ph\u1ea1m, d\u1ea7u trong gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 s\u00e1t sanh, p\u00e0n\u00e0tip\u00e0ta.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu c\u00f2n ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn, d\u1ea7u ch\u00fang sanh \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ebf th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u00f2n b\u1ecb k\u1eb9p \u1edf gi\u1eefa, tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 sau l\u00e0 l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. Hai ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda\u00a0akusala kammas<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7auppanna<\/em>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0anuppanna<\/em>\u00a0(nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t sanh) ch\u1eb1n ch\u1ecbt bao v\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1edbi, m\u00e0 lui c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, v\u1ecb vua c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh tr\u1eddi (deva-lokas<\/em>),\u00a0Sakka<\/em>, vua c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh tr\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ea1o L\u1ee3i,T\u00e0vatimsa-deva-loka<\/em>, t\u1ee9c Tam Th\u1eadp Tam Thi\u00ean, ch\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean \u1edf nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 V\u00f4 S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt c\u1ed1 b\u00e1m l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng xi\u1ec1ng x\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh. Trong c\u00e1i xoay tr\u00f2n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (sams\u00e0ra<\/em>) t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt l\u0103n tr\u00f4i v\u00e0 l\u1eb7n h\u1ee5p trong d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u0169 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i d\u00e0i d\u1eb3ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn, ch\u00fang sanh ham mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang sanh b\u1ecb hai ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda-\u0111\u1ecba-ng\u1ee5c\u00a0uppanna v\u00e0 anuppanna akusala kammas<\/em>\u00a0— nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t sanh — ng\u0103n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eadn sau, t\u1ea5n th\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nan, ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c gia c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng trau gi\u1ed3i \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n d\u1eadp t\u1eaft h\u1eb3n hai ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u1ea5y. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 sau, nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>) ph\u1ea3i xem s\u1ef1 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft hai ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda-\u0111\u1ecba-ng\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t sanh \u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng, t\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 duy nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i an l\u00e0nh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh d\u1eadp t\u1eaft nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t sanh (akusala kammas of uppanna and anuppanna<\/em>) l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1\u1ecb tr\u1eeb Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn (sakk\u00e0ya-ditthi<\/em>) b\u00ean trong ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ed5 t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5\u00a0sakk\u00e0ya ditthi<\/em>, Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn, hai nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (akusala kammas<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n t\u1eaft h\u1eb3n.<\/span><\/p>\n

“Bon-sin-san<\/em><\/strong>”\u00a0Sot\u00e0pannas<\/em>\u00a0[8], nh\u01b0 b\u00e0 Vis\u00e0kh\u00e0 v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1ea3 An\u00e0thapindika (C\u1ea5p C\u00f4 \u00d0\u1ed9c), \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh trong c\u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ea3nh tr\u1eddi (deva<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean (brahmas<\/em>), l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u1eb7n h\u1ee5p l\u0103n tr\u00f4i trong \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00f9ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (sams\u00e0ra<\/em>) t\u1eeb khi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn (sak\u00e0ya-ditthi<\/em>). C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0sa-upadisesa nibb\u00e0na,<\/em>\u00a0H\u1eefu D\u01b0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n [9]. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i th\u00eanh thang trong v\u00f2ng sanh-t\u1eed t\u1eed-sanh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u chu k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf gian, c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf (ph\u00e0m t\u1ee5c). \u00d0\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh\u00a0“Bon-sin-san”<\/em>, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh Si\u00eau Th\u1ebf (lokuttara<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hai danh t\u1eeb uppanna v\u00e0 anuppanna akusala kamma, nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t sanh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nghi\u1ec7p Thi\u1ec7n \u00d0\u00e3 Ph\u00e1t Sanh V\u00e0 Ch\u01b0a Ph\u00e1t Sanh (Uppanna and Anuppanna Kusala Kamma<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y S\u01b0 s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n chia nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (kusala kammas<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t sanh (uppanna v\u00e0 anuppanna<\/em>), l\u00e0m hai ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ba ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nhs\u00ecla\u00a0<\/em>(Gi\u1edbi), sam\u00e0dhi\u00a0<\/em>(\u00d0\u1ecbnh),\u00a0pann\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(Tu\u1ec7) v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0satta visuddhi\u00a0<\/em>(b\u1ea3y giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Thanh T\u1ecbnh) – Xem ph\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ec1.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn (ditthi)<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng\u00a0Sams\u00e0ra<\/em>, V\u00f2ng Lu\u00e2n H\u1ed3i, th\u1eadt v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng H\u00e0nh \u00d0\u1ed9ng B\u1ea5t Thi\u1ec7n (duccarita<\/em>), \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh (uppanna<\/em>, trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t sanh (anuppanna<\/em>, t\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t sanh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai) \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb T\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn (ditthi<\/em>). Khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eabn tr\u1ed1n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh tr\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng H\u00e0nh \u00d0\u1ed9ng B\u1ea5t Thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng T\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft T\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn th\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai, nh\u1eefng H\u00e0nh \u00d0\u1ed9ng B\u1ea5t Thi\u1ec7n (duccarita<\/em>) m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u0169 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb d\u1eadp t\u1eaft c\u00f9ng l\u00fac. D\u1eadp t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u1edbi t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng ch\u1eb7t c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda m\u1edf v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh (ap\u00e0ya<\/em>, xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch 1, trang 154). Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang sanh ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00f2ng ham mu\u1ed1n g\u1eb7p Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u1ecfi r\u01a1i v\u00e0o kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u0169 v\u00e0 m\u1edbi, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 duy\u00ean may g\u1eb7p Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o trong ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ta ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n d\u1eadp t\u1eaft c\u00e1i nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 T\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn. T\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 ba t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong ch\u00fang sanh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

1)\u00a0V\u00ectikkama<\/em>, l\u1edbp “V\u01b0\u1ee3t Ra Ngo\u00e0i”, (t\u00e2m b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ra ngo\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hay l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, th\u00e2n hay kh\u1ea9u),<\/span><\/p>\n

2)\u00a0Pariyutth\u00e0na<\/em>, l\u1edbp “Qu\u1ea5y Nhi\u1ec5u”, (t\u00e2m b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m,\u00a0kilesa<\/em>, l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n),<\/span><\/p>\n

3)\u00a0Anusaya<\/em>, l\u1edbp “Khuynh H\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e2m T\u00e1nh Ng\u1ee7 Ng\u1ea7m”, hay b\u1ea3n t\u00e1nh b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m [10] ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m trong t\u00e2m.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi sinh ho\u1ea1t, n\u01a1i an tr\u00fa c\u1ee7a Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn (Sakk\u00e0ya-ditthi<\/em>). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi ba t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a T\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n, trung b\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y S\u01b0 (Ng\u00e0i Ledi Sayadaw) s\u1ebd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a T\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn, m\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (ducarita<\/em>: xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch \u1edf Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II), b\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a T\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a T\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn, “V\u01b0\u1ee3t Ra Ngo\u00e0i” (v\u00ectikkama<\/em>), bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (akusala kamma<\/em>), bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 ra h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp trung b\u00ecnh, “Qu\u1ea5y Nhi\u1ec5u” (pariyutth\u00e0na<\/em>), bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng \u00e1c ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t sanh d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng trong t\u00e2m. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t, “Khuynh H\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e2m T\u00e1nh Ng\u1ee7 Ng\u1ea7m” (anusaya<\/em>) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00e1c ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m b\u00ean trong c\u00e1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh xuy\u00ean qua su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp sanh-t\u1eed, t\u1eed-sanh c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u00f4 t\u1eadn (anamatagga-sams\u00e0ra<\/em>), m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra ngo\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, hay t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ba lo\u1ea1i l\u1eeda trong h\u1ed9p di\u00eam qu\u1eb9t. \u00d0\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m trong to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 h\u1ed9p di\u00eam. Th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n khi ta qu\u1eb9t c\u00e2y di\u00eam tr\u00ean c\u00e1i h\u1ed9p. Th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda t\u1eeb c\u00e2y qu\u1eb9t chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c khi ta \u0111\u01b0a ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi v\u1eadt \u1ea5y. Ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng r\u00e1c, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n hay l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u1ea5y, t\u1eeb v\u1eadt n\u1ea7y chuy\u1ec3n sang v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 lo\u1ea1i T\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn th\u00f4 thi\u1ec3n (v\u00ectikkama ditthi<\/em>), v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n hay kh\u1ea9u. Ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y c\u00e2y qu\u1eb9t gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 T\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1i trung b\u00ecnh,\u00a0pariyutth\u00e0na ditthi<\/em>, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong t\u00e2m m\u1ed7i khi t\u00e2m ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. L\u1eeda ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m trong h\u1ed9p qu\u1eb9t gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0\u00a0anusaya ditthi<\/em>, khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m, ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang sanh xuy\u00ean qua chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn,\u00a0anamatagga sams\u00e0ra<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1eeda ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m trong h\u1ed9p di\u00eam kh\u00f4ng b\u1eadt ph\u00e1t l\u00ean ch\u00e1y n\u1ebfu ta kh\u00f4ng qu\u1eb9t \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e2y di\u00eam l\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t nh\u1ea1y ch\u00e1y c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9p di\u00eam. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u1ea7y, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y tai h\u1ea1i n\u00e0o d\u1ea7u ta \u0111\u1ec3 chung v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y nh\u01b0 d\u1ea7u l\u1eeda hay thu\u1ed1c s\u00fang ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y\u00a0anusaya ditthi<\/em>, t\u1ee9c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m b\u00ean trong lu\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi l\u1ee5c c\u0103n,\u00a0anusaya ditthi<\/em>, khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn b\u1ecb khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u1edf \u00fd c\u0103n, ho\u1eb7c \u1edf t\u1eebng l\u1edbppariyutth\u00e0na\u00a0<\/em>(Qu\u1ea5y Nhi\u1ec5u) do n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c \u00fd. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n n\u1ebfu v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u1ea5y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p ph\u00e1t sanh k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tan bi\u1ebfn \u1edf t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp\u00a0pariyutth\u00e0na<\/em>, Qu\u1ea5y Nhi\u1ec5u, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp\u00a0anusaya<\/em>, ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. N\u1ebfu ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00e1c \u00fd. N\u1ebfu, trong t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp\u00a0pariyutth\u00e0na<\/em>, Qu\u1ea5y Nhi\u1ec5u, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ecb khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n trong t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp\u00a0v\u00ectikkama<\/em>\u00a0(V\u01b0\u1ee3t Ra ngo\u00e0i), d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u1eddi n\u00f3i hay vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, t\u1ee9c t\u1ea1o kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p hay th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian n\u1ea7y, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u00ecnh trong t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp\u00a0v\u00ectikkama v\u00e0 pariyutth\u00e0na\u00a0<\/em>(V\u01b0\u1ee3t Ra Ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea5y Nhi\u1ec5u) v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i trong s\u1ea1ch, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m \u00f4, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t, c\u00f3 t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ch\u01b0a hay bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 canh ch\u1eebng\u00a0anusaya<\/em>, l\u1edbp khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m. N\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb l\u1edbp khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m, d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd hai l\u1edbp\u00a0v\u00ectikkama<\/em>\u00a0v\u00e0pariyutth\u00e0na<\/em>\u00a0(V\u01b0\u1ee3t Ra Ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea5y Nhi\u1ec5u), t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 nh\u1ee9t th\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn su\u1ed1t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn sau, khi hai t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp kia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ed5i d\u1eady.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lobha\u00a0<\/span><\/em>(Tham),\u00a0dosa<\/em>\u00a0(S\u00e2n), v\u00e0\u00a0moh\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(Si), m\u1ed7i t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ba t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eb1m t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t ba l\u1edbp T\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn (ditthi<\/em>) n\u1ea7y, ta ph\u1ea3i chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ba Ph\u00e1p Tu H\u1ecdc (sikkh\u00e0s<\/em>): Gi\u1edbi (s\u00ecla<\/em>), \u00d0\u1ecbnh (sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>), v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 (pann\u00e0<\/em>). Ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ea3y Thanh T\u1ecbnh (visuddhis<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia c\u01b0 s\u0129,\u00a0s\u00ecla\u00a0<\/em>(Gi\u1edbi) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0\u00a0Aj\u00ecvatthamaka-s\u00ecla\u00a0<\/em>[11], v\u1ed1n l\u00e0\u00a0nicca-s\u00ecla<\/em>, gi\u1edbi h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. H\u00e0nh B\u00e1t Quan Gi\u1edbi trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y gi\u1edbi (Atth\u00e0nga-uposatha-s\u00ecla<\/em>) v\u00e0 Th\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi (Dasanga-s\u00ecla<\/em>) th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n tinh luy\u1ec7n cho gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean (nicca-s\u00ecla<\/em>). N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u00eam tr\u00ec c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi n\u1ea7y th\u00ec t\u1ed1t l\u1eafm; nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1eafm. Nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafp y v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 tu \u1ea9n s\u0129 (Isis<\/em>) th\u00ec\u00a0Aj\u00ecvatthamaka-s\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0Dasanga-s\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0(Th\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi) l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi (s\u00ecla<\/em>) ph\u1ea3i \u0111u\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. B\u00e1t Quan Trai Gi\u1edbi (Atthanga-upasatha-s\u00ecla<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m trong Th\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi (Dasanga-s\u00ecla<\/em>). \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u (bhikkhu<\/em>), T\u1ee9 Thanh T\u1ecbnh Gi\u1edbi (Catup\u00e0risuddhi-s\u00ecla<\/em>) l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m Gi\u1edbi (s\u00ecla<\/em>). [12]<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1m \u00d0\u1ecbnh, C\u1eadn \u00d0\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 To\u00e0n \u00d0\u1ecbnh [13] b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n (nh\u01b0 ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-ra v\u00e0 th\u1edf-v\u00e0o), hay ni\u1ec7m 32 ph\u1ea7n trong th\u00e2n) l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m \u00d0\u1ecbnh (sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ed1n Thanh T\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf [14] c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Tri Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh (lokuttara-n\u00e0nadassana-visuddhi<\/em>) si\u00eau th\u1ebf l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m Tu\u1ec7 (pann\u00e0<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong ba l\u1edbp T\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn (ditthi<\/em>), nh\u00f3m Gi\u1edbi (s\u00ecla<\/em>) lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb l\u1edbp “V\u01b0\u1ee3t Ra Ngo\u00e0i” (v\u00ectikamma<\/em>). \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh (s\u00ecla-visuddhi<\/em>), \u1eaft th\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ed5i d\u1eady. Nh\u00f3m \u00d0\u1ecbnh (sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb T\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn \u1edf l\u1edbp “Qu\u1ea5y Nhi\u1ec5u” (pariyutth\u00e0na<\/em>) nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng trong t\u00e2m. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh (bh\u00e0van\u00e0-manasik\u00e0ra<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ki\u00ean c\u1ed1, \u1eaft \u00fd nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ed5i d\u1eady. Nh\u00f3m Tu\u1ec7 (pann\u00e0<\/em>) lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb T\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn \u1edf l\u1edbpanusaya<\/em>, “Khuynh H\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e2m T\u00e1nh Ng\u1ee7 Ng\u1ea7m.” \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, ta hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc (n\u00e0ma v\u00e0 r\u00f9pa<\/em>) v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3. Ch\u1eebng \u1ea5y khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m trong lu\u1ed3ng\u00a0anusaya<\/em>\u00a0t\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n trong \u00fd ni\u1ec7m l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi (puggala<\/em>), m\u1ed9t ch\u00fang sanh (satta<\/em>), v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n (nicca<\/em>) s\u1ebd tan bi\u1ebfn. Ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o m\u00e0 “Khuynh H\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn Ng\u1ee7 Ng\u1ea7m” (ditthi-anusaya<\/em>) c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb l\u1edbp “V\u01b0\u1ee3t Ra Ngo\u00e0i”, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n qua h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i b\u1eb1ng nh\u00f3m Gi\u1edbi (s\u00ecla<\/em>), v\u00e0 l\u1edbp “Qu\u1ea5y Nhi\u1ec5u” (pariyutth\u00e0na<\/em>) b\u1eb1ng nh\u00f3m \u00d0\u1ecbnh (sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>) ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng “\u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh” v\u00e0 “ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t sanh” (uppanna, anuppanna<\/em>), c\u00f3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m, v\u00e0
\n2. ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (sams\u00e0ra<\/em>) nh\u01b0 kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

S\u01b0 s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y l\u00e0m kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m. B\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi (s\u00ecla<\/em>) trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y, \u1eaft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Gi\u1edbi “\u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh” (uppanna s\u00ecla<\/em>). B\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u00fac n\u00e0o trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y, \u1eaft c\u00f3 Gi\u1edbi “\u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh” (uppanna-s\u00ecla<\/em>). \u00d0\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 “kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sanh” v\u00e0 “\u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh” c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i nh\u01b0 kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i Gi\u1edbi, t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf v\u00e0 si\u00eau th\u1ebf (lokiya v\u00e0 lokuttara-s\u00ecla<\/em>). Gi\u1edbi T\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 “\u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh” (uppanna<\/em>), b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai m\u00e0 trong v\u00f2ng (sams\u00e0ra<\/em>) lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 xa x\u01b0a, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n n\u00e0o gi\u1eef Gi\u1edbi T\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng Gi\u1edbi Si\u00eau Th\u1ebf (lokuttara-s\u00ecla<\/em>) th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e0m (puthujjana<\/em>), l\u00e0 “ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t sanh” (anuppanna<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ecbnh (sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i, T\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf v\u00e0 Si\u00eau Th\u1ebf. V\u00ec \u00d0\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang sanh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 xa x\u00f4i c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (sams\u00e0ra<\/em>) n\u00ean l\u00e0 “\u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh”. \u00d0\u1ecbnh Si\u00eau Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 “kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sanh”, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea1ng ph\u00e0m nh\u00e2n (puthujjana<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Tu\u1ec7 (pann\u00e0<\/em>) c\u0169ng v\u1eady, c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i, T\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf v\u00e0 Si\u00eau Th\u1ebf. B\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i Thanh T\u1ecbnh (lokiya visuddhi<\/em>) [15], l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 T\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf v\u00e0 “\u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh” (uppanna<\/em>) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 g\u1eb7p Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>) trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i Thanh T\u1ecbnh n\u1ea7y; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 “kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sanh” (anuppanna<\/em>) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 g\u1eb7p Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. Tri Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh (n\u00e0nadassana-visuddhi<\/em>) l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 Si\u00eau Th\u1ebf (lokuttara pann\u00e0<\/em>). \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea1ng ph\u00e0m nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 “kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sanh” b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ph\u00e1t sanh trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 xa x\u00f4i c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (sams\u00e0ra<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y S\u01b0 s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1p Tinh T\u1ea5n (padh\u00e0na<\/em>, T\u1ee9 Ch\u00e1nh C\u1ea7n).<\/span><\/p>\n

1. C\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh (uppanna-akusala-kamma<\/em>) ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 g\u1eb7p Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

2. C\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi sanh c\u1ee7a nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi (anuppana-akusala-kamma<\/em>) trong chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 sau c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu g\u1eb7p Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>). M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c \u0111i quanh qu\u1ea9n trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt d\u00e0i v\u00f4 t\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ta kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt, \u1eaft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb hai lo\u1ea1i nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u1ea5y. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp\u00a0anussaya<\/em>, khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn (sakk\u00e0ya-ditthi<\/em>), t\u1ee9c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng n\u1eb1m trong lu\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn. V\u00e0 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m (anussaya<\/em>) n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng phu c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 (anatt\u00e0-bh\u00e0van\u00e0<\/em>), ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc\u00a0Pacceka-Buddha<\/em>, \u00d0\u1ed9c Gi\u00e1c Ph\u1eadt, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u h\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1nganatt\u00e0-bh\u00e0van\u00e0<\/em>, h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3 trong khi g\u1eb7p Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian, ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfng\u00a0Anatt\u00e0<\/em>, hay v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe. V\u00e0 khi n\u00f3i “ti\u1ebfng v\u00f4 ng\u00e3”, danh t\u1eeb n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb h\u00e0m \u00fd b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n nh\u01b0\u00a0r\u00f9pa<\/em>\u00a0(s\u1eafc),\u00a0n\u00e0ma\u00a0<\/em>(danh),\u00a0khandha\u00a0<\/em>(u\u1ea9n),\u00a0dh\u00e0tu<\/em>\u00a0(t\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1i),\u00e0yatana<\/em>\u00a0(l\u1ee5c c\u0103n) v\u00e0\u00a0paticcasammupap\u00e0da<\/em>\u00a0(th\u1eadp nh\u1ecb duy\u00ean kh\u1edfi). Ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a\u00a0Anatt\u00e0<\/em>, V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3, h\u00e0m x\u00fac to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn (Abhidhamma-Pitaka<\/em>) ; v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 quy\u1ec3n Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p To\u00e1t Y\u1ebfu,\u00a0Abhidhammattha-Sangaha<\/em>. [16]<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng phu h\u00e0nh\u00a0Anatt\u00e0-bh\u00e0van\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3) bao g\u1ed3m tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh (s\u00ecla-visuddhi<\/em>), r\u1ed3i ch\u00fa t\u00e2m Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n (k\u00e0yagat\u00e0-sati<\/em>), v\u00e0 sau khi \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 an tr\u1ee5 c\u00e1i t\u00e2m hoang d\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n v\u00e0 chao \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng (samatha<\/em>) v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u00e0<\/em>). Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp Khuynh H\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn Ng\u1ee7 Ng\u1ea7m trong lu\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p (ditthi-anusaya<\/em>) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng T\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn “\u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh” v\u00e0 “kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sanh” (uppanna v\u00e0 anuppanna-micch\u00e0-ditthi<\/em>) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (duccarita<\/em>) m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tan bi\u1ebfn.<\/span><\/p>\n

3. S\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ea5n l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sanh nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n (kusala kamma<\/em>) tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t sanh, v\u00e0<\/span><\/p>\n

4. S\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh — nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng phu qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 (Anatt\u00e0-bh\u00e0van\u00e0<\/em>) sau khi v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc trong ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi \u00d0\u00e3 Ph\u00e1t Sanh v\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi Ch\u01b0a Ph\u00e1t Sanh (Uppanna v\u00e0 Anuppanna-S\u00ecla<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\n

Anuppanna-s\u00ecla<\/span><\/em>\u00a0— t\u1ee9c Gi\u1edbi ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd ph\u00e1t sanh trong \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e0m Nh\u00e2n (puthujjana<\/em>) xuy\u00ean qua v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i — bao g\u1ed3m ba chi c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o l\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh Ng\u1eef, Ch\u00e1nh Nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh M\u1ea1ng. Ba chi n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m trong Tu-\u00d0\u00e0-Hu\u1eddn \u00d0\u1ea1o (sot\u00e0patti-magga<\/em>) v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u00f3m Gi\u1edbi n\u1ea7y lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ra ngo\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch sinh s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0\u1edbi ba h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i, d\u1ea7u trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chu k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf gian v\u1ec1 sau.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp Gi\u1edbi Si\u00eau Th\u1ebf n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u khi \u0111\u00e3 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3 (Anatt\u00e0-bh\u00e0van\u00e0<\/em>). Ch\u00fang sanh ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sanh “Gi\u1edbi Ch\u01b0a Ph\u00e1t Sanh”,\u00a0anuppanna-s\u00ecla\u00a0<\/em>n\u1ea7y, trong l\u00fac c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc trong Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh (s\u00ecla-visuddhi<\/em>) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n (k\u00e0yagat\u00e0-sati<\/em>), cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t vi\u00ean m\u00e3n ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3 (Anatt\u00e0-bh\u00e0van\u00e0<\/em>) ch\u00fang sanh ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 37 Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o (Bodhipakkhiya-dhammas<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Uppanna-s\u00ecla, Gi\u1edbi \u00d0\u00e3 Ph\u00e1t Sanh, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (sams\u00e0ra<\/em>) v\u00f4 t\u1eadn, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi T\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf (k\u00e0m\u00e0vacara-s\u00ecla<\/em>). Khi n\u00f3i ph\u1ea3i tinh t\u1ea5n b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec lo\u1ea1i\u00a0s\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0n\u1ea7y (t\u1ee9c ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn, nghi\u00eam tr\u00ec lo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi n\u1ea7y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i Ch\u00e1nh Tinh T\u1ea5n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0), ta n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 hai t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp Gi\u1edbi T\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0\u00a0niy\u00e0ma<\/em>\u00a0(t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u1ea5t lay chuy\u1ec3n, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i thay) v\u00e0\u00a0aniy\u00e0ma<\/em>\u00a0(b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00f2n bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n).<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i Gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n (Ariya<\/em>) l\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh (niy\u00e0ma<\/em>), trong khi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i Gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e0m Nh\u00e2n (puthujjana<\/em>) l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh (aniy\u00e0ma<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1edbi T\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf (lokiya-s\u00ecla<\/em>) c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh D\u1ee5c Gi\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c “\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh” trong ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc Tu-\u00d0\u00e0-Hu\u1eddn (sot\u00e0panna<\/em>, Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u). Su\u1ed1t chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chu k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf gian v\u1ec1 sau, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n (Parinibb\u00e0na<\/em>), nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh Tu-\u00d0\u00e0-Hu\u1eddn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n vi ph\u1ea1m\u00a0Ajivatthamaka-s\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0[17] (t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u1edbi Ch\u00e1nh M\u1ea1ng), d\u1ea7u trong gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e0m Nh\u00e2n (puthujjana<\/em>), Gi\u1edbi T\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf trong c\u1ea3nh D\u1ee5c Gi\u1edbi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 “b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh” (aniy\u00e0ma<\/em>). Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb sa \u0111\u1ecda v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh (ap\u00e0ya-loka<\/em>) v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129 \u1ea9n d\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh trong s\u1ea1ch trong v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n. Tuy nhi\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 h\u1ecd ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb sa \u0111\u1ecda v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng C\u1ea3nh Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ea5p K\u00e9m trong v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0m tr\u1eddi (deva<\/em>), l\u00e0m ch\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean (Brahmas<\/em>), v\u1ed1n lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u1edf b\u00ean b\u1edd v\u1ef1c th\u1ea9m ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i sanh, sa \u0111\u1ecda v\u00e0o Kh\u1ed5 C\u1ea3nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh c\u00f3 Gi\u1edbi T\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3nh D\u1ee5c Gi\u1edbi (k\u00e0m\u00e0vacara-lokiya-s\u00ecla) v\u1eabn c\u00f2n “b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh” (aniy\u00e0ma) v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u1edbi b\u00ean trong m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong khi c\u00f2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>) nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i “b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n” \u1ea5y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh “\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh” (niy\u00e0ma<\/em>), ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 trong ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o,\u00a0Bodhipakkhiya-dhammas<\/em>, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi vi\u00ean m\u00e3n ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng phu qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3 (anatt\u00e0-bh\u00e0van\u00e0<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u00e3 Ph\u00e1t Sanh v\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ecbnh Ch\u01b0a Ph\u00e1t Sanh (Uppanna v\u00e0 Anuppanna Sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ecbnh (sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>) v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 (pann\u00e0<\/em>) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hai t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp, “\u1ed5n \u00d0\u1ecbnh” (niy\u00e0ma<\/em>) v\u00e0 “B\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u00d0\u1ecbnh” (aniy\u00e0ma<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i To\u00e0n \u00d0\u1ecbnh (c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n,\u00a0Jh\u00e0nas, appan\u00e0-sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>), v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1edbi B\u00e1t Thi\u1ec1n hay C\u1eedu Thi\u1ec1n (sam\u00e0patti<\/em>) [18], ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh “\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh” khi ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n B\u1ea5t Lai (An\u00e0gami,<\/em>\u00a0A-Na-H\u00e0m). Tu\u1ec7 (pann\u00e0<\/em>) b\u00ean trong ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh t\u00e0di (x\u1ea3) [19] ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh “\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh” \u1edf m\u1ee9c A-La-H\u00e1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y S\u01b0 s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m \u00d0\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u (sot\u00e0panna<\/em>, Tu-\u00d0\u00e0-Hu\u1eddn).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00fang theo kinh C\u00f9la-Vedalla Sutta [20], Ch\u00e1nh Tinh T\u1ea5n, Ch\u00e1nh Ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m trong Tu-\u00d0\u00e0-Hu\u1eddn \u00d0\u1ea1o (Sot\u00e0patti-magga<\/em>) l\u1ea5y Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ecbnh Si\u00eau Th\u1ebf (lokuttara sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m \u00d0\u1ecbnh (n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong B\u00e1t Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o), b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tinh t\u1ea5n di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng (samuccheda-pah\u00e0na<\/em>), hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p Tham \u00e1i (abhijjh\u00e0<\/em>) v\u00e0 S\u00e2n H\u1eadn (v<\/em>y\u00e0p\u00e0da), v\u1ed1n b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb micch\u00e0-v\u00e0y\u00e0ma (t\u00e0 tinh t\u1ea5n), micch\u00e0-sati (t\u00e0 ni\u1ec7m) v\u00e0 micch\u00e0-sam\u00e0dhi (t\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh). Khi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p Tham \u00e1i v\u00e0 S\u00e2n H\u1eadn \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t sanh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i trong su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u chu k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf gian t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Lo\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ecbnh Si\u00eau Th\u1ebf n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>), khi h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3 (anatt\u00e0 bh\u00e0van\u00e0<\/em>). Do \u0111\u00f3, hi\u1ec7n nay m\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh \u0111ang c\u00f3 duy\u00ean l\u00e0nh g\u1eb7p Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>), ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sanh lo\u1ea1i “\u00d0\u1ecbnh Ch\u01b0a Ph\u00e1t Sanh” (anuppanna-sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>), tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u1ea3i th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m l\u1eb7n h\u1ee5p trong v\u00f2ng quanh nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (sams\u00e0ra<\/em>). \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n, r\u1ed3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o (Bodhipakkhiya-dhammas<\/em>) cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u00e3n c\u00f4ng phu qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3 (Anatt\u00e0-bh\u00e0van\u00e0<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Uppanna-sam\u00e0dhi,<\/span><\/em>\u00a0“\u00d0\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u00e3 Ph\u00e1t Sanh”, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, bao g\u1ed3m \u00d0\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a D\u1ee5c Gi\u1edbi (k\u00e0m\u00e0vacara-sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>, t\u1ee9c c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh), \u00d0?nh c\u1ee7a S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi (r\u00f9p\u00e0vacara-sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>), v\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a V\u00f4 S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi (ar\u00f9p\u00e0vacara-sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>). Khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ta ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i “\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh” (niy\u00e0ma<\/em>) c\u1ee7a “\u00d0\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u00e3 Ph\u00e1t Sanh”, ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng \u00d0\u1ecbnh T\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hai t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh Tinh T\u1ea5n, Ch\u00e1nh Ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n (Ariya<\/em>) \u1edf t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp “\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh”. C\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p Tham \u00e1i v\u00e0 S\u00e2n H\u1eadn b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (duccarita<\/em>) kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sanh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i, d\u1ea7u trong gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1, trong su\u1ed1t chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ea1i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n (Parinibb\u00e0na<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00f3m \u00d0\u1ecbnh g\u1ed3m ba chi [21] c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e0m Nh\u00e2n (puthujjana<\/em>) \u1edf trong t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp “b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh” (aniy\u00e0ma<\/em>). Trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129 \u1ea9n d\u1eadt hay nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u c\u00f3 nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc Thi\u1ec1n (jh\u00e0na<\/em>) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eafc th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng (idhi<\/em>) trong chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i v\u00f4 t\u1eadn nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng. Trong th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf gian c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n chu k\u1ef3 (kappa<\/em>), m\u1ed7i chu k\u1ef3 d\u00e0i v\u00f4 t\u1eadn. Ba trong b\u1ed1n chu k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf gian \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e0m Nh\u00e2n (puthujjana<\/em>) n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh Tr\u1eddi. Trong m\u1ed7i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf gian h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1edf trong kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh (ap\u00e0ya<\/em>). V\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 tr\u1eddi Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ai kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e0m Nh\u00e2n \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 Tr\u1eddi Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 Ng\u1ea1 Qu\u1ec9 (peta<\/em>), \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf trong \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m th\u00fa, hay a-tu-la (asura<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

So v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (sams\u00e0ra<\/em>) d\u00e0i v\u00f4 t\u1eadn, m\u1ed7i ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ebf gian n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1y m\u1eaft.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy\u00ean may s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f2n Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>), t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i “b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh” (aniy\u00e0ma<\/em>) c\u1ee7a ba chi n\u1eb1m trong nh\u00f3m \u00d0\u1ecbnh (Sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>) — m\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 — th\u00e0nh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i “\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh” (niy\u00e0ma<\/em>). Do \u0111\u00f3, sau khi thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc trong ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n, ta ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh 37 Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o,\u00a0Bodhipakkhiya-dhammas<\/em>, ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn khi vi\u00ean m\u00e3n ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3 (Anatt\u00e0 bh\u00e0van\u00e0<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 \u00d0\u00e3 Ph\u00e1t Sanh v\u00e0 Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 Ch\u01b0a Ph\u00e1t Sanh (Uppanna v\u00e0 Anuppanna-Pann\u00e0<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo kinh\u00a0C\u00f9la Vedalla Sutta<\/em>, Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn (samm\u00e0-ditthi<\/em>) v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh T\u01b0 Duy (samm\u00e0-sankappa<\/em>), n\u1eb1m trong Tu-\u00d0\u00e0-Hu\u1eddn \u00d0\u1ea1o (sot\u00e0patti-magga<\/em>) v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 Si\u00eau Th\u1ebf (lokuttara-pann\u00e0<\/em>). Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 n\u1ea7y t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m (anusaya<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn (sakk\u00e0ya-ditthi<\/em>) trong lu\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 “kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng” (samuccheda-pah\u00e0na<\/em>) m\u1ecdi d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a T\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn (micch\u00e0-ditthi<\/em>) v\u00e0 T\u00e0 T\u01b0 Duy (micch\u00e0-sankappa<\/em>), c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (duccarita<\/em>) v\u00e0 T\u00e0 M\u1ea1ng (dur\u00e0jiva<\/em>). Kho t\u00e0ng t\u00edch tr\u1eef nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 (duccarita kamma<\/em>) c\u0169ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tan bi\u1ebfn. C\u00e1nh c\u1eeda m\u1edf v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng quanh nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh (Ap\u00e0ya-Sams\u00e0ra<\/em>) ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f3a ch\u1eb7t. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eefng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a T\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng sai l\u1ea7m tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t sanh trong su\u1ed1t chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chu k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf gian t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lo\u1ea1i Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>), khi ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3 (Anatt\u00e0-bh\u00e0van\u00e0<\/em>) c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. Do \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5m ph\u00fac s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sanh “Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 Ch\u01b0a Ph\u00e1t Sanh” (Anuppanna-Pann\u00e0<\/em>), lo\u1ea1i Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ta, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ea5t \u0111i Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n n\u1ea7y (trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai). \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh 37 Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o (Bodhipakkhiya-dhamma<\/em>) ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn khi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t vi\u00ean m\u00e3n ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3 (Anatt\u00e0-bh\u00e0van\u00e0<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t sanh (uppanna<\/em>) trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn l\u00e0: Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang sanh l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ch\u1ee7 (hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m) c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ee9c c\u00e1i nghi\u1ec7p (kammassakat\u00e0-samm\u00e0-ditthi<\/em>) c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf) thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 D\u1ee5c Gi\u1edbi (k\u00e0m\u00e0vacara<\/em>) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng (abhinn\u00e0<\/em>) nh\u01b0 nh\u00e3n th\u00f4ng (dibba-cakkhu<\/em>) v\u00e0 nh\u0129 th\u00f4ng (dibba sota<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi n\u00f3i ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 “\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh”, ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hai t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp, “\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh” v\u00e0 “b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh”. Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh T\u01b0 Duy t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n (Ariyas<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 “\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh” (niy\u00e0ma<\/em>). T\u1eeb khi Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh T\u01b0 Duy thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 “\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh”, v\u00e0 su\u1ed1t chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng sau \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u1eadp \u00d0?i Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 S\u1edf H\u1eefu Ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Nghi\u1ec7p (kammassakat\u00e0-samm\u00e0-ditthi<\/em>), c\u1ee7a Tu\u1ec7 Gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p H\u1ecdc (pariyatti-n\u00e0na<\/em>) [22], c\u1ee7a Tu\u1ec7 Gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 Ph\u00e1p H\u00e0nh (patipatti-n\u00e0na<\/em>) v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 Gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 B\u1ed1n Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd (catu-sacca-n\u00e0na<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 T\u1ea1i Th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e0m Nh\u00e2n (puthujjana<\/em>) c\u00f2n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 “b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh” (aniy\u00e0ma<\/em>). Trong khi th\u00eanh thang b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p (Dhamma<\/em>), \u0111\u00f4i khi n\u1ed5i danh v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc r\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec3u nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u hay l\u01b0\u01a1ng y tr\u1ee9 danh, trong khi \u1edf nh\u1eefng l\u00fac kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u00e2u b\u1ecd, s\u00f2 \u1ed1c, c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1ec9a, ch\u00ed, r\u1ec7p, d\u00f2i, b\u00f2 ch\u00e9t v.v… nh\u1eefng con v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, trong khi c\u00f3 duy\u00ean may g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>) ta ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n nh\u1eb1m chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn “Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh” (ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi) th\u00e0nh “Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh”, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y hai lo\u1ea1i Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t sanh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia c\u01b0 s\u0129, nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129 \u1ea9n d\u1eadt v\u00e0 T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u1ea7y m\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u00e1c Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh v.v… ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u00edch nghi nh\u1eefng Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>), ph\u1ea3i chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n theo nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i Ch\u00e1nh C\u1ea7n (sammappadh\u00e0na<\/em>, xem ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean), nh\u1eb1m ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m (anusaya<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3nh \u0111i\u00ean cu\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 hoang d\u1ea1i lo\u1ea1n t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e1i thuy\u1ec1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1ecbnh ch\u00f3 d\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecbnh u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 \u00f3i m\u1eeda ra h\u1ebft (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9,\u00a0satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>), v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u00e2m \u00d0\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u00d0\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n “\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh” (niy\u00e0ma<\/em>), nh\u1eb1m gi\u1eef t\u00e2m v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng, b\u1ea5t lay chuy\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 ch\u0103m ch\u00fa v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c thi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o (kammatth\u00e0na<\/em>), mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eady ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u00edch nghi ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tinh t\u1ea5n ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh (sammappadh\u00e0na<\/em>, Ch\u00e1nh C\u1ea7n) nh\u1eb1m t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m (anusaya<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n Si M\u00ea l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c (sammoha-dhamma<\/em>) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n h\u1ecd v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh V\u00f4 Minh t\u0103m t\u1ed1i; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft g\u00ec trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00f2ng k\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9 s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt B\u1ea3o, Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o v\u00e0 T\u0103ng B\u1ea3o Th\u00e1nh Thi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt; n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p Sai L\u1ea7m (micch\u00e0-dhamma<\/em>), trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (sams\u00e0ra<\/em>) v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n, t\u00f4n k\u00ednh v\u00e0 l\u1ec5 l\u1ea1y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ee7 h\u1ea1ng Ph\u1eadt (hay \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0) gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f2n l\u00e0 Ph\u00e0m Nh\u00e2n (puthujjana<\/em>) kh\u00f4ng \u1edf trong v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt thi\u1ec7t, Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p thi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 thi\u1ec7t; n\u1ebfu, trong chu\u1ed7i d\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chu k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf gian, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb gi\u1edd ph\u00fat hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Tin Ki\u00ean C\u1ed1 V\u1eefng Ch\u1eafc (adhigama-saddh\u00e0<\/em>) v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 Ki\u00ean C\u1ed1 V\u1eefng Ch\u1eafc (adhigama-pann\u00e0<\/em>), n\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1edd n\u01a1i oai l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u1ea5y h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn b\u00ean trong h\u1ecd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i, l\u00f2ng k\u1ec9nh m\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1; v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c “\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh” (niy\u00e0ma<\/em>) — h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u00edch nghi nh\u1eefng Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>) v\u1edbi Ch\u00e1nh C\u1ea7n (sammappadh\u00e0na), nh\u1eb1m t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn \u1edf t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m (anusaya-bh\u00f9mi<\/em>). N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Ch\u00e1nh C\u1ea7n th\u00edch nghi c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ch\u00fa nguy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/span><\/p>\n

“H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 cho da, g\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1ecbt c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, m\u00e1u trong th\u00e2n t\u00f4i kh\u00f4 c\u1ea1n d\u1ea7n, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u00e1nh chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t.”<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

[1]\u00a0Vinaya Pitaka<\/em>,\u00a0Mah\u00e0vagga<\/em>, c\u00e2u 13.\u00a0Sammohavinod\u00e0ni<\/em>\u00a0(Ch\u00fa Gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a\u00a0Patisambhida Magga<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\n

[2] Ch\u00fa Gi\u1ea3i Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa (Dhammapada Commentary) c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u 1.<\/span><\/p>\n

[3] H\u1ea1ng\u00a0Neyya<\/em>, xem trang 1-2, Ph\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ec1.<\/span><\/p>\n

[4] Xem Ch\u00fa Gi\u1ea3i kinh Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (Satipatth\u00e0na Sutta<\/em>), The Way of Mindfulness, trang 68.<\/span><\/p>\n

[5] Xem Ch\u00fa Gi\u1ea3i\u00a0Sakkapanha Sutta,<\/em>\u00a0(D\u00ecgha Nik\u00e0ya<\/em>, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m)<\/span><\/p>\n

[6] Xem\u00a0Anguttara Nik\u00e0ya<\/em>, T\u0103ng Nh\u1ee9t A H\u00e0m. Nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 b\u1ed1n, s\u1ed1 13f. “The Book of Analysis” (Vibhanga<\/em>) do U Thittila chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch (Pali Text Society, London) trang 271ff .<\/span><\/p>\n

[7]\u00a0Ap\u00e0ya-loka<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed5 bao g\u1ed3m: c\u1ea3nh a-tu-la, c\u1ea3nh ng\u1ea1 qu\u1ef7, c\u1ea3nh th\u00fa v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c.<\/span><\/p>\n

[8]\u00a0Bon-sin-san<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0i\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1ng Tu-\u00d0\u00e0-Hu\u1eddn (Sot\u00e0panna<\/em>) s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb A-La-H\u00e1n sau nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Danh t\u1eeb n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng trong Kinh T\u1ea1ng (Sutta<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong Kinh T\u1ea1ng ch\u1ec9 g\u1ecdi\u00a0Sot\u00e0panna<\/em>, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u1ed1i \u0111a ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh b\u1ea3y l\u1ea7n trong c\u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3nh tr\u1eddi.\u00a0Bon-sin-san<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quen thu\u1ed9c trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o \u1edf Mi\u1ebfn \u00d0i\u1ec7n. Danh t\u1eeb n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn trong nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/span><\/p>\n

– Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i b\u1ed9\u00a0Indriya-Samyutta<\/em>, ph\u1ea9m\u00a0Chalindriya Vagga<\/em>, b\u00e0i kinhEkabiji Sutta<\/em>, gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i danh t\u1eeb\u00a0sattakkhattuparamo<\/em>.
\n– Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i\u00a0D\u00ecgha Nik\u00e0ya<\/em>, Tr\u01b0\u1eddng A H\u00e0m, b\u00e0i kinh\u00a0Sakkapanha Sutta<\/em>(\u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i), gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef\u00a0so niv\u00e0so bhavissati.<\/em>
\n– Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i\u00a0Puggala-pannatti (Pancappakarana Atthakatha), Ekata-nidesa<\/em>, gi\u1ea3ng gi\u1ea3i danh t\u1eeb\u00a0ekabiji.<\/em><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

V\u1ecb Ch\u1ee7 Bi\u00ean The Wheel Publication (\u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Nyanaponika) tri \u00e2n Ng\u00e0i Mahasi Sayadaw, Agga-Maha-Pandita, Rangoon, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o nh\u1eefng ch\u00fa th\u00edch n\u1ea7y v\u00e0 ch\u00fa th\u00edch k\u1ebf sau \u0111\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\n

“C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng Bon-sin-san c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i:<\/span><\/p>\n

– Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Tu \u00d0\u00e0 Hu\u1eddn (Sot\u00e0panna<\/em>) trong c\u1ea3nh D\u1ee5c Gi\u1edbi (K\u00e0mabh\u00f9mi<\/em>) v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ba t\u1ea7ng Th\u00e1nh cao h\u01a1n (Sakad\u00e0g\u00e0mi<\/em>, T\u01b0-\u00d0\u00e0-H\u00e0m v.v…) trong n\u0103m c\u1ea3nh V\u00f4 Phi\u00ean Thi\u00ean (Suddh\u00e0v\u00e0sa<\/em>) c\u1ee7a S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi (R\u00f9paloka<\/em>);<\/span><\/p>\n

– Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Tu-\u00d0\u00e0-Hu\u1eddn, T\u01b0-\u00d0\u00e0-H\u00e0m, A-Na-H\u00e0m (Sot\u00e0panna, Sakad\u00e0g\u00e0mi, An\u00e0g\u00e0mi<\/em>) trong D\u1ee5c Gi\u1edbi (K\u00e0mabh\u00f9mi<\/em>) v\u00e0 A-La-H\u00e1n (Arahat<\/em>) trong n\u0103m c\u1ea3nh V\u00f4 Phi\u00ean Thi\u00ean (Suddh\u00e0v\u00e0sa<\/em>) c\u1ee7a S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3 danh t\u1eeb\u00a0Bon-sin-san<\/em>\u00a0c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n, t\u1ea7ng n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7ng kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

“Hai h\u1ea1ng n\u1ea7y hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong T\u1ea1ng Kinh (Suttas<\/em>): (1)\u00a0Sattakkhattuparama Sot\u00e0panna<\/em>, “ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y l\u1ea7n”, (2)\u00a0Kolankola Sot\u00e0panna<\/em>, “ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i t\u1eeb t\u1ea7ng Th\u00e1nh n\u1ea7y sang m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng Th\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c, (3)Ekabiji Sot\u00e0panna<\/em>, “ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n t\u00e1i sanh m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n”.<\/span><\/p>\n

“Ba h\u1ea1ng n\u1ea7y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh\u00a0Sot\u00e0panna<\/em>\u00a0(Tu-\u00d0\u00e0-Hu\u1eddn) trong\u00a0K\u00e0ma-bh\u00f9mi<\/em>\u00a0(D\u1ee5c Gi\u1edbi), ho\u1eb7c trong ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 sau, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n b\u1ea3y ki\u1ebfp, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh A-La-H\u00e1n c\u0169ng trong c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi (bh\u00f9mi<\/em>) n\u1ea7y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y, ph\u1ea7n “Tu \u00d0\u00e0 Hu\u1eddn” (Ch\u1ee7 Bi\u00ean The Wheel).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

[9] \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, Ng\u00e0i Ledi Sayadaw, d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef\u00a0sa-up\u00e0disesa<\/em>, H\u1eefu D\u01b0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Tu \u00d0\u00e0 Hu\u1eddn (v\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho v\u1ecb “Bon-sin-san<\/em>“). Trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i Pali danh t\u1eeb n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho v\u1ecb A-La-H\u00e1n, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u01b0\u1eddi tri\u1ec1n c\u00e1i, trong khi v\u1ecb Tu-\u00d0\u00e0-Hu\u1eddn ch\u1ec9 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00f3 ba. C\u00e1ch x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec v\u1ecb Tu-\u00d0\u00e0-Hu\u1eddn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 “nho\u00e1ng th\u1ea5y Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean” (pathama-dassana<\/em>), \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 si\u00eau th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n (ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o, t\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu vi, nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf). V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n. (L\u1eddi c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ch\u1ee7 Bi\u00ean, The Wheel).<\/span><\/p>\n

[10] Xem “Manual of Insight” (The Wheel s\u1ed1 31\/32) trang 79ff.<\/span><\/p>\n

[11]\u00a0Aj\u00ecvatthamaka-s\u00ecla,<\/em>\u00a0xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch trong ph\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ec1.<\/span><\/p>\n

[12] Nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb P\u00e0li trong \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1edf ph\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadp \u00d0?.<\/span><\/p>\n

[13] T\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh, to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecbnh:\u00a0parikamma-, upac\u00e0ra-, appan\u00e0-sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>. Xem Path of Purification (Visuddhi Magga<\/em>, Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o), ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II, trang 26, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IV, trang 32.<\/span><\/p>\n

[14] 4 B\u1ed1n Thanh T\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf l\u00e0: Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh, \u00d0o\u1ea1n Nghi T\u1ecbnh, \u00d0\u1ea1o Phi \u00d0\u1ea1o Tri Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ea1o Tri Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

[15] Xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch 4, trang 210.<\/span><\/p>\n

[16] B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a \u00d0.\u00d0. N\u00e0rada Thera, d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 “A Manual of Abhidhamma” (Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy).<\/span><\/p>\n

[17]\u00a0Ajivatthamaka-s\u00ecla<\/em>, xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch trong ph\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ec1.<\/span><\/p>\n

[18] T\u00e1m t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n (attha-sam\u00e0patti)<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi (r\u00f9pa- jh\u00e0na<\/em>) v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n V\u00f4 S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi (ar\u00f9pajjh\u00e0na<\/em>). Ch\u00edn t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 t\u00e1m t\u1ea7ng k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 ch\u00edn l\u00e0\u00a0nirodha-sam\u00e0patti,<\/em>\u00a0Di\u1ec7t Th\u1ecd T\u01b0\u1edfng \u00d0\u1ecbnh, t\u1ee9c t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ng\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u00e2m linh.<\/span><\/p>\n

[19]\u00a0T\u00e0di<\/em>\u00a0(theo ngh\u0129a \u0111en l\u00e0: gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0, c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9) l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh, t\u00e2m x\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. \u00d0\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 A-La-H\u00e1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

[20]\u00a0Yo ca Vis\u00e0kha samm\u00e0-v\u00e0y\u00e0mo y\u00e0 ca samm\u00e0-sati yo ca samm\u00e0-sam\u00e0dhi, ime dhamm\u00e0 sam\u00e0dhikkhandhe sangahit\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0— “V\u00e0 b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 Ch\u00e1nh Tinh T\u1ea5n, Ch\u00e1nh Ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ecbnh, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m trong ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng \u00d0?nh”. (Majjhima Nik\u00e0ya<\/em>, Trung A H\u00e0m, s\u1ed1 44)<\/span><\/p>\n

[21] Ba chi c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m \u00d0\u1ecbnh l\u00e0: Ch\u00e1nh Tinh T\u1ea5n, Ch\u00e1nh Ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/p>\n

[22]\u00a0Pariyatti<\/em>: “H\u1ecdc Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd”. Trong s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t 3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: L\u00fd Thuy\u1ebft, Th\u1ef1c H\u00e0nh v\u00e0 Ch\u1ee9ng Ng\u1ed9. T\u1ee9c\u00a0pariyatti\u00a0<\/em>(Ph\u00e1p H\u1ecdc, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd),patipatti\u00a0<\/em>(Ph\u00e1p H\u00e0nh, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd) v\u00e0\u00a0pativedha<\/em>\u00a0(Ph\u00e1p Th\u00e0nh, soi th\u1ea5u Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau). — Buddhist Dictionary, Ny\u00e0natiloka<\/span><\/p>\n

-ooOoo-<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IV<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac
\n<\/span>(Iddhip\u00e0da<\/em>)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

G<\/span>i\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y S\u01b0 (Ng\u00e0i Ledi Sayadaw) s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c iddhip\u00e0das [1] (Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac), hay C\u0103n B\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Th\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Iddhi<\/span><\/p>\n

Danh t\u1eeb\u00a0iddhip\u00e0da<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0:\u00a0ijjhanam iddhi<\/em>. Iddhi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7, hay \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t vi\u00ean m\u00e3n. [2]<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt c\u00f3 n\u0103m\u00a0iddhis<\/em>. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/em>1. Abhinneyyesu dhammesu abhinn\u00e0-siddhi,<\/span><\/em>\u00a0[3]<\/span>
\n2. Parinneyyesu dhammesu parinn\u00e0-siddhi,
\n3. Pah\u00e0tabbesu dhammesu pah\u00e0na-siddhi,
\n4. Sacchik\u00e0tabbesu dhammesu sacchikiriya-siddhi,
\n5. Bh\u00e0vetabbesu dhammesu bh\u00e0nan\u00e0-siddhi.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

<\/em>1. Vi\u00ean m\u00e3n ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, hay th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, trong s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00e2m s\u00e2u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2u th\u1eadp, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt nh\u01b0\u00a0r\u00f9pa<\/em>\u00a0(s\u1eafc ph\u00e1p)n\u00e0ma<\/em>\u00a0(danh ph\u00e1p);<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Vi\u00ean m\u00e3n ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, hay th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, trong s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0\u00a0dukkha sacca<\/em>\u00a0(\u00d0au Kh\u1ed5, Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd Th\u00e2m Di\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 \u00d0au Kh\u1ed5);<\/span><\/p>\n

3. Vi\u00ean m\u00e3n ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, hay th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, trong nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0\u00a0samudaya sacca<\/em>\u00a0(Nguy\u00ean Nh\u00e2n Sanh \u00d0au Kh\u1ed5, Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd Th\u00e2m Di\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 Nguy\u00ean Nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00d0au Kh\u1ed5);<\/span><\/p>\n

4. Vi\u00ean m\u00e3n ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, hay th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, trong nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9, nh\u01b0\u00a0nirodha sacca<\/em>\u00a0(Ch\u1ea5m D\u1ee9t \u00d0au Kh\u1ed5, Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd Th\u00e2m Di\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 Ch\u1ea5m D\u1ee9t \u00d0au Kh\u1ed5);<\/span><\/p>\n

5. Vi\u00ean m\u00e3n ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, hay th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, trong nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 trau gi\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0\u00a0magga sacca<\/em>\u00a0(Con \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng Ch\u1ea5m D\u1ee9t \u00d0au Kh\u1ed5, Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd v\u1ec1 Con \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u1ea5m D\u1ee9t \u00d0au Kh\u1ed5).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u0103m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng (iddhis<\/em>) ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Abhinn\u00e0-siddhi<\/span><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0<\/em>c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a: vi\u00ean m\u00e3n ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c\u00a0paramattha dhammas<\/em>\u00a0(ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f9ng t\u1ed9t, hay ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf) m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, khi c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt, m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed1t r\u00e1o,\u00a0Abhinn\u00e0-siddhi\u00a0<\/em>l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t\u00a0Abhidhammattha Sangaha<\/em>\u00a0[4] (Vi Di\u1ec7u Ph\u00e1p To\u00e1t Y\u1ebfu, s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn).<\/span><\/p>\n

Parinn\u00e0-siddhi<\/span><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a: vi\u00ean m\u00e3n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7\u00a0dukkha sacca<\/em>\u00a0(Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd Th\u00e2m Di\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 Kh\u1ed5), ho\u1eb7c qua s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t\u00a0lakkhana\u00a0<\/em>(nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng),\u00a0rasa\u00a0<\/em>(nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 n\u0103ng),\u00a0paccupatth\u00e0na<\/em>\u00a0(nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n), v\u00e0\u00a0padatth\u00e0na\u00a0<\/em>(nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n k\u1ebf c\u1eadn), ho\u1eb7c qua s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng\u00a0anicca<\/em>\u00a0(v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng),\u00a0dukkha<\/em>\u00a0(kh\u1ed5) v\u00e0\u00a0anatt\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(v\u00f4 ng\u00e3) c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pah\u00e0na-siddhi<\/span><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a: vi\u00ean m\u00e3n ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb (pah\u00e0na<\/em>), t\u1ee9c t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t, c\u00e1ckilesas<\/em>\u00a0(\u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m), v\u1ed1n l\u00e0\u00a0sammudaya sacca<\/em>\u00a0(Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd Th\u00e2m Di\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 Nguy\u00ean Nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00d0au Kh\u1ed5). Trong s\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y, v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc Tu-\u00d0\u00e0-Hu\u1eddn (sot\u00e0panna<\/em>), t\u1ee9c\u00a0“Bon-sin-san” sot\u00e0panna,<\/em>\u00a0ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng Th\u00e1nh cao h\u01a1n, n\u00ean c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean m\u00e3n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb\u00a0sak\u00e0ya-ditthi<\/em>\u00a0(Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn) l\u00e0\u00a0pah\u00e0na-siddhi.<\/em>Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb\u00a0vicikicch\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>(ho\u00e0i nghi) n\u1eb1m trong nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb\u00a0sak\u00e0ya-ditthi<\/em>\u00a0(Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn).<\/span><\/p>\n

Sacchikiriya-siddhi<\/span><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a: vi\u00ean m\u00e3n ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9\u00a0nirodha-sacca<\/em>\u00a0(Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd Th\u00e2m Di\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 Ch\u1ea5m D\u1ee9t \u00d0au Kh\u1ed5) c\u1ea3 hai, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m linh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bh\u00e0van\u00e0-siddhi<\/span><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a: trau gi\u1ed3i ba\u00a0sikkh\u00e0s\u00a0<\/em>(ph\u00e1p Tu H\u1ecdc) v\u1ec1\u00a0s\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0(Gi\u1edbi),\u00a0sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>\u00a0(\u00d0\u1ecbnh) v\u00e0pann\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(Tu\u1ec7) cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t\u00a0lokuttara magga sacca\u00a0<\/em>(Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u1ea5m D\u1ee9t \u00d0au Kh\u1ed5).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u1ea3y giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thanh l\u1ecdc (Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o) kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng ph\u1ee5, h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i iddhi, trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Iddhip\u00e0da<\/span><\/p>\n

Danh t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0:\u00a0iddhiy\u00e0 p\u00e0do iddhip\u00e0do<\/em>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1ed9i hay n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t hay \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o (th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng) [5]<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i\u00a0iddhip\u00e0das<\/em>\u00a0(Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac). \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Chandiddhip\u00e0do (chanda, d\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac)
\n2. Viriyiddhip\u00e0do (viriya, t\u1ea5n nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac)
\n3. Cittiddhip\u00e0do (citta, t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac)
\n4. Vimamsiddhip\u00e0do (vimamsa hay pann\u00e0, tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p, hay tu\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Chanda<\/span><\/strong><\/em>\u00a0c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a (nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m), n\u00f3ng l\u00f2ng mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3, h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t, mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn, mu\u1ed1n ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t vi\u00ean m\u00e3n, mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u. \u00fd mu\u1ed1n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 mong mu\u1ed1n, \u00fd mu\u1ed1n \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao \u0111\u1ed9. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn chi, b\u00ean trong hay b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3n ng\u0103n l\u00f2ng ham mu\u1ed1n \u1ea5y. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i ham mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ngh\u0129, “N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u1eaft ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 an t\u00e2m. Th\u00e0 ch\u1ebft c\u00f2n h\u01a1n s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 \u00fd nguy\u1ec7n.”<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i mong mu\u1ed1n m\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Kassapa [6], Vua Dhammasonda [7] x\u1ee9 Benares h\u1eb1ng \u00f4m \u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nu\u00f4i trong l\u00f2ng khi \u00d0\u1ee9c vua t\u1ef1 ngh\u0129, “L\u00e0m vua nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 \u00edch g\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Kassapa?” R\u1ed3i Ng\u00e0i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ngai v\u00e0ng, ra \u0111i, quy\u1ebft l\u00f2ng t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i cho m\u00ecnh nghe m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt Kassapa, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn d\u00e0i hay ng\u1eafn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, d\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 v\u1ecfn v\u1eb9n m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u k\u1ec7 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng thi\u1ebft tha nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ecbu b\u1edbt n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p vua Bimbis\u00e0ra [8], B\u00e0 Vis\u00e0kh\u00e0, v\u00e0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1ea3 An\u00e0thapindika [9]. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn khi nho\u00e1ng th\u1ea5y d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u mong mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n vi\u00ean m\u00e3n, r\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129 ph\u00e1t sanh r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0 ch\u1ebft c\u00f2n h\u01a1n s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Vua Temiya [10], Vua Hatthip\u00e0la [11], nh\u1eefng v\u00ec vua, nh\u1eefng v\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea7u qu\u00fd ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3 gi\u00e0u sang th\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0i cung \u0111i\u1ec7n, xa l\u00eca \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng h\u1ea7u c\u1eadn v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng xa hoa tr\u00ean nhung l\u1ee5a \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u (bhikkhu) trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n

Viriya,<\/span><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0tinh t\u1ea5n, hay t\u1ea5n nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a\u00a0sammappadh\u00e0na viriya<\/em>, ch\u00e1nh c\u1ea7n, c\u00f9ng chung v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 [12]. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n \u00fd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u n\u1ebfu m\u00ecnh t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng r\u1ee7n ch\u00ed d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 ai b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3i qua tr\u0103m ng\u00e0n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n kh\u1ed5 nh\u1ecdc. Ng\u01b0\u00f2i \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng s\u1eddn l\u00f2ng d\u1ea7u th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 gian lao kham kh\u1ed5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1i ch\u00ed d\u1ea7u nghe n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i gia c\u00f4ng tinh t\u1ea5n trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng, nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng d\u1ea7u th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 gia c\u00f4ng tinh t\u1ea5n chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian l\u00e2u d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh tinh t\u1ea5n c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m suy nh\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5t l\u00f9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 khi ch\u1ea1m tr\u00e1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tinh t\u1ea5n chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n. H\u1ecd th\u1ed1i lui khi nghe n\u00f3i ph\u1ea3i xa l\u00eca b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c. H\u1ecd r\u1ee5t r\u00e8 e ng\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0103n u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1m b\u1ea1c, ng\u1ee7 ngh\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9. H\u1ecd l\u00f9i b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e2m (citta)<\/span><\/em><\/strong>, t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng\u00a0iddhis<\/em>, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, khi g\u1eb7p Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n (S\u00e0sana<\/em>) v\u00e0 nghe Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00e1m n\u00edu c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 d\u00f5ng m\u00e3nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 xa hoa c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf, ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1u d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng kinh s\u00e1ch qu\u00fd b\u00e1u v\u00e0 h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, ta kh\u00f4ng m\u00e3i m\u00ea ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng\u00a0iddhis<\/em>, nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac. Ta ch\u1ec9 to\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 an l\u00f2ng khi gom t\u00e2m ch\u0103m ch\u00fa v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn iddhis, nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 luy\u1ec7n kim t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u00e0ng hay b\u1ea1c, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u00ec kh\u00e1c, qu\u00ean c\u1ea3 \u0103n u\u1ed1ng ng\u1ee7 ngh\u1ec9, kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn g\u00ec khi \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i. T\u00e2m, citta, l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng mi\u1ec7t m\u00e0i ch\u0103m ch\u00fa v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t\u00a0<\/span>iddhis.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Vimams\u00e0<\/span><\/strong><\/em>\u00a0(tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p) c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a: s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au trong c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i theo v\u00f2ng quanh nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a\u00a0iddhis<\/em>, nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n v\u00e0 s\u00e2u k\u00edn n\u1eb1m trong nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p (dhammas<\/em>) kh\u00f3 th\u1ea5u \u1ea5y. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00ecm vui th\u00edch trong cu\u1ed9c r\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eaft nh\u1eefng l\u1ea1c th\u00fa tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ch\u1ea1y theo nh\u1eefng\u00a0iddhis<\/em>, nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 m\u00e3n nguy\u1ec7n khi n\u1eafm v\u1eefng nh\u1eefng iddhis, nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac, uy\u00ean th\u00e2m v\u00e0 s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m. Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p c\u00e0ng th\u00e2m s\u00e2u, nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac, t\u1ee9c b\u1ed1n C\u0103n B\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a S\u1ef1 Th\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng (iddhip\u00e0da<\/em>) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn hay ng\u1ee5y bi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u1ea7y m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gia c\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n nh\u1eb1m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 trong ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n (k\u00e0yagat\u00e0-sati<\/em>) v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n (s\u00e0sana<\/em>) nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3y giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thanh l\u1ecdc t\u00e2m (Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o,\u00a0visuddhi<\/em>). Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 “c\u0103n b\u1ea3n” n\u00e0o trong B\u1ed1n C\u0103n B\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Th\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng (T\u1ee9 Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i uy\u00ean th\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbp b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u00e2m s\u00e2u huy\u1ec1n di\u1ec7u n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p (dhamma<\/em>), ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y m\u1edbi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 ng\u1ee5y bi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0nh s\u1ed1ng d\u1ec3 du\u00f4i h\u1edd h\u1eedng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac (iddhip\u00e0das<\/em>), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00eam nh\u1eefng Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i — t\u00f9y theo s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ba-la-m\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch tr\u1eef — cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng\u00a0lokuttara iddhi<\/em>, Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac Si\u00eau Th\u1ebf, ho\u1eb7c trong ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea7y ho\u1eb7c trong ki\u1ebfp k\u1ebf sau \u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3nh tr\u1eddi. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb c\u00f3 hai, hay ba, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed1n Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o dong d\u00e0i th\u00eam n\u1eefa.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 “c\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng” n\u00ean c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t trong T\u1ee9 Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac (iddhip\u00e0das<\/em>). Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 ng\u1ee5y bi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch cao si\u00eau c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n (s\u00e0sana<\/em>), nh\u01b0 T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>). Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y n\u00ean xem s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xa l\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0a ngay v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed5 (Ap\u00e0ya-loka<\/em>). Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y n\u00ean h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u00e0 nghi\u1ec1n ng\u1eabm suy g\u1eabm nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y trong Kinh s\u00e1ch [13] l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sanh \u00fd mu\u1ed1n ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh, l\u00f2ng th\u00fac d\u1ee5c (chanda<\/em>). Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sanh nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a n\u01a1i v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3 \u00d0?c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:<\/span><\/p>\n

Chandiddhip\u00e0dam bh\u00e0veti, Viriyiddhip\u00e0dam bh\u00e0veti,
\nCittiddhip\u00e0dam bh\u00e0veti, V\u00ecmamsiddhip\u00e0dam bh\u00e0veti.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ecb \u1ea5y trau gi\u1ed3i l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh, tinh t\u1ea5n, t\u00e2m v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 C\u0103n B\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Th\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng (Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

V\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 “nh\u01b0 \u00fd” (iddhi<\/em>) n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t “Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac” (iddhip\u00e0da<\/em>). N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3ng l\u00f2ng mong mu\u1ed1n (chanda<\/em>), \u1eaft h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh mong mu\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 ng\u1ee5y bi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh ch\u1ecbu thua, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tinh t\u1ea5n, t\u00e2m, v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p (viriya, citta, v\u00e0 vimams\u00e0<\/em>) c\u0169ng d\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1eefng ch\u1eafc gom t\u00e2m v\u00e0o ph\u00e1p\u00a0k\u00e0yagat\u00e0sati<\/em>, ni\u1ec7m th\u00e2n, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ki\u00ean c\u1ed1\u00a0p\u00e0da<\/em>, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng t\u00edch chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p\u00a0samvega<\/em>\u00a0[14] ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00eam t\u00fac kh\u00e9p m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o k\u1ef7 c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129 \u1ea9n d\u1eadt (dhutanga<\/em>, h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3, l\u00e0 ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 tinh t\u1ea5n (viriya<\/em>). V\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00e2m s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0 T\u1ee9 \u00d0\u1ea1i (mah\u00e0-bh\u00f9ta<\/em>: \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3) l\u00e0 ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 trong\u00a0vimams\u00e0,<\/em>\u00a0tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n C\u0103n B\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Th\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng, Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac, \u1eaft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefngiddhis<\/em>\u00a0[15], Nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u, t\u00f9y theo\u00a0p\u00e0rami<\/em>, ba-la-m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u00edch tr\u1eef. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u1ea5y Ch\u00fa Gi\u1ea3i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 “c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng” (Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac) gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1ng Cand\u00e0la [16], trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac nh\u01b0 con c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng \u00d0\u1ebf. Con c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1ng Cand\u00e0la \u1eaft kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 “c\u0103n b\u1ea3n” (p\u00e0da<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i “Con c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng \u00d0\u1ebf”. Nh\u01b0ng Con c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ho\u00e0ng \u00d0\u1ebf th\u00ec l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nu\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng tr\u1edf n\u00ean Ho\u00e0ng \u00d0\u1ebf b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n “c\u0103n b\u1ea3n” \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4n ngoan s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t ng\u00e0y nay ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t T\u1ee9 Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac,\u00a0Iddhip\u00e0da<\/em>, b\u1ed1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, nh\u1eb1m lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn (sakk\u00e0ya ditthi<\/em>) v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u — trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n (S\u00e0sana<\/em>) c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i — nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u, t\u00f9y ba-la-m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

[1] Theo Buddhist Dictionary c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i Nyanatiloka (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c),\u00a0iddhi\u00a0<\/em>l\u00e0 “N\u0103ng L\u1ef1c Th\u1ea7n Th\u00f4ng”, “Th\u1ea7n L\u1ef1c”.\u00a0Ariy\u00e0-iddhi<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u00fd ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef t\u00e2m lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u00ecnh th\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng chao \u0111\u1ed9ng.\u00a0Iddhi-p\u00e0da<\/em>, “\u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng \u00d0\u1ebfn Th\u1ea7n L\u1ef1c” hay “Con \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng H\u01b0\u1edbng \u00d0\u1ebfn Th\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng”, l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh Con \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u1ee9 Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi T\u1ee9 Th\u1ea7n T\u00fac.<\/span><\/p>\n

[2] Xem th\u00eam “The Path of Purification” (Visuddhi Magga<\/em>, Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o), do \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c N\u00e0namoli chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch (\u1ea5n b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec, Colombo 1964), ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XII, & 20-22, 44. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y danh t\u1eeb\u00a0iddhi<\/em>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0iddhip\u00e0da<\/em>\u00a0kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft. Trong \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u1ea7y iddhi c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch “th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng”, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf (T\u1ee9 Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac). Trong ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ea7y ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch (Sein Nyo Tun) chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef\u00a0iddhi<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 “s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh”. Nh\u1eb1m th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef h\u01a1n, danh t\u1eeb “th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng” \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn. T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n PTS g\u1ee3i \u00fd d\u00f9ng danh t\u1eeb “c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng”. (Ch\u1ee7 Bi\u00ean)<\/span><\/p>\n

[3]\u00a0siddhi<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi\u00a0iddhi<\/em>,<\/span><\/p>\n

[4] Xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III.<\/span><\/p>\n

[5] Xem “The Path of Purification”, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XII, 50-53; XXII, 36.<\/span><\/p>\n

[6] V\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u1eadt Gotama (Th\u00edch Ca)<\/span><\/p>\n

[7]\u00a0<\/span>Rasav\u00e0hini (Jambudipuppatti-kath\u00e0)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

[8] Xem ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i Kinh\u00a0Tirokudda Sutta<\/em>, trong “Minor Readings” (Kuddakapatha<\/em>) do \u00d0.\u00d0. N\u00e0namoli d\u1ecbch (PTS), trang 223ff.<\/span><\/p>\n

[9] Xem Ch\u00fa Gi\u1ea3i Kinh Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa, t\u00edch chuy\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u 1,<\/span><\/p>\n

[10] T\u00fac Sanh Truy\u1ec7n\u00a0M\u00f9gapakkha<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

[11] T\u00fac Sanh Truy\u1ec7n\u00a0<\/span>Hatthip\u00e0la.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

[12] Xem Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II.<\/span><\/p>\n

[13] Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y trong Kinh s\u00e1ch =\u00a0<\/span>suttanta discourse.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

[14]\u00a0Samvega\u00a0<\/em>l\u00e0 khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m, do c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m c\u00e1c hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 nh\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a\u00a0Sams\u00e0ra,<\/em>v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i.<\/span><\/p>\n

[15] T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong n\u0103m\u00a0iddhis\u00a0<\/em>hay\u00a0siddhis\u00a0<\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ea7y.<\/span><\/p>\n

[16]\u00a0Cand\u00e0la<\/em>\u00a0— v\u00e0o th\u1eddi x\u01b0a \u1edf \u1ea4n \u00d0\u1ed9, ch\u0103n-\u0111\u00e0-la (th\u1ee7-\u0111\u00e0-la) l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m nh\u1ea5t trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/span><\/p>\n

-ooOoo-<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u0169 c\u0103n
\n<\/span>(Indriya<\/em>)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

D<\/span>anh t\u1eeb\u00a0indriya<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

Indassa kammam indriyam.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a:\u00a0indriya<\/em>\u00a0l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb hay ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb. “H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb” c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng c\u00f3 to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t, kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i hay c\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t hay th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Ng\u0169 C\u0103n, t\u1ee9c n\u0103m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00e2m.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 n\u0103m Kh\u1ea3 N\u0103ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u1ea5y: [1]<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0Saddhindriya<\/em>(T\u00edn C\u0103n)
\n2.\u00a0Viriyindriya<\/em>(T\u1ea5n C\u0103n)
\n3.\u00a0Satindriya<\/em>\u00a0(Ni\u1ec7m C\u0103n)
\n4.\u00a0Sam\u00e0dhindriya<\/em>\u00a0(\u00d0\u1ecbnh C\u0103n)
\n5.\u00a0Pannidriya<\/em>(Tu\u1ec7 C\u0103n)<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

T\u00edn C\u0103n<\/span><\/p>\n

Saddhindriya<\/span><\/em>, (\u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o) \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi\u00a0saddh\u00e0<\/em>, \u0111\u1ee9c tin. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 hai\u00a0saddh\u00e0<\/em>, \u0111\u1ee9c tin, l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0Pakati-saddh\u00e0,<\/em>\u00a0\u00d0\u1ee9c Tin th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0
\n2.\u00a0Bh\u00e0van\u00e0-saddh\u00e0,<\/em>\u00a0\u00d0\u1ee9c Tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tu T\u1eadp (t\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trau gi\u1ed3i hay thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c h\u00f3a) do ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00d0\u1ee9c Tin v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m (saddh\u00e0<\/em>) d\u1eaft d\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 B\u1ed1 Th\u00ed (d\u00e0na<\/em>), Tr\u00ec Gi\u1edbi (s\u00ecla<\/em>) v\u00e0 “b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eadp t\u00e0nh” H\u00e0nh Thi\u1ec1n (Bh\u00e0van\u00e0<\/em>) [2] — \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Tin Th\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 trong h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t tr\u00ed (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II), m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o, ni\u1ec1m tin (saddh\u00e0<\/em>) \u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Kh\u1ea3 N\u0103ng Ki\u1ec3m So\u00e1t, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1i t\u00e2m chao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng trong khi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n (bh\u00e0van\u00e0<\/em>). T\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng B\u1ed1 Th\u00ed, Tr\u00ec Gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 “b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u” h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00d0\u1ee9c Tin v\u00e0 T\u00edn Nhi\u1ec7m (saddh\u00e0<\/em>) t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p,\u00a0kusala kamma<\/em>\u00a0(nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u00fd trong s\u1ea1ch) b\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecfa th\u00edch trong nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00fang, trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh (s\u00ecla visuddhi<\/em>) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n. B\u1edfi v\u1eady cho n\u00ean nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng (pakati-kusala-kamma<\/em>) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean do \u00d0\u1ee9c Tin Th\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1eddng (pakati-saddh\u00e0<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trau gi\u1ed3i qua ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng (abh\u00e0vita<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh theo d\u00f5i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n (kammatth\u00e0na<\/em>) khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 Minh S\u00e1t, \u00d0\u1ee9c Tin Th\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00e2m v\u00ec t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i, th\u1ed1i lui v\u00e0 nh\u1ea3y ra kh\u1ecfi \u00d0\u1ee9c Tin sang m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. Trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n, \u00d0\u1ee9c Tin Th\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh \u00d0\u1ee9c Tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trau Gi\u1ed3i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m th\u00e2u th\u1eadp c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c qua ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0 Ni\u1ec7m H\u01a1i Th\u1edf.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00e1c “Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o” (bodhipakkhiya-dhamma<\/em>) ch\u00ednh “\u00d0\u1ee9c Tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trau Gi\u1ed3i” (bh\u00e0van\u00e0 saddh\u00e0<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0saddhindriya<\/em>, T\u00edn C\u0103n, hay \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Trong c\u00f4ng phu h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n, \u00d0\u1ee9c Tin n\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n qua s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u00fa t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 chao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n. [3] Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i gom t\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng m\u00f9 m\u1edd. Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n (k\u00e0yagat\u00e0-sati<\/em>) nh\u01b0 Ni\u1ec7m H\u01a1i Th\u1edf, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho\u00a0bh\u00e0van\u00e0-saddh\u00e0<\/em>, \u00d0\u1ee9c Tin v\u00e0 T\u00edn Nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng phu th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp trau gi\u1ed3i, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a. N\u1ebfu gom t\u00e2m v\u00e0o ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-ra-v\u00e0 h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-v\u00e0o, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00d0\u1ee9c Tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trau Gi\u1ed3i. Ch\u1eebng \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng (samatha<\/em>) v\u00e0 Minh S\u00e1t (vipassan\u00e0<\/em>), h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t ba t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn (sakk\u00e0ya-ditthi<\/em>) trong ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. C\u00f4ng phu h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n Minh S\u00e1t c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u00edch nghi. H\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5n C\u0103n<\/span><\/p>\n

Viriyindriya<\/span><\/em>, \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi viriya, tinh t\u1ea5n. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i, hay hai tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 tinh t\u1ea5n. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0Pakati-viriya,<\/em>\u00a0Tinh T\u1ea5n Th\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0
\n2.\u00a0Bh\u00e0van\u00e0-viriya<\/em>, Tinh T\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trau Gi\u1ed3i b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0K\u00e0yika-viriya<\/em>, th\u00e2n tinh t\u1ea5n, v\u00e0
\n2.\u00a0Cetasika-viriya,<\/em>\u00a0t\u00e2m tinh t\u1ea5n.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Tinh T\u1ea5n Th\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1eddng (pakati-viriya<\/em>) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn ra d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u Tinh T\u1ea5n Th\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1eddng trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn lo\u1ea1i Tinh T\u1ea5n Trau Gi\u1ed3i (bh\u00e0van\u00e0-viriya<\/em>). H\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0 (dhutanga<\/em>) hay nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 Th\u00e2n Tinh T\u1ea5n trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trau gi\u1ed3i (k\u00e0yika-bh\u00e0van\u00e0-viriya<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu, sau khi v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng trau gi\u1ed3i “Th\u00e2n Tinh T\u1ea5n” nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt ng\u1ee7 ngh\u1ec9, t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft, m\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn “T\u00e2m Tinh T\u1ea5n” (cetasika-viriya<\/em>), nh\u01b0 h\u0103ng say ch\u0103m ch\u00fa h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n (bh\u00e0van\u00e0-manasik\u00e0ra<\/em>), v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n (kammatth\u00e0na<\/em>), nh\u01b0 Ni\u1ec7m H\u01a1i Th\u1edf, v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, ta ph\u1ea3i suy t\u01b0.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec, ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y nhanh ch\u00f3ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 — t\u1ee9c n\u1eafm v\u1eefng, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u1eb7n k\u1ebb v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 — m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh th\u00edch nghi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t th\u00edch nghi v\u00e0 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n n\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. N\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng “c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh” c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec5nh d\u1ec3 du\u00f4i, kh\u00f4ng h\u0103ng say, kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c, r\u1ed3i ng\u00e0y qua ng\u00e0y, th\u00e1ng n\u1ea7y k\u00e9o d\u00e0i sang th\u00e1ng kia, \u0111\u00e2m ra ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n (trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh) bu\u1ed3n phi\u1ec1n, r\u1ed3i ng\u00e1n ngao u\u1ec3 o\u1ea3i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m d\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1ee3i. V\u00ec h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m d\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1ee3i, ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn, r\u1ed3i v\u00ec ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e0ng th\u00eam d\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1ee3i h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m. Ch\u1eebng \u1ea5y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129 ph\u00e1t sanh th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c n\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh k\u00e9m tinh t\u1ea5n”.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong c\u00f4ng phu h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u00e2u ho\u1ea1ch th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ea3 hai, th\u00e2n tinh t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m tinh t\u1ea5n. T\u1eeb l\u00fac n\u1eafm v\u1eefng ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh Ni\u1ec7m H\u01a1i Th\u1edf, h\u1ea1nh tinh t\u1ea5n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam l\u00ean l\u00e0\u00a0bh\u00e0van\u00e0 viriya<\/em>\u00a0(tinh t\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n do ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n) v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o (bodhipakkhiya-dhamma<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0viriyindriya<\/em>\u00a0(T\u1ea5n C\u0103n). Tinh t\u1ea5n n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng d\u00e3 d\u01b0\u1ee3i h\u00f4n tr\u1ea7m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh, h\u0103ng say v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft, trong khi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n. T\u00e2m th\u1ecfa th\u00edch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c. Do \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp “Tinh T\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trau Gi\u1ed3i v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n” do ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp “\u00d0\u1ee9c Tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trau Gi\u1ed3i v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t Tri\u1ec3n” do ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o (bodhipakkiya-dhamma<\/em>)\u00a0Ni\u1ec7m C\u0103n (satindriya<\/em>)<\/strong>\u00a0c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u00fa ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0o th\u00e2n\u00a0k\u00e0yagat\u00e0-sati<\/em>, Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n, t\u1ee9c v\u00e0o h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-ra v\u00e0 h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-v\u00e0o v\u00e0 trau gi\u1ed3i ph\u00e1p qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m (Bh\u00e0van\u00e0-sati)<\/em>\u00a0g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0Satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>, (Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9), cho \u0111\u1ebfn Ch\u00e1nh Ni\u1ec7m Si\u00eau Th\u1ebf (lokuttara-samm\u00e0-sati<\/em>), nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1o si\u00eau th\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ecbnh C\u0103n v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 C\u0103n (sam\u00e0dhindriya v\u00e0 pannindriya<\/em>)<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ecbnh C\u0103n<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u00e2m ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (Satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>), nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c Ni\u1ec7m H\u01a1i Th\u1edf. Tu\u1ec7 C\u0103n lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u00e2m r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00edn C\u0103n, T\u1ea5n C\u0103n v\u00e0 Ni\u1ec7m C\u0103n — \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00d0\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 — c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t v\u00ec vua l\u00ean ng\u00f4i. T\u00edn, T\u1ea5n v\u00e0 Ni\u1ec7m h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec9nh cao.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m, n\u1ebfu \u0111i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng (samatha<\/em>) th\u00ec \u00d0\u1ecbnh C\u0103n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e1m t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n (sam\u00e0patti hay jh\u00e0na<\/em>) trong khi Tu\u1ec7 C\u0103n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u0103m Tu\u1ec7 Gi\u00e1c Cao Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng (abhinna<\/em>) [4] nh\u01b0 th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng, hay N\u0103ng L\u1ef1c Si\u00eau Th\u1ebf v.v… N\u1ebfu \u0111i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Minh S\u00e1t (Vipassan\u00e0<\/em>), \u00d0\u1ecbnh C\u0103n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m \u00d0\u1ecbnh H\u01b0 V\u00f4 (sunnat\u00e0-sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>), \u00d0\u1ecbnh V\u00f4 \u00d0i\u1ec1u Ki\u1ec7n (animitta-sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>) hay \u00d0\u1ecbnh V\u00f4 T\u00e1c \u00fd (appanihita-sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>), trong khi Tu\u1ec7 C\u0103n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u0103m Thanh T\u1ecbnh (visuddhi<\/em>) li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 [5], Tu\u1ec7 Gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ba \u0111i\u1ec1u Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ec7m (anupassan\u00e0-n\u00e0na<\/em>) [6], m\u01b0\u1eddi Tu\u1ec7 Minh S\u00e1t (vipassan\u00e0-n\u00e0na<\/em>) [7], nh\u1eefng Tu\u1ec7 Gi\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n Qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn Tu\u1ec7 \u00d4n Duy\u1ec7t (paccavekkhana-n\u00e0na<\/em>) [8].<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y n\u0103m chi c\u1ee7a Ng\u0169 C\u0103n \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e1t sanh chung nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ng\u0169 C\u0103n<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y n\u01a1i n\u00e0o m\u1ed7i chi c\u1ee7a Ng\u0169 C\u0103n h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n d\u1ea1y:<\/p>\n

Kattha saddhindriyam datthabbam?
\nCat\u00f9su sot\u00e0pattiyangesu ettha saddhindriyam datthab-bam.<\/span><\/p>\n

“Ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm T\u00edn C\u0103n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?
\nTa ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm n\u00f3 trong b\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u.” [9]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 T\u00edn C\u0103n n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong b\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u. B\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u1ea5y l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. \u00d0\u1ee9c tin kh\u00f4ng lay chuy\u1ec3n n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0\u00a0Araham, Samm\u00e0-sambuddho\u00a0<\/em>… (\u1ee8ng C\u00fang, Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1eb3ng Ch\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1c v.v…)<\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u00d0\u1ee9c tin kh\u00f4ng lay chuy\u1ec3n n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0\u00a0Sv\u00e0kkh\u00e0to .<\/em>.. (\u00d0\u00e3 kh\u00e9o gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea9u truy\u1ec1n y theo Ch\u00e1nh Ph\u00e1p v.v…)<\/span><\/p>\n

3. \u00d0\u1ee9c tin kh\u00f4ng lay chuy\u1ec3n n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a T\u0103ng Gi\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u00a0Supatipanno …<\/em>(\u00d0\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e3 tu h\u00e0nh y theo th\u00e1nh ph\u00e1p v.v…)<\/span><\/p>\n

4. Tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 to\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fa cho N\u1ec1n T\u1ea3ng (hay nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n k\u1ebf c\u1eadn;\u00a0padatth\u00e0na<\/em>) c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m \u00d0\u1ecbnh Si\u00eau Th\u1ebf (lokuttara-sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>), v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 “Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh” (s\u00ecla-visuddhi<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u\u00a0Sot\u00e0patti-magga-n\u00e0na<\/em>\u00a0(Tu-\u00d0\u00e0-Hu\u1eddn \u00d0\u1ea1o Tu\u1ec7, hay tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Tu-\u00d0\u00e0-Hu\u1eddn \u00d0\u1ea1o), trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n\u00a0“Buddhe aveccappas\u00e0dena samann\u00e0-gato”<\/em>, danh t\u1eeb\u00a0“aveccappas\u00e0do”<\/em>\u00a0c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a “\u0111\u1ee9c tin kh\u00f4ng lay chuy\u1ec3n”. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin (saddh\u00e0<\/em>) c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c C\u1eadn \u00d0\u1ecbnh (upac\u00e0ra-sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>) trong khi suy ni\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt.\u00a0Upac\u00e0ra-sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>\u00a0n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng lay chuy\u1ec3n trong khi suy ni\u1ec7m h\u1ed3ng danh \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng lay chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Tin \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00d0\u1ee9c Tin n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o v\u00e0 T\u0103ng B\u1ea3o c\u0169ng n\u00ean hi\u1ec3u c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf \u1ea5y.<\/span><\/p>\n

“N\u1ec1n T\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a T\u00e2m \u00d0\u1ecbnh Si\u00eau Th\u1ebf” c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a “Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u1edbi Ch\u00e1nh M\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m” (\u00e0j\u00ecvatthamaka-niccas\u00ecla<\/em>) [10], v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m \u00d0\u1ecbnh Si\u00eau Th\u1ebf trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Khi gi\u1edbi (s\u00ecla<\/em>) n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef g\u00ecn trong s\u1ea1ch, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00eam t\u00fac h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec, \u1eaft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u1ee7a \u00e1i d\u1ee5c (tanh\u00e0<\/em>), ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n (m\u00e0na<\/em>) v\u00e0 t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn (ditthi<\/em>), v\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 ta ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng\u00a0saddh\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(\u0111\u1ee9c tin) n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt n\u1eb1m trongs\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0(gi\u1edbi). Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00ecn gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a\u00a0s\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0(gi\u1edbi) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi”. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, s\u00ecla c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m, nh\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn d\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tr\u1ea7n gian, gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 “kh\u00f4ng trong s\u1ea1ch”. Theo th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef “gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a con b\u00f2 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh khi nh\u00ecn n\u00f3 k\u00e9o xe b\u0103ng ngang m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng”, h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 hay nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u t\u1ef1 xem m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Ph\u1eadt t\u1eed, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft trong t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh c\u00f2n ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt n\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng — t\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1i t\u00e2m ch\u01b0a — sau khi xem x\u00e9t t\u1eadn t\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

Katha v\u00ecriyindriyam datthabbam?
\nC\u00e0tusu sammappadh\u00e0nesu ettha v\u00ecriyindriyam datthabbam.<\/span><\/p>\n

“Ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm T\u1ea5n C\u0103n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?
\nTa ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm n\u00f3 trong “T\u1ee9 Ch\u00e1nh C\u1ea7n”, b\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Tinh T\u1ea5n (sammappadh\u00e0na).”<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 hay nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u t\u1ef1 xem m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc theo d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ea1nh Tinh T\u1ea5n (v\u00ecriya<\/em>) c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng ch\u01b0a — t\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1i t\u00e2m ch\u01b0a — sau khi quan s\u00e1t c\u1eb7n k\u1ebb b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 Ch\u00e1nh C\u1ea7n (sammappadh\u00e0na<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

“H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 da c\u1ee7a ta c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ta c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ta c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e1u kh\u00f4 c\u1ea1n, ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng an t\u00e2m ng\u01a1i ngh\u1ec9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn (sakk\u00e0yaditthi<\/em>), t\u1eadn di\u1ec7t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c B\u1ea5t Thi\u1ec7n Ph\u00e1p (duccaritas<\/em>), v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (ap\u00e0ya-sams\u00e0ra<\/em>) b\u00ean trong c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ta, trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y.” \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n n\u1eb1m trong T\u1ee9 Ch\u00e1nh C\u1ea7n, kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh tinh t\u1ea5n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ee9c tinh t\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u00d0\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ee9c Cakkhup\u00e0la. [11] Khi th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh tinh t\u1ea5n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a\u00a0v\u00ecriya<\/em>, tinh t\u1ea5n. Trong ph\u1ea1m vi Tinh T\u1ea5n (v\u00ecriya<\/em>) tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 tan bi\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y, trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kattha satindriyam datthabbam?
\nCat\u00f9su satipatth\u00e0nesu ettha satindriyam datthabbam.<\/span><\/p>\n

“Ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm Ni\u1ec7m C\u0103n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?
\nTa ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm n\u00f3 trong T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (satipatth\u00e0na, t\u1ee9c N\u1ec1n T\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m Ni\u1ec7m).”<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00e0ng c\u01b0 s\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u t\u1ef1 xem m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi noi theo d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ch\u00fa ni\u1ec7m (sati<\/em>) c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 tan bi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a satipatth\u00e0na, T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc gom t\u00e2m v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-ra v\u00e0 th\u1edf-v\u00e0o ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n (k\u00e0yagat\u00e0sati<\/em>) bao l\u00e2u c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ni\u1ec7m (sati<\/em>). T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn tan. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kattha sam\u00e0dhindriyam datthabbam?
\nCat\u00f9su jh\u00e0nesu ettha sam\u00e0dhindriyam datthabbam.<\/span><\/p>\n

“Ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm \u00d0\u1ecbnh C\u0103n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?
\nTa ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm n\u00f3 trong T\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n, t\u1ee9c b\u1ed1n t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n (jh\u00e0na) d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi.”<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu trong khi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n\u00a0samatha<\/em>\u00a0(V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng), nh\u01b0 ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-ra th\u1edf-v\u00e0o, ta th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh upac\u00e0ra sam\u00e0dhi bh\u00e0van\u00e0, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng Tri\u1ec1n C\u00e1i (nivaranas<\/em>, t\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ea7n) nh\u01b0 Tham D\u1ee5c (k\u00e0macchanda<\/em>), S\u00e2n H\u1eadn (by\u00e0p\u00e0da<\/em>) v.v… m\u00e0 t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 xa x\u00f4i c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (sams\u00e0ra<\/em>), li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ch\u1ea1y lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb, s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a thi\u1ec1n V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 t\u0129nh l\u1eb7ng. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sanh t\u1eeb c\u01a1 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a\u00a0sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>, t\u00e2m \u00d0\u1ecbnh. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n trong t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn tan, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kattha pannindriyam datthabbam?
\nCat\u00f9su ariyasaccesu ettha pannindriyam datthabbam.<\/span><\/p>\n

“Ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm Tu\u1ec7 C\u0103n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?
\nTa ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm n\u00f3 trong T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u00d0\u1ebf.”<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>), s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u00d0\u1ebf c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 khi th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u00d0\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7asakk\u00e0yaditthi<\/em>\u00a0(Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn), c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng\u00a0duccaritas<\/em>\u00a0(B\u1ea5t Thi\u1ec7n Ph\u00e1p) v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a\u00a0ap\u00e0ya sams\u00e0ra<\/em>, nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eb1m th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u00e2m s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u00d0\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 minh s\u00e1t hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e1u\u00a0dh\u00e0tus<\/em>\u00a0(t\u1ee9c s\u00e1u nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n):\u00a0pathavi, \u00e0po, tejo, v\u00e0yo, \u00e0k\u00e0sa v\u00e0 vinn\u00e0na<\/em>\u00a0— \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c, [12] ho\u1eb7c minh s\u00e1t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 du t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh — th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1y m\u1eaft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1i di\u1ec7t. Ta ph\u1ea3i minh s\u00e1t th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc, nh\u1edb, \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111i \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i, suy g\u1eabm, l\u1eafng nghe, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, t\u00ecm h\u1ecfi, tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n minh s\u00e1t v\u00e0 qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 minh s\u00e1t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng s\u00e1u nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y, \u1eaft kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p g\u00ec kh\u00e1c. [13] N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t\u00a0anicca<\/em>\u00a0(v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng), ti\u1ebfp theo sau b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t\u00a0anatt\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(v\u00f4 ng\u00e3) \u1eaft s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. [14]<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t\u00a0dukkha<\/em>\u00a0(Kh\u1ed5) ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n\u00a0arahatta phala<\/em>(A-La-H\u00e1n Qu\u1ea3).<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, sau khi chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n tinh t\u1ea5n trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft minh s\u00e1t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u00e1u nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u1edf b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00ecnh — c\u1ea3 hai n\u01a1i — c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft minh s\u00e1t n\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh do b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a\u00a0pann\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7). T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin c\u1eady, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m, t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tan bi\u1ebfn.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y, “t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m” c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1ea5y h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac trong \u0111au kh\u1ed5, th\u1ea5y th\u00fa v\u1ecb trong s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00ea t\u1edfm, th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i ta trong v\u00f4 ng\u00e3, th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng-c\u00e1-nh\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh trong c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng-ch\u00fang-sanh, th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng-con-ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ea5y ch\u01b0 thi\u00ean, Tr\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ebf Th\u00edch v\u00e0 ch\u01b0 Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean trong c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng-ch\u01b0-thi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng-Tr\u1eddi-\u00d0\u1ebf-Th\u00edch, kh\u00f4ng-Ph\u1ea1m-Thi\u00ean, th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, tr\u00e2u, b\u00f2, voi, ng\u1ef1a trong c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng-\u0111\u00e0n-\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng-\u0111\u00e0n-b\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng-tr\u00e2u, kh\u00f4ng-b\u00f2, kh\u00f4ng-voi, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng-ng\u1ef1a. V\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng “kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin c\u1eady” c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1eady, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu\u00a0dukkha-sacca<\/em>, Kh\u1ed5 \u00d0\u1ebf, hay Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd Th\u00e2m Di\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 Kh\u1ed5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ti\u1ebfp theo sau, ba Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd kia c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng theo d\u00f2ng di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Trong s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c b\u1ed1n Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf gian (puthujjana<\/em>) hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft” (anubodha<\/em>). Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n (ariya<\/em>, t\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb Tu-\u00d0\u00e0-Hu\u1eddn v.v…) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft xuy\u00ean th\u1ea5u” (pativedha<\/em>, t\u1ee9c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, th\u00e2m s\u00e2u v\u00e0 s\u1eafc b\u00e9n). “Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft” c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng trong \u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i, th\u1ea5y s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda. Tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda nh\u01b0\u00a0pativedha<\/em>, “hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft xuy\u00ean th\u1ea5u”.<\/span><\/p>\n

Saddhindriyam bh\u00e0veti, V\u00ecriyindriyam bh\u00e0veti, Satindriyam bh\u00e0veti, Sam\u00e0dhindriyam bh\u00e0veti, Pannindriyam bh\u00e0veti.” [15]<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e2u P\u00e0li tr\u00ean do \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ng\u0169 C\u0103n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n\u00a0samatha<\/em>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0vipassan\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 Minh S\u00e1t).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng trau gi\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng indriyas, Ng\u0169 C\u0103n, n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vua. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t khu r\u1eebng n\u00fai hoang vu trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ed1ng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n sinh s\u1ed1ng \u00f4 t\u1ea1p, kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. Trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. D\u00e2n ch\u00fang trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed1ng bu\u00f4ng lung h\u1ed7n t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec k\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 lo\u00e0i th\u00fa, k\u1ebb y\u1ebfu l\u00e0m m\u1ed3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea1nh. C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng trau gi\u1ed3i Ng\u0169 C\u0103n c\u0169ng ph\u00f3ng t\u00fang v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y lo\u1ea1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Y h\u1ec7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ma qu\u1ef7 nh\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed5i \u00e2m thanh c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi kinh nh\u01b0\u00a0“iti’ piso”<\/em>\u00a0hay\u00a0“hetu paccayo”<\/em>, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng trau gi\u1ed3i Ng\u0169 C\u0103n nghe nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n duy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac (paccaya santosa<\/em>) ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh trau gi\u1ed3i t\u00e2m linh (bh\u00e0van\u00e0-rambha<\/em>) th\u00ec nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u00ecm ra l\u00fd l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ea bai, ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i. B\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n, V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng hay Minh S\u00e1t, ph\u00e1t sanh.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ng\u0169 C\u0103n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 v\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c v\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng minh ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb th\u00e0nh hay l\u00e0ng x\u00f3m n\u1eb1m ngay n\u01a1i c\u00f3 ch\u00e1nh ph\u1ee7 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0m t\u00e2m tr\u00ed r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p. Khi nghe b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh tri t\u00fac, ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf mang tinh th\u1ea7n th\u00ec t\u00e2m tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u00e1t m\u1ebb v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng trong \u00fd mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng (samatha<\/em>) v\u00e0 Minh S\u00e1t (vipassan\u00e0<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong th\u1ebf gian n\u1ea7y hai lo\u1ea1i \u00fd mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t sanh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh hay nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, m\u00e0 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ng\u0169 C\u0103n (indriyas<\/em>) c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ng\u0169 C\u0103n (indriyas<\/em>) \u1eaft c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u00fd mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t sanh. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ng\u0169 C\u0103n (indriyas<\/em>) \u00fd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3 tan bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i \u00fd mu\u1ed1n m\u1edbi ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn sanh kh\u1edfi. Ng\u0169 C\u0103n c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, lo\u1ea1i \u00fd mu\u1ed1n m\u1edbi c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh. Khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u0103m indriyas ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, \u00fd mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 li\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ta n\u00ean ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ng\u0169 C\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean, t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 Th\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1eddng (pakati-saddh\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0v.v…) \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 Ph\u00e1t Tri\u1ec3n (bh\u00e0van\u00e0-saddh\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0v.v…) do ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

[1] V\u1ec1 Ng\u0169 C\u0103n xem “The Way of Wisdom” do t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Edward Conze (The Wheel s\u1ed1 65\/66)<\/span><\/p>\n

[2] “T\u1eadp t\u00e0nh” h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n. Trong b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3 d\u00f9ng danh t\u1eeb “imitation meditation”, h\u00e0m \u00fd nh\u01b0 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n. V\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean (Ng\u00e0i Nyanaponika Maha Thera) c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng danh t\u1eeb n\u1ea7y ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean \u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. Theo \u00fd Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eadp h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n (rudimentary meditation). B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi kh\u1edfi c\u00f4ng suy ni\u1ec7m ch\u1edb kh\u00f4ng \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh. Do \u0111\u00f3 theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ph\u01b0\u1edbc (punna-kiriya-vatthu<\/em>). D\u1ea7u sao ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh th\u00edch nghi. (ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch)<\/span><\/p>\n

[3] S\u1eafc th\u00e1i\u00a0saddh\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(\u00d0\u1ee9c Tin) \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m. T\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m n\u01a1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh (v\u00e0 t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m n\u01a1i Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p n\u00f3i chung) v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tin. (Ch\u1ee7 Bi\u00ean)<\/span><\/p>\n

[4] N\u0103m Tu\u1ec7 Gi\u00e1c Cao Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng (abhinna<\/em>) l\u00e0: 1.\u00a0Iddhividha<\/em>, Th\u1ea7n Th\u00f4ng, 2.\u00a0Dibba-sota<\/em>, Thi\u00ean Nh\u0129 (nh\u0129 th\u00f4ng), 3.\u00a0Parassa cetopariya-n\u00e0na<\/em>, Tha T\u00e2m Th\u00f4ng (tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c), 4.\u00a0Pubbe-niv\u00e0s\u00e0nussati<\/em>, T\u00fac M\u1ea1ng Th\u00f4ng (tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9), 5.\u00a0Dibba-cakkhu,<\/em>\u00a0Thi\u00ean Nh\u00e3n (nh\u00e3n th\u00f4ng).<\/span><\/p>\n

[5] N\u0103m Thanh T\u1ecbnh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ec7: Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh (Ditthi-visuddhi<\/em>), \u00d0o\u1ea1n Nghi T\u1ecbnh (Kankh\u00e0vitarana-visuddhi<\/em>), \u00d0\u1ea1o Phi \u00d0\u1ea1o Tri Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh (Magg\u00e0maggan\u00e0nadassana-visuddhi<\/em>), \u00d0\u1ea1o Tri Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh (Patipad\u00e0n\u00e0na-dassana-visuddhi<\/em>), v\u00e0 Tri Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh (N\u00e0nadassana-visuddhi<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

[6] \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 V\u00f4 Th\u01b0\u1eddng, Kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3.<\/span><\/p>\n

[7] \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 Th\u1ea5u \u00d0\u1ea1t (sammasana-n\u00e0na<\/em>) v\u00e0 ch\u00edn Tu\u1ec7 Minh S\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XXI s\u00e1ch “The Path of Purification” (Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o).<\/span><\/p>\n

[8] M\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn Tu\u1ec7 Gi\u00e1c n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea trong “The Path of Purification” (Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o), Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng XXII.<\/span><\/p>\n

[9]\u00a0Sot\u00e0pannassa ang\u00e0ni;<\/em>\u00a0Xem\u00a0<\/span>Indriya Samyutta, Sutta 8, Datthabba-sutta.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

[10] Xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II.<\/span><\/p>\n

[11] Xem Dhammapada Commentary, t\u00edch chuy\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u 1.<\/span><\/p>\n

[12] S\u00e1u nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0: 1. Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u00d0\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh chi\u1ebfm kh\u00f4ng gian, 2. Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0m d\u00ednh li\u1ec1n, 3. Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 L\u1eeda, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed5i thay, 4. Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 Gi\u00f3, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh di chuy\u1ec3n, hay n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1, 5. Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 Kh\u00f4ng Gian. 6. Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 Th\u1ee9c. V\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n ni\u1ec7m b\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u, xem Magga D\u00ecpani, c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ng\u00e0i Ledi Sayadaw, ph\u1ea7n “How to establish the Wisdom Group”.<\/span><\/p>\n

[13] Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c U\u1ea9n (khandha<\/em>) hay l\u1ee5c c\u0103n (\u00e0yatana<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

[14] Xem\u00a0Ud\u00e0na, Meghiya Vagga Sutt\u00e0<\/em>: “N\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng, tri gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ph\u00e1t sanh. V\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3, t\u00e1nh ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n, ch\u1ea5p th\u1ee7 “T\u00f4i L\u00e0”, s\u1ebd b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n ngay trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y.”<\/span><\/p>\n

[15]\u00a0Samyutta Nik\u00e0ya, Mah\u00e0 Vagga, Indriya Samyutta, Vagga 6, Sutta 8<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

-ooOoo-<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VI<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u0169 l\u1ef1c
\n<\/span>(Bala)<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

N<\/span>h\u1eefng “N\u0103ng L\u1ef1c Tinh Th\u1ea7n” (bal\u00e0ni<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady b\u1edfi v\u00ec “n\u00f3 kh\u1eafc ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch”. [1] Ho\u1eb7c n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: N\u00f3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f3 lay chuy\u1ec3n (akampanatthena<\/em>) [2].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi Ng\u0169 C\u0103n c\u00f3 Ng\u0169 L\u1ef1c (bala<\/em>):<\/span><\/p>\n

1.\u00a0Saddh\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(T\u00edn L\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ee9c tin)
\n2.\u00a0V\u00ecriya<\/em>\u00a0(T\u1ea5n L\u1ef1c, h\u1ea1nh tinh t\u1ea5n)
\n3.\u00a0Sati<\/em>\u00a0(Ni\u1ec7m L\u1ef1c, t\u00e2m ch\u00fa ni\u1ec7m)
\n4.\u00a0Sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>\u00a0(\u00d0\u1ecbnh L\u1ef1c, t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh)
\n5.\u00a0Pann\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(Tu\u1ec7 L\u1ef1c, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ng\u0169 L\u1ef1c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 n\u0103m v\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbng so\u00e1i, hay ch\u1ec9 huy tr\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u00e0n s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t “v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch”. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u0103m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u00f9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i gia c\u01b0 s\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p T\u00edn C\u0103n, T\u00edn L\u1ef1c (saddh\u00e0 bala<\/em>) c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: 1) T\u00edn L\u1ef1c Th\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1eddng (pakati-saddh\u00e0<\/em>) v\u00e0 2) T\u00edn L\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trau Gi\u1ed3i (bh\u00e0van\u00e0-saddh\u00e0<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

“T\u00edn L\u1ef1c Th\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1eddng” kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trau gi\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qua ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00f2n li\u00ean h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Tham \u00e1i (tanh\u00e0<\/em>) t\u00f9y tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng (pakati-kusala-kamma<\/em>) nh\u01b0 B\u1ed1 Th\u00ed (d\u00e0na<\/em>), Tr\u00ec Gi\u1edbi (s\u00ecla<\/em>) v.v… N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c t\u00e2m Tham. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, Tham \u00e1i (tanh\u00e0<\/em>) c\u1ea7m gi\u1eef “\u00d0\u1ee9c Tin Th\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1eddng” d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tham \u00e1i gi\u1eef \u00d0\u1ee9c Tin Th\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? — Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n P\u00e0li r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n “Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p Th\u1ef1c H\u00e0nh C\u1ed5 Truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n” (ariya-vamsa<\/em>) [3].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. D\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng an ph\u1eadn, b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi th\u1ee9c \u0103n m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3,
\n2. D\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng an ph\u1eadn, b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi y ph\u1ee5c m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3,
\n3. D\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn ch\u1ed7 \u1edf n\u00e0o m\u00ecnh c\u00f3,
\n4. T\u00ecm th\u00edch th\u00fa v\u00e0 hoan h\u1ef7 trong c\u00f4ng phu h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n (bh\u00e0van\u00e0<\/em>).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

“B\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n” n\u1ea7y h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a\u00a0saddh\u00e0<\/em>[4], \u0111\u1ee9c tin. Trong th\u1ebf gian ng\u00e0y nay ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn n\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin,\u00a0saddh\u00e0<\/em>, \u0111\u00e3 k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o \u1ea9n m\u00ecnh ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm m\u1ea5t d\u1ea1ng. Ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hoan h\u1ef7 v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa th\u00edch trong l\u1ea1c th\u00fa tr\u1ea7n gian (paccay\u00e0misa<\/em>); ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hoan h\u1ef7 v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa th\u00edch trong \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 danh v\u1ecdng tr\u1ea7n gian (lok\u00e0misa<\/em>); ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hoan h\u1ef7 v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa th\u00edch v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea1c th\u00fa, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n phong ph\u00fa, nhi\u1ec1u oai l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf (vatt\u00e0misa<\/em>) v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Tham \u00e1i (tanh\u00e0<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 t\u1ecf t\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn bao tr\u00f9m h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y cho th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec3m suy nh\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Tin Th\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1eddng (pakati-saddh\u00e0<\/em>) trong th\u1ebf gian n\u1ea7y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh “\u00d0\u1ee9c Tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trau Gi\u1ed3i”, sanh kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng phu th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n (nh\u01b0 Ni\u1ec7m H\u01a1i Th\u1edf) — \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u1ecdi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng chao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n trong t\u00e2m ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t — m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Tham \u00e1i (tanh\u00e0<\/em>), t\u1ee9c hoan h\u1ef7 th\u1ecfa th\u00edch trong ba lo\u1ea1i l\u1ea1c th\u00fa tr\u1ea7n gian (\u00e0misa<\/em>) k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean. [5] Ch\u00ednh \u00d0\u1ee9c Tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trau Gi\u1ed3i (bh\u00e0van\u00e0 saddh\u00e0<\/em>) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u v\u1edbt ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng c\u01b0 s\u0129 t\u1ea1i gia \u0111ang l\u1eb7n h\u1ee5p ch\u00ecm \u0111\u1eafm trong \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ba Tham \u00e1i [6], v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn “h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea9n tr\u00fa” c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u00d0\u1ee9c Tin (saddh\u00e0<\/em>), t\u1ee9c b\u1ed1n Ph\u00e1p Th\u1ef1c H\u00e0nh C\u1ed5 Truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n (ariya-vamsa-dhamma<\/em>). Trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00e1c Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o (Bodhipakkiya-dhamma<\/em>) ch\u00ednh \u00d0\u1ee9c Tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trau Gi\u1ed3i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong hai lo\u1ea1i Tinh T\u1ea5n (v\u00ecriya<\/em>), lo\u1ea1i Tinh T\u1ea5n Th\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh trau gi\u1ed3i, li\u00ean h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00e1nh l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng (kosajja<\/em>), t\u00f9y tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng (pakati-kusala-kamma<\/em>) nh\u01b0 B\u1ed1 Th\u00ed, Tr\u00ec Gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v.v… Lo\u1ea1i Tinh T\u1ea5n Th\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ch\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 Tinh T\u1ea5n Th\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi g\u1eb7p Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>) ta hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 xa x\u00f4i v\u00f4 t\u1eadn c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn (sakk\u00e0ya-ditthi<\/em>), v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng B\u1ea5t Thi\u1ec7n Nghi\u1ec7p (duccarita<\/em>), v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ch\u00fang sanh \u1edf trong nh\u1eefng Kh\u1ed5 C\u1ea3nh (ap\u00e0ya-loka<\/em>). Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n P\u00e0li m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadn Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p Th\u1ef1c H\u00e0nh C\u1ed5 Truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n,\u00a0Ariya-vamsa<\/em>, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb th\u00f3i quen l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng, v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 trong b\u1ed1n ph\u00e1p n\u1ea7y — t\u1ee9c hoan h\u1ef7 th\u1ecfa th\u00edch trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n — ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng (v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi Tinh T\u1ea5n).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean (trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u) [7]. \u00d0\u00e3 t\u1ef1 trang b\u1ecb v\u1edbi c\u00e1c\u00a0sikkh\u00e0s<\/em>\u00a0(ph\u00e1p tu t\u1eadp — v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt) m\u00e0 trong L\u1ec5 Xu\u1ea5t Gia, khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u, v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y ch\u00fa nguy\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec:<\/span><\/p>\n

* l\u1ea5y c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i v\u00e0 l\u00f9m b\u1ee5i trong r\u1eebng l\u00e0m n\u01a1i c\u01b0 tr\u00fa,
\n* ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed trong khi \u0111i tr\u00ec b\u00ecnh,
\n* th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0 (Dhutanga<\/em>, ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u0129 \u1ea9n d\u1eadt), v\u00e0
\n* v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Tinh T\u1ea5n nh\u1eb1m lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n (akusala kamma<\/em>) ph\u00e1t sanh do l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng (kasajja<\/em>). \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi Tinh T\u1ea5n (v\u00ecriya<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong th\u1ebf gian ng\u00e0y nay ph\u1ea1m vi Tinh T\u1ea5n n\u1ea7y b\u1ecb che d\u1ea5u, c\u00f2n t\u1ed1i t\u0103m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. Ng\u00e0y nay, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1ng ch\u00fang sanh n\u1eb1m trong Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 B\u1ea5t Thi\u1ec7n Nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sa \u0111\u1ecda v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng Kh\u1ed5 C\u1ea3nh, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean s\u1ed1ng trong th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n t\u00edn th\u00ed; h\u1ecd l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m vui th\u00edch nh\u1eadn l\u00e3nh l\u1ec5 v\u1eadt c\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xa l\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v.v… t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a L\u01b0\u1eddi Bi\u1ebfng (kasajja<\/em>) v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi L\u01b0\u1eddi Bi\u1ebfng n\u1ea7y hi\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch suy nh\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a Tinh T\u1ea5n Th\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1eddng (pakati v\u00ecriya<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Tinh T\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trau Gi\u1ed3i (bh\u00e0van\u00e0 v\u00ecriya<\/em>) — nh\u01b0 an ph\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ng\u1ee7 ngh\u1ec9 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n gi\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c sinh ho\u1ea1t, kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 s\u1ec7t, d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c, chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp — ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i Tinh T\u1ea5n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i L\u01b0\u1eddi Bi\u1ebfng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00e1c Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o (Bodhipakkhiya-dhamm\u00e0<\/em>, nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu nh\u1eb1m h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9) ph\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t “Tinh T\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trau Gi\u1ed3i” qua thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00fd ngh\u0129a chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Ni\u1ec7m L\u1ef1c, \u00d0\u1ecbnh L\u1ef1c v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 L\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i qua nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y S\u01b0 (Ng\u00e0i Ledi Sayadaw) ch\u1ec9 t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eafn t\u1eaft.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngh\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi sati, Ni\u1ec7m, l\u00e0 mutthasacca, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m ph\u00f3ng d\u1eadt hay kh\u00f4ng ch\u0103m ch\u00fa (th\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m). \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng phu h\u00e0nh Thi\u1ec1n V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng (samatha<\/em>bh\u00e0van\u00e0<\/em>) hay Thi\u1ec1n Minh S\u00e1t (vipassan\u00e0-bh\u00e0van\u00e0<\/em>); kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00e2m; d\u00f2ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng hoang d\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c, ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i gom t\u00e2m v\u00e0o. Ni\u1ec7m L\u1ef1c Th\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1eddng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tu t\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Ch\u1ec9 t\u00e2m Ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trau Gi\u1ed3i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngh\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi\u00a0sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>, \u00d0\u1ecbnh, l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng Lo\u1ea1n \u00d0\u1ed9ng (vikkhepa<\/em>, t\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ea9n v\u01a1 bay nh\u1ea3y kh\u00f4ng \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh). \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c, k\u00e9m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1eadp trung, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi sanh nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c, ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t an khi mu\u1ed1n \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng phu h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n. T\u00e2m \u00d0\u1ecbnh Th\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m Lo\u1ea1n \u00d0\u1ed9ng. Ch\u1ec9 t\u00e2m \u00d0\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp Trau Gi\u1ed3i (bh\u00e0van\u00e0 sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>) m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngh\u1ecbch ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi\u00a0pann\u00e0<\/em>, Tu\u1ec7, l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i\u00a0sammoha<\/em>, Si M\u00ea. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m m\u00ea ho\u1eb7c, k\u00e9m trong s\u00e1ng, m\u00f9 m\u1edd v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng minh m\u1eabn. \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m m\u1edd t\u1ed1i v\u00ec b\u1ecb m\u00e0ng \u0111en che l\u1ea5p. Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 Th\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1eddng (pakati-pann\u00e0<\/em>) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc uy\u00ean b\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1eddi (pariyatti-pann\u00e0<\/em>), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng su\u1ed1t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 Tam T\u1ea1ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m Si M\u00ea nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trau Gi\u1ed3i b\u1eb1ng Thi\u1ec1n T\u1eadp (bh\u00e0van\u00e0 pann\u00e0<\/em>) v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 trong ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Si M\u00ea.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u0103m b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch (patipakkha-akusala-dhamma<\/em>) \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i t\u1eebng c\u1eb7p, song song v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng N\u0103ng L\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng (bala).<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u0103m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch \u1ea5y l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Tham \u00e1i (tanh\u00e0<\/em>);
\n2. L\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng (kosajja<\/em>), hay k\u00e9m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecdc (m\u1ecfi m\u1ec7t), ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebfu \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u01b0\u01a1ng ngh\u1ecb, thi\u1ebfu quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p;
\n3. Th\u1ea5t ni\u1ec7m (mutthasacca<\/em>);
\n4. Lo\u1ea1n \u00d0\u1ed9ng (vikkhepa<\/em>);
\n5. Si M\u00ea (sammoha<\/em>).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

N\u0103m s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf, hay ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb n\u0103m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ng\u0169 L\u1ef1c (bala<\/em>). \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea1ng\u00a0Neyya<\/em>, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t chi trong Ng\u0169 L\u1ef1c y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch th\u00ec ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh, d\u1ea7u thi\u1ec1n V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng hay thi\u1ec1n Minh S\u00e1t, \u1eaft kh\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0y nay v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea1m vi Tham \u00e1i (tanh\u00e0<\/em>) b\u1edfi v\u00ec T\u00edn L\u1ef1c (saddh\u00e0 bala<\/em>) c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ee7 d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh. C\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i, kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1m n\u00edu v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea7n gian, v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb, quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf, hay danh v\u1ecdng. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec b\u1ed1n N\u0103ng L\u1ef1c kia c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m, n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi l\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u1ee9c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n (santutthi<\/em>) v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea1m vi Tham \u00e1i v\u00e0 L\u01b0\u1eddi Bi\u1ebfng v\u00ec T\u00edn L\u1ef1c v\u00e0 T\u1ea5n L\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean g\u00ecn gi\u1eef cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n, v\u00e0 — n\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 — c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec s\u1ed1ng trong r\u1eebng s\u00e2u, tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai, v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft ch\u00ed h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0 (dhutanga<\/em>), g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh Tinh T\u1ea5n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec ba N\u0103ng L\u1ef1c kia y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n hay trong c\u00f4ng phu th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng hay thi\u1ec1n Minh S\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh trong ba N\u0103ng L\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u (T\u00edn L\u1ef1c, T\u1ea5n L\u1ef1c v\u00e0 Ni\u1ec7m L\u1ef1c) v\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u1eady ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n (k\u00e0yagat\u00e0 sati<\/em>), th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u00fa t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-ra th\u1edf-v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c suy ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 x\u01b0\u01a1ng trong th\u00e2n. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu hai N\u0103ng L\u1ef1c kia (\u00d0\u1ecbnh L\u1ef1c v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 L\u1ef1c) n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eafc Thi\u1ec1n, Jh\u00e0na, v\u00e0 tu\u1ec7 Minh S\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n (Jh\u00e0na<\/em>) b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ed1n N\u0103ng L\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0ng Tu\u1ec7 L\u1ef1c c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n Minh S\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 Tu\u1ec7 L\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh nh\u1edd h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Tam T\u1ea1ng kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t l\u00e3nh h\u1ed9i nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f9ng t\u1ed9t (paramattha dhamma<\/em>, ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebf). Nh\u01b0ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n N\u0103ng L\u1ef1c kia, n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kh\u1ecfi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c t\u00e2m Tham \u00e1i, L\u01b0\u1eddi Bi\u1ebfng, Th\u1ea5t Ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 Lo\u1ea1n \u00d0\u1ed9ng. H\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t t\u1ecbnh \u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, khi m\u1ed9t N\u0103ng L\u1ef1c n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Ng\u0169 L\u1ef1c c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m, m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong Ng\u0169 L\u1ef1c, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Tinh T\u1ea5n v\u00e0 Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac (Iddhip\u00e0das<\/em>) “C\u0103n B\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Th\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng” v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ea7n. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu hai N\u0103ng L\u1ef1c n\u1ea7y d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh v\u00e0 dung h\u00f2a v\u1edbi nhau, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n Minh S\u00e1t v\u00ec ba N\u0103ng L\u1ef1c kia suy y\u1ebfu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u c\u01a1 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac (iddhip\u00e0da<\/em>, N\u1ec1n T\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Th\u00e0nh C\u00f4ng), c\u1ee7a Ng\u0169 C\u0103n (indriya<\/em>, Kh\u1ea3 N\u0103ng Ki\u1ec3m So\u00e1t) v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Ng\u0169 L\u1ef1c (bala<\/em>) kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch (patipakkha<\/em>) n\u00e0o t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i trau gi\u1ed3i v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, l\u00f2ng ham mu\u1ed1n trau gi\u1ed3i t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay nh\u1eefng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p Th\u1ef1c H\u00e0nh C\u1ed5 Truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n (ariya-vamsa<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd v\u1ef1c th\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1ea5t d\u1ea1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u01b0 (ng\u00e0i Ledi Sayadaw) cho m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng b\u00f2 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0usabha<\/em>. Gi\u1ed1ng b\u00f2 n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0n l\u1ea7n cao h\u01a1n b\u00f2 th\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nu\u00f4i \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c, ch\u00e2n c\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 m\u00ecnh m\u1ea9y n\u00f3 s\u1ebd n\u1edf nang to l\u1edbn, m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 canh g\u00e1t gi\u1eef g\u00ecn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o b\u1ecdc c\u1ea3 b\u1ea7y b\u00f2 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m con ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u01b0 t\u1eed, c\u1ecdp, beo.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a con b\u00f2 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f4ng nom ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nu\u00f4i th\u00edch nghi m\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng con b\u00f2 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c; c\u1ee9 b\u1eaft n\u00f3 k\u00e9o c\u00e0y, k\u00e9o b\u1eeba v\u00e0 k\u00e9o xe v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con b\u00f2 th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, m\u00ecnh m\u1ea9y v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n c\u1eb3ng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng n\u1edf nang s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m im. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng con b\u00f2 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 b\u00f2 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u1ebd nu\u00f4i con b\u00f2 gi\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i chu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t ri\u00eang, che m\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee1 gi\u00f3 k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3i c\u00e1t tr\u1eafng s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00f3t s\u00e0n cho c\u00e1i chu\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng tr\u1ea7n cao t\u1edbi n\u00f3c. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd gi\u1eef chu\u1ed3ng s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd, cho b\u00f2 \u0103n lo\u1ea1i l\u00faa th\u00f3c d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 n\u0103ng t\u1eafm r\u1eeda b\u00f2. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, ch\u00e2n c\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 m\u00ecnh m\u1ea9y b\u00f2 s\u1ebd n\u1edf nang to l\u1edbn, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u00f2 s\u1ebd t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng phi th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0Neyya<\/em>\u00a0[8] (c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn) gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 b\u00f2. Ng\u0169 L\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0Neyya<\/em>\u00a0gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con b\u00f2\u00a0usabha<\/em>. Nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng\u00a0Satipatth\u00e0na Vibhanga, Sammappadh\u00e0na Vibhanga, Iddhip\u00e0da Vibhanga, Indriya Vibhanga, Bojjhanga Vibhanga, v\u00e0 Magganga Vibhanga\u00a0<\/em>c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadn,\u00a0Abhidhamma Pitaka<\/em>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i kinh\u00a0Mah\u00e0-Satipatth\u00e0na-Sutta, Satipatth\u00e0na Samyutta, Sammappa-dh\u00e0na Samyutta, Iddhip\u00e0da Samyutta, Indriya Samyutta, Bala Samyutta, v\u00e0 Bojjhanga Samyutta<\/em>\u00a0c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1ng Kinh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u00e1ch v\u1ee1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i b\u00f2\u00a0usabha<\/em>, nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i tr\u00f4ng nom ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nu\u00f4i gi\u1ed1ng b\u00f2 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00f4ng nom ch\u0103m s\u00f3c \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u00f2 s\u1ebd ra sao.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf h\u1ea1ng\u00a0Neyya<\/em>, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng trau gi\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ng\u0169 L\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng thi\u1ec1n t\u1eadp v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1eabn th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt nh\u01b0 d\u00e0na, s\u00ecla (b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, tr\u00ec gi\u1edbi) v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi kinh s\u00e1ch, h\u1ecd gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t con b\u00f2 usabha m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nu\u00f4i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c. Nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng canh t\u00e1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. \u00d0\u00f4i khi, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n. Nh\u1eefng l\u00fac kh\u00e1c, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. C\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u00e1o h\u00f3a v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, Ng\u0169 L\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng, thi\u1ec1n Minh S\u00e1t, v\u00e0 cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o, Th\u00e1nh Qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n. Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn khi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 Ng\u0169 L\u1ef1c n\u1ea7y, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n m\u00e3n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o trong Ng\u0169 L\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m kh\u1edfi sanh \u00fd mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh to l\u1edbn n\u1ea7y. \u00fd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sanh \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eefng h\u1edd c\u1ea9u th\u1ea3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch nghe. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1ea1nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 kh\u1edfi sanh \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecd b\u1edfi v\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u1ecd thi\u1ebfu k\u00e9m N\u0103ng L\u1ef1c tinh th\u1ea7n. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00edch tr\u1eed \u0111\u1ee7 ba-la-m\u1eadt (p\u00e0rami<\/em>), hay v\u00ec sanh ra ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi hai c\u0103n (dvi-hetuka<\/em>), ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec th\u1eddi gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n. [9]<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 trong m\u1ed9t Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>) nh\u01b0 ni\u1ec7m H\u01a1i Th\u1edf (\u00e0n\u00e0p\u00e0na sati<\/em>), v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ba N\u0103ng L\u1ef1c T\u00edn, T\u1ea5n v\u00e0 Ni\u1ec7m, nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1ea1nh kia ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd tan bi\u1ebfn. Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng trong s\u1ea1ch m\u1edbi m\u1ebb ph\u00e1t sanh, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh cho nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ea7y.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh khai tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u1ea5y. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a S\u1eafc (Th\u00e2n) v\u00e0 Danh (T\u00e2m), \u00d0\u1ee9c Tin c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu \u1edbt c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng qua ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Tham \u00e1i (tanh\u00e0<\/em>) ham mu\u1ed1n d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c (paccay\u00e0misa<\/em>) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c (lok\u00e0misa<\/em>). Tinh T\u1ea5n y\u1ebfu \u1edbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edd ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t L\u01b0\u1eddi Bi\u1ebfng. Ni\u1ec7m y\u1ebfu \u1edbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edd ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Th\u1ea5t Ni\u1ec7m (t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i). \u00d0\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 c\u0169ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00eam s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh nh\u1edd ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t Ph\u00f3ng D\u1eadt v\u00e0 Si M\u00ea. Khi nh\u1eefng N\u0103ng L\u1ef1c \u1ea5y t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i thay trong t\u00e2m h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang l\u00e2m tr\u1ecdng b\u1ecbnh \u1eaft kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian. Nh\u01b0ng sau khi nh\u1edd th\u1ea7y gi\u1ecfi thu\u1ed1c hay v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u th\u00edch nghi, c\u01a1n b\u1ecbnh n\u1eb7ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n thuy\u00ean gi\u1ea3m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1m th\u1edd \u01a1, v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd quan t\u00e2m tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng sinh ho\u1ea1t b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y n\u0103m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, t\u1ee9c tham \u00e1i, l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng v.v… gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u01a1n tr\u1ecdng b\u1ecbnh. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>) nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m H\u01a1i Th\u1edf, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7y gi\u1ecfi thu\u1ed1c hay v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u th\u00edch nghi. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y: “v\u1ecb \u1ea5y khai tri\u1ec3n T\u00edn L\u1ef1c, T\u1ea5n L\u1ef1c, Ni\u1ec7m L\u1ef1c, \u00d0\u1ecbnh L\u1ef1c v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 L\u1ef1c”. (saddh\u00e0balam bh\u00e0veti<\/em>\u00a0.,.).<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong th\u1ebf gian n\u1ea7y, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 n\u1ec1 nh\u1edd x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 gi\u00f9i, \u0111\u1ee5c, b\u00faa, dao, c\u01b0a v.v… Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u00edch nghi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 Minh S\u00e1t (samatha<\/em>\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0vipassan\u00e0<\/em>) nh\u1eb1m th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u00d0\u1ea1o Tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 Tu\u1ec7 (magga<\/em>\u00a0v\u00e0phala-n\u00e0na<\/em>) c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n bao g\u1ed3m c\u00f4ng phu khai tri\u1ec3n T\u00edn L\u1ef1c, T\u1ea5n L\u1ef1c, Ni\u1ec7m L\u1ef1c, \u00d0\u1ecbnh L\u1ef1c v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 L\u1ef1c (bh\u00e0van\u00e0-saddh\u00e0\u00a0<\/em>v.v…) qua ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh Trau Gi\u1ed3i T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9 (Satipatth\u00e0na<\/em>) nh\u01b0 Ni\u1ec7m H\u01a1i Th\u1edf. Ng\u0169 L\u1ef1c n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n (yog\u00e0vacara<\/em>). Do \u0111\u00f3 Ng\u0169 L\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trau gi\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eb1m vi\u00ean m\u00e3n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n Minh S\u00e1t trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>). \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a danh t\u1eeb\u00a0bh\u00e0veti<\/em>\u00a0(v\u1ecb \u1ea5y trau gi\u1ed3i …) trong \u0111o\u1ea1n kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

[1] Xem s\u00e1ch\u00a0Paramattha D\u00ecpani<\/em>, do Ng\u00e0i Ledi Sayadaw.<\/span><\/p>\n

[2] Xem B\u1ea3n Ch\u00fa Gi\u1ea3i b\u1ed9\u00a0Anguttara Nik\u00e0ya<\/em>\u00a0(T\u0103ng Nh\u1ee9t A-H\u00e0m),\u00a0Ekaka-nipata<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n

[3]\u00a0Anguttara-Nik\u00e0ya<\/em>, T\u0103ng Nh\u1ee9t A-H\u00e0m.\u00a0Catukka Nipata<\/em>, Nh\u1eefng Con S\u1ed1 B\u1ed1n, b\u00e0i kinhAriyavamsa-Sutta<\/em>, do T\u1ef3 Kh\u01b0u Khantipalo d\u1ecbch trong quy\u1ec3n “With Robes and Bowl” (The Wheel s\u1ed1 83\/84), trang 70.<\/span><\/p>\n

[4] Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m linh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t trong m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng c\u01b0 s\u0129 t\u1ea1i gia — Ch\u1ee7 Bi\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

[5] Ba lo\u1ea1i l\u1ea1c th\u00fa tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c \u1ea5y l\u00e0 vui th\u00fa th\u1ecfa th\u00edch trong v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c, trong y ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 trong ch\u1ed7 \u1edf, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

[6] Ba Tham \u00e1i l\u00e0: l\u00f2ng tham luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c, l\u00f2ng tham luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n, v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng tham luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng-sinh-t\u1ed3n (tuy\u1ec7t di\u1ec7t).<\/span><\/p>\n

[7] Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0 s\u0129 t\u1ea1i gia, nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh trong b\u1ed1n “Ph\u00e1p Th\u1ef1c H\u00e0nh C\u1ed5 Truy\u1ec1n” ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e0ng ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong c\u00e2u n\u00f3i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng “s\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb v\u00e0 suy g\u1eabm thanh cao (h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n)”. — Ch\u1ee7 Bi\u00ean<\/span><\/p>\n

[8] Xem Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II.<\/span><\/p>\n

[9] V\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o hay Th\u00e1nh Qu\u1ea3, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng tri\u1ec3n ho\u00e3n tinh t\u1ea5n, ch\u1edd cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ba-la-m\u1eadt (p\u00e0rami<\/em>) \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u00edn m\u00f9i. V\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra v\u1edbi hai c\u0103n (dvi-hetuka<\/em>, t\u1ee9c hai c\u0103n Kh\u00f4ng-Tham v\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng-S\u00e2n) v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu c\u0103n Kh\u00f4ng-Si, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Qu\u1ea3 trong ki\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

-ooOoo-<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ea5t gi\u00e1c chi
\n<\/span>(Bojjhanga<\/em>)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Catusaccadhamme sutthu bujjhat\u00ec’ti sambodhi; sambodhiy\u00e0 ango sambojjhango.<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch danh t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: b\u1edfi v\u00ec\u00a0sambodhi<\/em>, ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 B\u1ed1n Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd, n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9”.\u00a0Sambodhi<\/em>\u00a0\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 Gi\u00e1c th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u00d0\u1ea1o Si\u00eau Th\u1ebf (lokuttara-magga-n\u00e0na<\/em>). M\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1o Tu\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 (Gi\u00e1c Chi).<\/span><\/p>\n

Lo\u00e0i chim \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1ee5ng m\u1eb9 d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i tr\u1ee9ng. Khi tr\u1ee9ng n\u1edf, chim \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, khi \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1nh, chim tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi \u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bay \u0111i b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 n\u00f3 th\u00edch. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, do nh\u1edd v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng trong ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1edd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng (samatha<\/em>), t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 theo m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i. Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn, khi th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t tu\u1ec7 minh s\u00e1t (vipassan\u00e0<\/em>) th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u S\u1eafc, Danh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c U\u1ea9n (r\u00f9pa, n\u00e0ma, khandh\u00e0<\/em>) h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u00f4 k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 minh. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, khi b\u1ea3y y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c ng\u1ed9, hay Th\u1ea5t Gi\u00e1c Chi (bojjhanga<\/em>) ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean thu\u1ea7n th\u1ee5c, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t \u00d0\u1ea1o Tu\u1ec7 Si\u00eau Th\u1ebf (lokuttara-magga-n\u00e0na<\/em>), v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u00e0m t\u1ee5c (puthujjana<\/em>), ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n (ariya<\/em>), Si\u00eau Th\u1ebf (lokuttara<\/em>) hay Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 b\u1ea3y Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 (Th\u1ea5t Gi\u00e1c Chi) l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Ni\u1ec7m Gi\u00e1c Chi (sati-sambojjhanga<\/em>),
\n2. Tr\u1ea1ch Ph\u00e1p Gi\u00e1c Chi (dhammavicaya-sambojjhanga<\/em>)
\n3. Tinh T\u1ea5n Gi\u00e1c Chi (v\u00ecriya-sambojjhanga<\/em>),
\n4. Ph\u1ec9 Gi\u00e1c Chi (piti-sambojjhanga<\/em>),
\n5. Khinh An Gi\u00e1c Chi (passaddhi-sambojjhanga<\/em>),
\n6. \u00d0\u1ecbnh Gi\u00e1c Chi (sam\u00e0dhi-sambojjhanga<\/em>)
\n7. X\u1ea3 Gi\u00e1c Chi (<\/span>upekkh\u00e0-sambojjhanga)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p><\/blockquote>\n

T\u00e2m s\u1edf “Ni\u1ec7m” (sati-cetasika<\/em>), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau\u00a0satipatth\u00e0na, satindriya, sati-bala, samm\u00e0-sati magganga<\/em>\u00a0(ni\u1ec7m x\u1ee9, ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n, ni\u1ec7m l\u1ef1c, ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m), l\u00e0\u00a0Sati-sambojjhanga,<\/em>Ni\u1ec7m Gi\u00e1c Chi. (y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 “Ni\u1ec7m” c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9).<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e2m s\u1edf “Tu\u1ec7” (pann\u00e0-cetasika<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau:\u00a0v\u00ecmamsiddhip\u00e0da, pannindriya, pann\u00e0-bala, samm\u00e0-ditthi magganga\u00a0<\/em>(tr\u1ea1ch qu\u00e1n nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac, tu\u1ec7 c\u0103n, tu\u1ec7 l\u1ef1c, ch\u00e1nh ki\u1ebfn), t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0\u00a0dhammavicaya-sambojjhanga<\/em>\u00a0(Tr\u1ea1ch Ph\u00e1p Gi\u00e1c Chi, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 “Tr\u1ea1ch Ph\u00e1p” c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9) — N\u0103m Thanh T\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7, ba Qu\u00e1n Ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 Tu\u1ec7 Gi\u00e1c, m\u01b0\u1eddi Tu\u1ec7 Minh S\u00e1t [1], c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0dhammavicaya-sambojjhanga<\/em>, Tr\u1ea1ch Ph\u00e1p Gi\u00e1c Chi. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9t b\u00f4ng v\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xay, \u0111\u00e1nh ra v.v… t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh v\u1ea3i, ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh qu\u00e1n ni\u1ec7m Ng\u0169 U\u1ea9n (khandh\u00e0<\/em>) l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Tu\u1ec7 Minh S\u00e1t (vipassan\u00e0-n\u00e0na<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0Dhammavicaya-sambojjhanga<\/em>, “Tr\u1ea1ch Ph\u00e1p Gi\u00e1c Chi”.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e2m s\u1edf “Tinh T\u1ea5n” (v\u00ecriya-cetasika<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c nhau\u00a0sammappadh\u00e0na, v\u00ecriyindriya, v\u00ecriya-bala, v\u00e0 samm\u00e0-vay\u00e0ma magganga<\/em>\u00a0(t\u1ea5n nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u00fac, t\u1ea5n c\u0103n, t\u1ea5n l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh tinh t\u1ea5n), t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 “Tinh T\u1ea5n Gi\u00e1c Chi”.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ni\u1ec1m vui v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ph\u00e1t sanh khi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh (th\u1eadt s\u1ef1) th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng do nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9,\u00a0Satipatth\u00e0na,<\/em>\u00a0t\u1ee9c ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0Piti-sambojjhanga<\/em>, “Ph\u1ec9 Gi\u00e1c Chi”.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m tr\u1edf n\u00ean an t\u0129nh v\u00e0 v\u1eafng l\u1eb7ng khi nh\u1eefng chao \u0111\u1ed9ng tinh th\u1ea7n, nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 ngh\u0129 ng\u1ee3i l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0Passaddhi-sambojjhanga<\/em>, “Khinh An Gi\u00e1c Chi”. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf (cetasika<\/em>) nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng an t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00e2m (k\u00e0ya-passaddhi, citta-passaddhi<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u00d0\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0sam\u00e0dh-indriya, sam\u00e0dhi-bala, v\u00e0 samm\u00e0-sam\u00e0dhi magganga\u00a0<\/em>(\u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0103n, \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbnh) t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0\u00a0sam\u00e0dhi-sambojjhanga<\/em>, \u00d0\u1ecbnh Gi\u00e1c Chi, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 “\u00d0\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9”. Lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhau T\u1ea1m \u00d0\u1ecbnh, C\u1eadn \u00d0\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 To\u00e0n \u00d0\u1ecbnh, ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1m t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n li\u00ean h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Thi\u1ec1n V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng (samatha<\/em>), T\u00e2m T\u1ecbnh (citta-visuddhi<\/em>) v\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u00d0\u1ecbnh H\u01b0 Kh\u00f4ng (sunnat\u00e0-sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>) v.v… li\u00ean h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng Thanh T\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi\u00a0sam\u00e0dhi-sambojjhanga<\/em>, “\u00d0\u1ecbnh Gi\u00e1c Chi”. T\u00e2m \u00d0\u1ecbnh n\u1eb1m trong tu\u1ec7 Minh S\u00e1t (vipassan\u00e0-n\u00e0na<\/em>), ho\u1eb7c tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u00e2m \u00d0\u1ecbnh H\u01b0 Kh\u00f4ng (sunnat\u00e0-sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>), t\u00e2m \u00d0\u1ecbnh V\u00f4 \u00d0i\u1ec1u Ki\u1ec7n (animitta-sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>) v\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u00d0\u1ecbnh Kh\u00f4ng Ham Mu\u1ed1n (appanihit\u00e0-sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n (kamma-tth\u00e0na)<\/em>\u00a0kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng phu v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n. Nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1eaft s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u tinh t\u1ea5n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0tatramajjhattat\u00e0 cetasika<\/em>, t\u00e2m s\u1edf X\u1ea3. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0\u00a0upekkh\u00e0-sambojjhanga<\/em>, “X\u1ea3 Gi\u00e1c Chi”, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 X\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea3y\u00a0sambodhi<\/em>, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00e1nh c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i hoan h\u1ef7 th\u1ecfa th\u00edch v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc sa-m\u00f4n (samana<\/em>, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u01b0), trong Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt — lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 hoan h\u1ef7 th\u1ecfa th\u00edch m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u1ea1c th\u00fa tr\u1ea7n gian n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u00e1nh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3 kinh\u00a0Dhammapada<\/em>, Ph\u00e1p C\u00fa, c\u00f3 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y:<\/span><\/p>\n

“V\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat v\u00e0o n\u01a1i \u1ea9n tr\u00fa \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eafng t\u00e2m an t\u0129nh, kinh nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ec9 l\u1ea1c si\u00eau tr\u1ea7n v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p (Dhamma).”<\/span><\/p>\n

“M\u1ed7i khi suy ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng sanh-di\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c U\u1ea9n (khandh\u00e0) v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kinh nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ec9 l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ‘nh\u1eefng ai hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft’, (suy ni\u1ec7m \u1ea5y) l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i B\u1ea5t Di\u1ec7t.” (c\u00e2u 373 v\u00e0 374)<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n trong kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb khi b\u1ecbnh nh\u00e2n nghe \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1ee5ng kinh Th\u1ea5t Gi\u00e1c Chi. Tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ecbnh ho\u1ea1n ng\u1eb7t ngh\u00e8o \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe hay bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng “chi” (hay y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1) \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 r\u1ed3i ph\u00e1t sanh \u00d0\u1ee9c Tin (Saddh\u00e0)<\/em>\u00a0r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u01a1i l\u1eddi kinh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi b\u1ea3y Chi n\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 an t\u00e2m ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n (k\u00e0yagat\u00e0 sati<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o trong tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 V\u00f4 Th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3 (anicca v\u00e0 anatt\u00e0-sann\u00e0<\/em>), c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m trong s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ea5n (v\u00ecriya<\/em>) c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n hay c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m. B\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 an t\u0129nh t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1\u00a0sati, dhammavicaya, v\u00ecriya<\/em>\u00a0— ni\u1ec7m gi\u00e1c chi, tr\u1ea1ch ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1c chi, v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ea5n gi\u00e1c chi — h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ec9 l\u1ea1c trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n m\u00e0 trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (sams\u00e0ra<\/em>) v\u00f4 t\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ph\u00e1t sanh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh, d\u1ea7u trong gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1. Do tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m ph\u1ec9 v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c (sukha<\/em>) \u1ea5y, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i gom t\u00e2m v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3, t\u1ee9c t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecbnh (sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>) c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3, an t\u0129nh nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 (passaddhi<\/em>, an khinh) v\u00e0 t\u00e2m X\u1ea3 (upekkh\u00e0<\/em>) kh\u1edfi sanh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n lo \u00e2u v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u00fa ni\u1ec7m (sati<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng lo \u00e2u v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng Tr\u1ea1ch Ph\u00e1p (dhammavicaya<\/em>) t\u1ee9c ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9\u00a0anicca v\u00e0 anatt\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3), v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tinh t\u1ea5n (v\u00ecriya<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e1t sanh v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ee3 l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u vi\u00ean m\u00e3n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5. Nh\u01b0ng d\u1ea7u c\u00f2n \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1eeb l\u00fac s\u1ef1 “Ch\u00fa Ni\u1ec7m h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 Th\u00e2n” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 “ni\u1ec7m” c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0\u00a0Bojjhanga\u00a0<\/em>(Ni\u1ec7m Gi\u00e1c Chi).<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong kinh\u00a0Bojjhanga Samyutta\u00a0<\/em>\u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt d\u1ea1y:<\/span><\/p>\n

Satisambojjhangam bh\u00e0veti, vivekanissitam, vir\u00e0ganissitam, nirodhanissitam, vossaggaparin\u00e0mim; dhammavicayasambojjhangam … upekkh\u00e0-samboj-jhangam bh\u00e0veti, vivekanissitam vir\u00e0ganissitam nirodhanissitam vossaggaparin\u00e0mim.<\/span><\/p>\n

“V\u1ecb \u1ea5y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ni\u1ec7m Gi\u00e1c Chi … X\u1ea3 Gi\u00e1c Chi, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i (hay c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean) s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng tham \u00e1i, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 bu\u00f4ng x\u1ea3.”<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, trong di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng (n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb “V\u1ecb \u1ea5y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n …”), ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 Th\u1ea5t Gi\u00e1c Chi. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c cao \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef “t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i …….” [2]<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0o\u1ea1n kinh\u00a0P\u00e0li<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n

Ta ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 “Ni\u1ec7m Gi\u00e1c Chi, v.v … v\u1ed1n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 lo \u00e2u, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 tham \u00e1i, v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au d\u00ednh li\u1ec1n theo nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4ng x\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n (upadhi<\/em>) [3].<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

[1] Xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V.<\/span><\/p>\n

[2] \u00d0\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong B\u1ea3n Ch\u00fa Gi\u1ea3i\u00a0<\/span>BojjhangaVibanga.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

[3] B\u1ed1n t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp n\u1eb1m ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n l\u00e0: 1. d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1c (k\u00e0mapadhi<\/em>), 2. nh\u1eefng \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m tinh th\u1ea7n (kiles\u00e0padhi<\/em>), 3. nghi\u1ec7p (kammapadhi<\/em>) v\u00e0 4. ng\u0169 u\u1ea9n (khandh\u00f9padhi<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

-ooOoo-<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e1t ch\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea1o\u00a0<\/span>
\n<\/span>(Magganga<\/span><\/em>)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

B<\/span>\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o (T\u00e1m Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Con \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng) l\u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
1. Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn (samm\u00e0-ditthi<\/em>)
\n2. Ch\u00e1nh T\u01b0 Duy (samm\u00e0-sankappa<\/em>)<\/span><\/td>\n		<\/strong>Tu\u1ec7
\n<\/span><\/strong>(pann\u00e0)<\/em><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.Ch\u00e1nh Ng\u1eef (samm\u00e0-v\u00e0c\u00e0<\/em>)
\n4. Ch\u00e1nh Nghi\u1ec7p (samm\u00e0-kammanta<\/em>)
\n5. Ch\u00e1nh M\u1ea1ng (samm\u00e0-\u00e0j\u00ecva<\/em>)<\/span><\/td>\n		<\/strong>Gi\u1edbi
\n<\/span><\/strong>(s\u00ecla<\/em>)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.Ch\u00e1nh Tinh T\u1ea5n (samm\u00e0-v\u00e0y\u00e0ma<\/em>)
\n7. Ch\u00e1nh Ni\u1ec7m (samm\u00e0-sati<\/em>)
\n8. Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ecbnh (samm\u00e0-sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>)<\/span><\/td>\n		<\/strong>\u00d0\u1ecbnh
\n<\/span><\/strong>(sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e1m Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Con \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong Tri Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh (lokuttara -n\u00e0nadassana -visuddhi<\/em>). Trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Thanh T\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Ch\u00e1nh Ng\u1eef, Ch\u00e1nh Nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh M\u1ea1ng ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh (s\u00ecla-visuddhi<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong T\u00e2m T\u1ecbnh (citta-visuddhi<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Thanh T\u1ecbnh c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u1ea5y, trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00e1c Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o (bodhi-pakkhiya-dhamma<\/em>), Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh (s\u00ecla-visuddhi<\/em>) c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t “t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i” (viveka-nissita<\/em>), v.v… \u0111\u00fang theo l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y sau \u0111\u00e2y (Magganga Vibhanga<\/em>):<\/span><\/p>\n

“V\u1ecb \u1ea5y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ch\u00e1nh Ng\u1eef t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng tham, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh l\u00e0 bu\u00f4ng x\u1ea3. V\u1ecb \u1ea5y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Ch\u00e1nh Nghi\u1ec7p … Ch\u00e1nh M\u1ea1ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i …”<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u00d0o\u1ea1n kinh n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Gi\u1edbi (s\u00ecla<\/em>), v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1c th\u00fa c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n (bhava-sampatti<\/em>) v\u00e0 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i v\u00f2ng quanh nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp t\u00e1i sanh (vatta-nissita<\/em>). Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh (s\u00ecla-visuddhi<\/em>) c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Qu\u1ea3 trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0\u00a0\u00e0dibrahma-cariyaka-s\u00ecla<\/em>, “gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ch\u00e1nh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Th\u00e1nh Thi\u1ec7n”, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng\u00a0bodhipakkhiya<\/em>, tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea1o. Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1eb1m th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng t\u1edbi, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0\u00a0p\u00e0ram\u00ec-s\u00ecla<\/em>, Gi\u1edbi Ba-La-M\u1eadt, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a\u00a0vivatta-nissita s\u00ecla<\/em>, “Gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u00f2ng quanh nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng.”<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng chi Ch\u00e1nh Ng\u1eef, Ch\u00e1nh Nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh M\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay n\u1eb1m trong nh\u00f3m Gi\u1edbi (s\u00ecla-khandh\u00e0<\/em>), v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i To\u00e0n H\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Gi\u1edbi \u00d0\u1ee9c. Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ba\u00a0virati-cetasik\u00e0<\/em>, ba t\u00e2m s\u1edf ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf (th\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u00e1nh T\u01b0 Duy (samm\u00e0-sankappa<\/em>) l\u00e0 t\u00e2m s\u1edf “suy t\u01b0” hay “t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m” (vitakka cetasika<\/em>). V\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u00e1o tin cho bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7, hay l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7, n\u00ean n\u1eb1m trong nh\u00f3m Tu\u1ec7 (pann\u00e0kkhandha<\/em>) c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o. Ch\u00e1nh T\u01b0 Duy c\u00f3 ba l\u00e0: nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng s\u00e2n h\u1eadn, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng hung b\u1ea1o (nekkhamma -sankappa, aby\u00e0p\u00e0da-sankappa<\/em>, v\u00e0\u00a0avihims\u00e0-sankappa<\/em>). C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia b\u1ecb c\u1ea7m t\u00f9, hay b\u1ecb qu\u00e2n th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed1t r\u1eebng bao v\u00e2y, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 n\u1eb1m trong l\u01b0\u1edbi, trong th\u00f9ng, hay trong r\u1ecd, nh\u01b0 chim trong l\u1ed3ng, (kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0103n ng\u1ee7), ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00eam l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 \u00f4m \u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nu\u00f4i nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tho\u00e1t th\u00e2n ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i hi\u1ec3m nguy \u1ea5y. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng tinh t\u1ea5n lo\u1ea1i Ch\u00e1nh C\u1ea7n (sammappadh\u00e0na<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng “nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n x\u01b0a c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sanh trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9” (uppanna-akusala kamma<\/em>) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng “nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t sanh” (anuppanna akusala kamma<\/em>) ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ed5 sanh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e2m v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3 l\u00e0 “T\u01b0 T\u01b0\u1edfng Kh\u01b0\u1edbc T\u1eeb” c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o (nekkhamma sankappa magganga<\/em>). \u00d0\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i T\u01b0 Duy (sankappa<\/em>) t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng quanh nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng (vatta-dukkha<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u01b0 Duy li\u00ean h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa v\u00e0o t\u00e2m T\u1eeb (Mett\u00e0 Jh\u00e0na<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0aby\u00e0p\u00e0da -sankappa<\/em>, “v\u00f4 s\u00e2n t\u01b0 duy”, \u00fd ngh\u0129 kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m l\u00f2ng s\u00e2n h\u1eadn; n\u1ebfu li\u00ean h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa v\u00e0o t\u00e2m Bi (Karun\u00e0 Jh\u00e0na<\/em>) th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0avihims\u00e0-sankappa<\/em>, “v\u00f4 b\u1ea1o t\u01b0 duy”, \u00fd ngh\u0129 kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m l\u00f2ng t\u00e0n \u00e1c hung b\u1ea1o. T\u01b0 Duy li\u00ean h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa (Jh\u00e0na<\/em>) c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0 duy”, nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129 t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc (nekkhamm\u00e0 sankappa<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u1ed1n Chi c\u1ee7a Con \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng: Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn, Ch\u00e1nh Tinh T\u1ea5n, Ch\u00e1nh Ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VII, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Th\u1ea5t Gi\u00e1c Chi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ajivatthamaka-s\u00ecla<\/span><\/em>, [1] \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb “v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c t\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn” r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn n\u1eb1m trong lu\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p (ditthi anusaya<\/em>), thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00f3m Gi\u1edbi t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o (lokiya s\u00eclakkhandha magganga<\/em>). \u00d0\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh (s\u00ecla-visuddhi<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e1m ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a “Gi\u1edbi ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t b\u1eb1ng Ch\u00e1nh M\u1ea1ng” n\u1ea7y (\u00e0j\u00ecvatthamaka-s\u00ecla<\/em>) chia l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i: m\u1ed9t cho h\u00e0ng c\u01b0 s\u0129 t\u1ea1i gia v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cho c\u00e1c b\u1eadc xu\u1ea5t gia. Ba lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (k\u00e0ya-duccarita<\/em>) v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea9u b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (vac\u00ec-duccarita<\/em>) n\u1eb1m trong Gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i gia. B\u00e1t Gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 Th\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi [2] l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n tinh vi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t gia, Gi\u1edbi g\u1ed3m 227 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt (Vinaya<\/em>), li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi ch\u00e9p trong T\u1ea1ng Lu\u1eadt (Vinaya Pitaka<\/em>) l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n tinh vi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi tr\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh trong \u0111\u1ea5t, s\u00e1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Thanh T\u1ecbnh sau c\u00f9ng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi T\u00e2m T\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh (s\u00ecla-visuddhi<\/em>) [3]. \u00d0i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng pha l\u1ea9n v\u1edbi, m\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, n\u0103m giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Thanh T\u1ecbnh (t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf) \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Thanh T\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, Tri Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh si\u00eau th\u1ebf, Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh sinh ho\u1ea1t chung trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, y h\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Gi\u1edbi (s\u00eclakkhandha<\/em>) si\u00eau th\u1ebf trong B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o. L\u00fd do l\u00e0 v\u00ec, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u0103m giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa; nh\u01b0ng c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng sinh ho\u1ea1t chung (saha-j\u00e0ta<\/em>) v\u1edbi Thanh T\u1ecbnh si\u00eau th\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng\u00a0S\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0(nh\u00f3m Gi\u1edbi) c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 nh\u00f3m \u00d0\u1ecbnh (sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>) c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o, c\u00f3 hai di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Minh S\u00e1t thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay (suddha-vipassan\u00e0-y\u00e0nika<\/em>). Sau khi vi\u00ean m\u00e3n ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc trong ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec1n V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng (samatha<\/em>) m\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ngay v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Minh S\u00e1t thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay nh\u01b0 Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh, \u00d0o\u1ea1n Nghi T\u1ecbnh v.v…. Th\u1ee9 nh\u00ec, l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 hai, thi\u1ec1n V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n Minh S\u00e1t (samatha-vipassan\u00e0-y\u00e0nika<\/em>). V\u1ecb \u1ea5y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng Thi\u1ec1n (Jh\u00e0na<\/em>) nh\u01b0 S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n, Nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n v.v… r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi kh\u1edfi c\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh Minh S\u00e1t, xuy\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh, \u00d0o\u1ea1n Nghi T\u1ecbnh v.v…<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh,<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Theo ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh Minh S\u00e1t Thu\u1ea7n T\u00fay, ba Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m \u00d0\u1ecbnh trong B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o (sam\u00e0dhikkhandha<\/em>) l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gom t\u00e2m V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 thanh l\u1ecdc t\u00e2m (citta-visuddhi<\/em>, T\u00e2m T\u1ecbnh) xuy\u00ean qua ba lo\u1ea1i \u00d0\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ecbnh H\u01b0 Kh\u00f4ng, \u00d0\u1ecbnh V\u00f4 \u00d0i\u1ec1u Ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ecbnh Kh\u00f4ng Tham.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. Trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi Minh S\u00e1t, ba Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m \u00d0\u1ecbnh thi h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gom t\u00e2m V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 thanh l\u1ecdc t\u00e2m (citta-visuddhi<\/em>, T\u00e2m T\u1ecbnh), xuy\u00ean qua ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n: s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi, hay giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 T\u1ea1m \u00d0\u1ecbnh (parikamma sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>), C\u1eadn \u00d0\u1ecbnh (upac\u00e0ra-sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>); v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Minh S\u00e1t, hai nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 tr\u00ean do t\u00e2m \u00d0\u1ecbnh H\u01b0 Kh\u00f4ng v.v… \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh hai ph\u00e1p Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n, ba Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m \u00d0\u1ecbnh trong B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o thi h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 T\u1ea1m \u00d0\u1ecbnh (khanika-sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch Nh\u00f3m \u00d0\u1ecbnh<\/span><\/p>\n

Hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m Tu\u1ec7 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 Tr\u00ed Tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a hai l\u1ed1i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh — Minh S\u00e1t Thu\u1ea7n T\u00fay v\u00e0 Minh S\u00e1t sau khi l\u00e0m xong ph\u1ea7n V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng — sau khi \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00fang cho c\u1ea3 hai, nh\u1eefng Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 si\u00eau th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u (sot\u00e0patti<\/em>)<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y S\u01b0 (Ng\u00e0i Ledi Sayadaw) s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u00d0\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u, hay Tu-\u00d0\u00e0-Hu\u1eddn \u00d0\u1ea1o (sot\u00e0patti-magga), trong B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o. N\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng Th\u00e1nh, t\u1ee9c “Bon-sin-san<\/em>”\u00a0sukkhavipassaka sot\u00e0panna<\/em>\u00a0[4]. Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh nh\u01b0 B\u00e0 Vis\u00e0kh\u00e0, Tr\u01b0\u1edfng Gi\u1ea3 An\u00e0thapindika, Vua Tr\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ebf Th\u00edch, T\u1ee9 \u00d0\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean V\u01b0\u01a1ng (c\u00e0tumah\u00e0r\u00e0jika-deva<\/em>) v.v… \u0111ang v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n nghi trong v\u00f2ng quanh nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh Tr\u1eddi. C\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh c\u00f2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng trong D\u1ee5c Gi\u1edbi (g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh tr\u1eddi th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t trong D\u1ee5c Gi\u1edbi) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng trong s\u00e1u c\u1ea3nh Tr\u1eddi Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi T\u1ee9 Thi\u1ec1n, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3nh Qu\u1ea3ng Qu\u1ea3 Thi\u00ean (Vehapphala Brahma<\/em>, c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edfng Qu\u1ea3 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn). S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh Tr\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi S\u01a1 Thi\u1ec1n, Nh\u1ecb Thi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 Tam Thi\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 b\u1eadc Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u (sotapanna<\/em>)? N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a n\u0103m con s\u00f4ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 n\u0103m tr\u0103m d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb d\u1ea3y n\u00fai Hi M\u00e3 L\u1ea1p S\u01a1n (Himalaya) kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea3y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n, m\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng xu\u00f4i d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y xu\u1ed1ng, ra t\u1eadn bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea3. Do \u0111\u00f3 ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0sota<\/em>\u00a0(d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y, hay tri\u1ec1u l\u01b0u). C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n (ariya<\/em>) kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd r\u01a1i tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i Ph\u00e0m T\u1ee5c (puthujjana<\/em>) m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n (v\u1eabn trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n,\u00a0ariya<\/em>) cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u V\u00f4 D\u01b0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n (Anup\u00e0disesa-Nibb\u00e0na<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e0m (puthujjana<\/em>), m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh tr\u1eddi cao, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n sa \u0111\u1ecda v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba ng\u1ee5c a-t\u1ef3 (av\u00ecci<\/em>), c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n (ariya<\/em>) th\u00ec kh\u00e1c. B\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o, c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh, m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi cao h\u01a1n c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e0m t\u1ee5c (puthujjana<\/em>), m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sanh trong S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi (r\u00f9pa loka<\/em>) v\u00e0 V\u00f4 S\u1eafc Gi\u1edbi (ar\u00f9pa-loka<\/em>) v\u1edbi ba c\u0103n thi\u1ec7n (tihetuka brahma<\/em>) [5], v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i sanh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh (duggati<\/em>), nh\u01b0 ch\u00f3 nh\u01b0 heo, l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sanh ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n thi\u1ec7n (ahetuka<\/em>) [6] n\u00e0o.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1ea7u c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh sinh s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o s\u1ebd t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o, v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n (ariya<\/em>) kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1ed1i h\u00f3a, m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean cao h\u01a1n, c\u00f5i n\u1ea7y cao h\u01a1n c\u00f5i tru\u1edbc, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u1ea7y nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh tru\u1edbc. Ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn khi ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t Ng\u0169 U\u1ea9n v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp V\u00f4 D\u01b0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n (Anup\u00e0disesa-Nibb\u00e0na<\/em>). Di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn th\u1eb3ng l\u00ean c\u1ee7a con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i tr\u1ea3i qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0dhamma-sota<\/em>, “D\u00f2ng su\u1ed1i Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p”. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y bao g\u1ed3m D\u00f2ng Su\u1ed1i Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn (samm\u00e0-ditthi-sota<\/em>), D\u00f2ng Su\u1ed1i Ch\u00e1nh T\u01b0 Duy (samm\u00e0 sankappa-sota<\/em>) v.v… \u0111\u1ebfn D\u00f2ng Su\u1ed1i Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ecbnh (samm\u00e0-sam\u00e0dhi-sota<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

“D\u00f2ng Su\u1ed1i Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn” c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ph\u1ea1m vi Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn (samm\u00e0 ditthi<\/em>) r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, n\u01a1i \u1ea5y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u00d0\u1ebf s\u00e1ng ng\u1eddi t\u1ecf r\u1ea1ng. Ph\u1ea1m vi Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay th\u1ebf t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp\u00a0anusaya<\/em>\u00a0v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn (sakk\u00e0ya-ditthi<\/em>), to l\u1edbn bao la.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 khi \u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t th\u00ec \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi lo\u00e9 l\u00ean, m\u00e0n \u0111\u00eam r\u0169 xu\u1ed1ng th\u00ec \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ban ng\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp xuy\u00ean qua nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng, nhi\u1ec1u chu k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf gian, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u\u00a0Anup\u00e0disesa-Nibb\u00e0na,<\/em>\u00a0V\u00f4 D\u01b0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n. \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng n\u1ea7y t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1ea7n, m\u1ed7i ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ecf r\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 h\u01a1n ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea7y sang ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia sanh ra b\u1ecb b\u1ecbnh v\u00e2y c\u00e1 bao m\u00f9 c\u1ea3 hai m\u1eaft, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p th\u1ea7y gi\u1ecfi, thu\u1ed1c t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c, n\u00ean ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i nh\u00e3n l\u1ef1c. T\u1eeb l\u00fac b\u1ecbnh v\u00e2y c\u00e1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u00fai non, tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t, tr\u0103ng, sao v.v… v\u00e0 m\u1eaft s\u1ebd s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi. C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u (sot\u00e0panna ariya<\/em>) th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u tri ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng (ti-lakkhana<\/em>) c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 B\u1ed1n Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd Th\u00e2m Di\u1ec7u (T\u1ee9 Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ebf). Tri ki\u1ebfn \u1ea5y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111o\u1ea1n “Chi \u00d0\u1ea1o ‘Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn’ c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ki\u00ean c\u1ed1”. Kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n d\u1ea1y [7]:<\/span><\/p>\n

Samm\u00e0-ditthassa samm\u00e0-sankappo pahoti.\u00a0<\/span><\/em>[8]
\n<\/span>“N\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn, Ch\u00e1nh T\u01b0 Duy ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n”.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Theo l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tr\u00ean, n\u1ebfu Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp th\u00ec Ch\u00e1nh T\u01b0 Duy — bao g\u1ed3m \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u1eb1m tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi (nekkhamma<\/em>) nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh hung v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 — tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh, ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea7y ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y cho th\u1ea5y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh T\u01b0 Duy \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp.<\/span><\/p>\n

Samm\u00e0-sankappassa samm\u00e0 v\u00e0c\u00e0 pahoti.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eb1m tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh hung v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5, Ch\u00e1nh Ng\u1eef, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i ch\u00e2n ch\u00e1nh, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ed1n kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p (vac\u00ec-ducarrita<\/em>) l\u00e0m hoen \u1ed1 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh Ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp.<\/span><\/p>\n

Samm\u00e0-v\u00e0cassa samm\u00e0-kammanto pahoti.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu Ch\u00e1nh Ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, kh\u1ea9u nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong s\u1ea1ch, ba lo\u1ea1i th\u00e2n b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (k\u00e0ya-duccarita<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb v\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh Nghi\u1ec7p ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 Ch\u00e1nh Nghi\u1ec7p.<\/span><\/p>\n

Samm\u00e0-kammantassa samm\u00e0-\u00e0j\u00ecvo pahoti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi quan ki\u1ebfn, \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean trong s\u1ea1ch, nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c sinh s\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng trong s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 l\u1ed1i sinh s\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p h\u00e8n \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh M\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1.<\/span><\/p>\n

Samm\u00e0-\u00e0j\u00ecvassa samm\u00e0-v\u00e0y\u00e0mo pahoti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi quan ki\u1ebfn, \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i sinh s\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trong s\u1ea1ch, \u1eaft c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ed l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u1ed1i sinh s\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, sai qu\u1ea5y l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh Tinh T\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp.<\/span><\/p>\n

Samm\u00e0-v\u00e0y\u00e0massa samm\u00e0-sati pahoti.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, Ch\u00e1nh Ni\u1ec7m v\u1ed1n b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c trong s\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc h\u01a1n, t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea7y sang ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh Ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp.<\/span><\/p>\n

Samm\u00e0-satissa samm\u00e0-sam\u00e0dhi pahoti.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ecbnh v\u1ed1n b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u0103m ch\u00fa gi\u1eef ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m trong khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7, c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 b\u1ec1n l\u00e2u, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u00e2m. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 t\u00e1m Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Con \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng — t\u1ee9c t\u00e1m chi c\u1ee7a B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o (magganga<\/em>), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0dhamma sota<\/em>, D\u00f2ng Su\u1ed1i Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p — ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n xuy\u00ean qua nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u chu k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf gian t\u1eeb l\u00fac th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u (sot\u00e0panna<\/em>) cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u1eadp V\u00f4 D\u01b0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n (Anup\u00e0disesa-Nibb\u00e0na<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u t\u1eeb khi v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u1ed5n \u00d0\u1ecbnh (niy\u00e0ma<\/em>, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n) n\u00ean v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n (ariya<\/em>). Ch\u00ednh “\u00d0\u1ea1o” (magga<\/em>) c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u (sot\u00e0patti magga<\/em>, Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u \u00d0\u1ea1o) l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a D\u00f2ng Su\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh (ariya-sota<\/em>). M\u1ed9t khi ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u \u00d0\u1ea1o th\u00ec v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0 v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y:<\/span><\/p>\n

Sotam \u00e0dito pajjimsu p\u00e0punims\u00f9’ti sot\u00e0pann\u00e0.
\n“V\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u v\u00ec l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o, hay ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c, D\u00f2ng Su\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n.”<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi, “T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0Sot\u00e0panna<\/em>, Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u?”<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1eeba l\u00fac ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i Ph\u00e0m Nh\u00e2n (puthujjana<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 “ch\u00fang sanh trong th\u1ebf gian” m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Si\u00eau Th\u1ebf (lokuttara<\/em>). C\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng quanh nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng (vatta dukkha<\/em>) v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n. T\u1eeb l\u00fac th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t \u00d0\u1ea1o Qu\u1ea3 Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u, v\u00e0 xuy\u00ean qua nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t, c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd r\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf xu\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n tr\u1edf lui v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m (anusaya<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn (sak\u00e0ya-ditthi<\/em>), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i Ph\u00e0m Nh\u00e2n (puthujjana<\/em>). C\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u1ea7ng Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1eefu D\u01b0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n (Sa-up\u00e0disesa-Nibb\u00e0na<\/em>), t\u1ee9c Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0, trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, s\u1ebd h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u1edf c\u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ea3nh tr\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3nh Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean.<\/span><\/p>\n

“T\u00e1m Chi c\u1ee7a Con \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng” n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u1edfi sanh c\u00f9ng l\u00fac \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n, ngay v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc \u00d0\u1ea1o (magga<\/em>) v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3 (phala<\/em>) si\u00eau th\u1ebf. \u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea1ng ph\u00e0m nh\u00e2n, nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf (lokiya-kusala-kamma<\/em>), t\u1ee9c ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m Gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t sanh li\u00ean h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi (s\u00ecla-kusala-kamma<\/em>). Nh\u01b0ng ba th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m \u00d0\u1ecbnh (Sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>) v\u00e0 hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m Tu\u1ec7 (Pann\u00e0<\/em>) ph\u00e1t sanh li\u00ean h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i thi\u1ec7n nghi\u1ec7p (kusala-kamma<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ba Chi \u00d0\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m Gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nghi\u1ec7p thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi (s\u00ecla-kusala-kamma<\/em>), n\u00f3 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh nh\u01b0\u00a0avitikkama<\/em>, “kh\u00f4ng-th\u1ec3-vi-ph\u1ea1m” trong su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ph\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o.[9]<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

[1] Xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch, Ph\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ec1.<\/span><\/p>\n

[2] Xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch, Ph\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ec1.<\/span><\/p>\n

[3] B\u1ea3y giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o l\u00e0: Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh, T\u00e2m T\u1ecbnh, Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh, \u00d0o\u1ea1n Nghi T\u1ecbnh, \u00d0\u1ea1o Phi \u00d0\u1ea1o Tri Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh, \u00d0\u1ea1o Tri Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Tri Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

[4] Xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III.<\/span><\/p>\n

[5] Danh t\u1eeb\u00a0tihetuka<\/em>\u00a0h\u00e0m \u00fd l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sanh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ba c\u0103n t\u1ea1o duy\u00ean thi\u1ec7n (hetu<\/em>), t\u1ee9c Kh\u00f4ng-Tham, Kh\u00f4ng-S\u00e2n, v\u00e0 Kh\u00f4ng-Si.<\/span><\/p>\n

[6]\u00a0Ahetuka<\/em>\u00a0h\u00e0m \u00fd l\u00e0 th\u1ee9c t\u00e1i sanh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u0103n n\u00e0o trong ba c\u0103n thi\u1ec7n.<\/span><\/p>\n

[7]\u00a0Magga Samyutta<\/em>, T\u1ea1p A-H\u00e0m \u00d0\u1ea1o,\u00a0Vagga<\/em>, ph\u1ea9m, 1.\u00a0Sutta<\/em>, b\u00e0i kinh 1.<\/span><\/p>\n

[8] Theo B\u1ea3n Ch\u00fa Gi\u1ea3i, danh t\u1eeb pahoti c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a\u00a0vaddhati<\/em>, l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/span><\/p>\n

[9] C\u00f3 14 t\u00e2m s\u1edf “t\u1ecbnh h\u1ea3o” (sobhana cetasika<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m trong 37 Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o (Bodhipakkhiya-dhamma<\/em>) l\u00e0: 1. l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh (chanda<\/em>, d\u1ee5c, n\u00f3ng l\u00f2ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m), 2. th\u1ee9c (citta<\/em>), 3. t\u00e2m bu\u00f4ng x\u1ea3 (tatramajjhattat\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0=\u00a0upekkh\u00e0<\/em>), 4. \u0111\u1ee9c tin (saddh\u00e0<\/em>), 5. tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i an khinh (passaddhi<\/em>), 6. tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (pann\u00e0<\/em>), 7. t\u01b0 duy (vitakka = sankappa<\/em>), 8. tinh t\u1ea5n (v\u00ecriya<\/em>), 9. ch\u00e1nh ng\u1eef (samm\u00e0-v\u00e0c\u00e0<\/em>), 10. ch\u00e1nh nghi\u1ec7p (samm\u00e0-kammanta<\/em>), 11. ch\u00e1nh m\u1ea1ng (samm\u00e0-\u00e0j\u00ecva<\/em>), 12. ni\u1ec7m (sati<\/em>), 13. ph\u1ec9 (p\u00ecti<\/em>), 14. nh\u1ee9t \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00e2m (ekaggat\u00e0 = sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

-ooOoo-<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IX<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

N<\/span>h\u1eefng ch\u00fang sanh \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt (Buddha S\u00e0sana<\/em>) tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc trong Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh (s\u00ecla-visuddhi<\/em>) v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u00e1c Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o (Bodhipakkhiya-dhamma<\/em>, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9), nh\u1eb1m b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o D\u00f2ng Su\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n (ariya sota<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y S\u01b0 v\u1eafn t\u1eaft m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o n\u1ea7y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o (Bodhipakkhiya- Dhamm\u00e0<\/em>) l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ea3y Giai \u00d0o\u1ea1n Thanh L\u1ecdc T\u00e2m (satta visuddhi<\/em>, Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o).<\/span><\/p>\n

Ri\u00eang giai \u0111o\u1ea1n T\u00e2m T\u1ecbnh (citta-visuddhi<\/em>) ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n V\u1eafng L\u1eb7ng (samatha<\/em>) [1].<\/span><\/p>\n

Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n “\u00d0\u1ea1o Phi \u00d0\u1ea1o Tri Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh” (magg\u00e0-magga-n\u00e0nadassana-visuddhi<\/em>) ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e3 m\u1ea1n (adhim\u00e0nika<\/em>) [2], ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafc nh\u1eefng Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1eafc.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh, T\u00e2m T\u1ecbnh, \u00d0o\u1ea1n Nghi T\u1ecbnh, \u00d0\u1ea1o Tri Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n si\u00eau th\u1ebf Tri Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh — \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1ng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong n\u0103m giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Thanh L\u1ecdc n\u1ea7y, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII, khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00f3m Gi\u1edbi trong B\u00e1t Ch\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o. Gi\u1edbi T\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 trong s\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh tr\u00ec “t\u00e1m gi\u1edbi ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t b\u1eb1ng Ch\u00e1nh M\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m”,\u00a0\u00e0jivatthamaka-s\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0[3].<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e2m T\u1ecbnh (citta-visuddhi<\/em>) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh qua ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n (k\u00e0yagat\u00e0sati<\/em>). Trong ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh n\u1ea7y v\u00e0i v\u1ecb Ni\u1ec7m H\u01a1i Th\u1edf (\u00e0n\u00e0pana-sati<\/em>); v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu ch\u0103m ch\u00fa gom t\u00e2m v\u00e0o h\u01a1i-th\u1edf-ra th\u1edf-v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn l\u00fac n\u00e0o v\u00e0 trong b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn oai nghi n\u00e0o, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n. V\u00e0i v\u1ecb th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n xuy\u00ean qua b\u1ed1n oai nghi \u0111i, \u0111\u1ee9ng, ng\u1ed3i, n\u1eb1m (iriy\u00e0tha) \u0111\u00fang theo kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n (Satipatth\u00e0na Sutta<\/em>, Kinh T\u1ee9 Ni\u1ec7m X\u1ee9): “Khi \u0111i, h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 hay bi\u1ebft ‘T\u00f4i \u0111ang \u0111i’ v.v…” Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p “Gi\u00e1c T\u1ec9nh Ch\u00fa Ni\u1ec7m” (sati-sampajanna<\/em>) nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n (Xem\u00a0Satipatth\u00e0na Sutta<\/em>) ; v\u00e0i v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa gom t\u00e2m v\u00e0o 32 ph\u1ea7n trong th\u00e2n. N\u0103m ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 t\u00f3c, l\u00f4ng, m\u00f3ng, r\u0103ng, da v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0taca-pancaka,<\/em>\u00a0“nh\u00f3m n\u0103m ph\u1ea7n da”. Ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n (k\u00e0yat\u00e0sati<\/em>) s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gom t\u00e2m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc an tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gom t\u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o x\u01b0\u01a1ng trong th\u00e2n. Ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 gom t\u00e2m an tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ecd. T\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, n\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc (n\u00e0ma-r\u00f9pa<\/em>) d\u00ednh li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi th\u00e2n (t\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 n\u0103ng hay sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a danh v\u00e0 s\u1eafc v\u00e0 t\u00e2m ch\u00fa ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu t\u00e2m ni\u1ec7m chuy\u00ean ch\u00fa b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng lay \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n \u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh Thanh L\u1ecdc Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn (ditthi-visuddhi<\/em>, ki\u1ebfn t\u1ecbnh) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n m\u00e3n th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 s\u00e1u nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 (xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III). C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh “\u00d0o\u1ea1n Nghi T\u1ecbnh” (Kankh\u00e0vitarana-visuddhi<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u00e1u nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean. Ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m kh\u1edfi sanh s\u00e1u nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1eeda, gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian (pathavi, \u00e0po, tejo, v\u00e0yo v\u00e0 ak\u00e0sa<\/em>) l\u00e0 nghi\u1ec7p (kamma<\/em>), th\u1ee9c (citta<\/em>), th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft (utu<\/em>), v\u00e0 th\u1ee9c \u0103n (\u00e0h\u00e0ra<\/em>) [4] v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m kh\u1edfi sanh s\u00e1u lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9c (citta<\/em>: nh\u00e3n th\u1ee9c, v.v… l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

“\u00d0\u1ea1o Tri Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh” (patipad\u00e0-n\u00e0nadassana-visuddhi<\/em>) h\u00e0m \u00fd l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng V\u00f4 Th\u01b0\u1eddng, Kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 V\u00f4 Ng\u00e3. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y trong s\u00e1u nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf tr\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n m\u00e3n c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh Thanh L\u1ecdc n\u1ea7y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Thanh L\u1ecdc si\u00eau th\u1ebf xuy\u00ean qua c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh Tri Ki\u1ebfn T\u1ecbnh (lokuttara-n\u00e0nadassana-visuddhi<\/em>) bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n Th\u00e1nh \u00d0\u1ea1o (nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u \u00d0\u1ea1o v.v…;magga-n\u00e0na<\/em>, \u00d0\u1ea1o Tu\u1ec7)<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 n\u0103m giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Thanh L\u1ecdc (\u1edf kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa).<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

[1] Theo s\u00e1ch Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o (Visuddhi-magga<\/em>), tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i C\u1eadn \u00d0\u1ecbnh (upac\u00e0ra-sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m trong T\u00e2m T\u1ecbnh (citta-visuddhi<\/em>). Ch\u00ednh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e2m n\u1ea7y c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho thi\u1ec1n Minh S\u00e1t. (Ch\u1ee7 Bi\u00ean)<\/span><\/p>\n

[2] Xem danh t\u1eeb\u00a0adhim\u00e0nika<\/em>\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong The Wheel s\u1ed1 61\/ 62, trang 43, ch\u00fa th\u00edch s\u1ed1 3. (Ch\u1ee7 Bi\u00ean)<\/span><\/p>\n

[3] Xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch, Ph\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ec1.<\/span><\/p>\n

[4] Xem “Manual of Insight” (Wheel 31\/ 32), trang 47.<\/span><\/p>\n

-ooOoo-<\/span><\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng X<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1p\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>[1]<\/span><\/p>\n

B<\/span>a m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 C\u1ea7n Thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 (bodhipakkhiya-dhamma<\/em>, Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o) n\u1ea7y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 qu\u00fd b\u00e1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1eddng. Gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 S\u01b0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u xem Di S\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n (s\u00e0sana-d\u00e0yajja<\/em>) \u1ea5y l\u00e0 g\u00ec. “Di S\u1ea3n” l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 truy\u1ec1n giao l\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1i x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng th\u1ecd l\u00e3nh ph\u1ea7n gia t\u00e0i (d\u00e0y\u00e0da<\/em>). Danh t\u1eeb n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho Di S\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n (s\u00e0sana-d\u00e0yada)<\/em>, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt trao truy\u1ec1n (Buddha-d\u00e0yajja<\/em>). V\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, Di S\u1ea3n c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian (\u00e0misa) v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p. Ph\u1ea7n di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb t\u1ef3 kh\u01b0u l\u00e0 v\u1eadt th\u1ef1c th\u1ecd l\u00e3nh khi \u0111i tr\u00ec b\u00ecnh, y ph\u1ee5c, ch\u1ed7 \u1edf v\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c men. Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 ba Ph\u00e1p Tu H\u1ecdc (sikkh\u00e0: s\u00ecla, sam\u00e0dhi, pann\u00e0 – Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7<\/em>), b\u1ea3y Giai \u00d0o\u1ea1n Thanh L\u1ecdc (Thanh T\u1ecbnh \u00d0\u1ea1o), v\u00e0 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o. Di S\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i: lo\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf (lokiya<\/em>) v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p si\u00eau th\u1ebf (lokuttara<\/em>). Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m ba ph\u00e1p Tu H\u1ecdc tr\u00ean \u1edf t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf, s\u00e1u Thanh T\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o, khi c\u00f2n li\u00ean h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng Thanh T\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf. Di S\u1ea3n Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p si\u00eau th\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m ba ph\u00e1p Tu H\u1ecdc \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau th\u1ebf, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Thanh T\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o si\u00eau th\u1ebf. Di S\u1ea3n Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Lo\u1ea1i di s\u1ea3n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i V\u00f2ng Quanh nh\u1eefng Ki\u1ebfp S\u1ed1ng (vatta-nissita<\/em>), v\u00e0
\n2. Lo\u1ea1i di s\u1ea3n c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t V\u00f2ng Quanh nh\u1eefng Ki\u1ebfp S\u1ed1ng (vivatta-nissita<\/em>);<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i:<\/span><\/p>\n

1.Di s\u1ea3n Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh (niyata<\/em>),
\n2.Di s\u1ea3n Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh (aniyata<\/em>).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

N\u1ebfu c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ba Ph\u00e1p Tu H\u1ecdc (Gi\u1edbi v.v…) c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao sang trong th\u1ebf gian, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m Th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua hay l\u00e0m qu\u00e2n s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn danh v\u1ecdng, quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t gia t\u1ed9c qu\u00fd ph\u00e1i, ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh tr\u1eddi — \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “Di S\u1ea3n Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u01a1i v\u00f2ng quanh nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng”.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00f2ng quanh nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 ba h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c: V\u00f2ng Quanh \u00d4 Nhi\u1ec5m (kilesa-vatta), V\u00f2ng Quanh c\u1ee7a Nghi\u1ec7p (kamma-vatta<\/em>), v\u00e0 V\u00f2ng Quanh c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ea3 (vip\u00e0ka-vatta<\/em>).\u00a0Vivatta\u00a0<\/em>l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t ba V\u00f2ng Quanh nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y, t\u1ee9c Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n. Ph\u00e1p h\u00e0nh Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7 c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u00e1c V\u00f2ng Quanh nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Di S\u1ea3n Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t V\u00f2ng Quanh nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp S\u1ed1ng” (vivatta-nissita-dhammad\u00e0yajja<\/em>). V\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i “\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh” (niyata<\/em>) v\u00e0 “b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh” (aniyata<\/em>), ph\u1ea1m vi r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a “nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m t\u00e1nh ng\u1ee7 ng\u1ea7m trong lu\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p” (anusaya<\/em>) v\u1ed1n thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn (sakk\u00e0ya-ditthi-anusaya<\/em>) m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf gian (puthujjana<\/em>) d\u00ednh m\u1eafc trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec3n l\u1eeda bao la v\u00e0 s\u00e2u th\u1ea9m. Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf gian th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ed nh\u01b0 v\u00e0i gi\u1ecdt m\u01b0a r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ecf \u1ea5y. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe nh\u01b0 “T\u00f4i trong s\u1ea1ch gi\u1eef gi\u1edbi (s\u00ecla<\/em>), T\u00f4i c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi, T\u00f4i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh thi\u1ec1n \u00d0\u1ecbnh (sam\u00e0dhi<\/em>), T\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, T\u00f4i s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, T\u00f4i c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y Danh v\u00e0 S\u1eafc” l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7 c\u00f2n xoay v\u1ea7n quanh qu\u1ea9n “Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn”, c\u00f2n d\u00ednh li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1i “Ta”, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt m\u01b0a r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ecf r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn bao la. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3n l\u1eeda s\u1ebd nhanh ch\u00f3ng l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn tan nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt m\u01b0a, c\u00f9ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y, l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd thu h\u00fat c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf gian (puthujjana<\/em>) v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn tan, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 “b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh” (aniyata<\/em>). M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf gian c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 “c\u00f3” Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7 nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i “c\u00f3” \u1ea5y v\u1eabn t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi, b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh (tadanga<\/em>).<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb Th\u00e1nh Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u (sot\u00e0panna<\/em>), Gi\u1edbi t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i, t\u1ee9c “T\u00e1m Gi\u1edbi ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u1edbi Ch\u00e1nh M\u1ea1ng” (lokiya-aj\u00ecvatthamaka-s\u00ecla<\/em>) [2]; \u00d0\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c H\u1ed3ng \u00c2n c\u1ee7a Tam B\u1ea3o; v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i, t\u1ee9c tu\u1ec7 gi\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c T\u1ee9 Di\u1ec7u \u00d0\u1ebf — t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh (niyata<\/em>). N\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ecdt m\u01b0a r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng ao h\u1ed3 m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tan bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng. \u00d0i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y cho th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a di s\u1ea3n Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf (lokiya dhamma heritage<\/em>). Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7 si\u00eau th\u1ebf; giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Thanh T\u1ecbnh (visuddhi-magga<\/em>) th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y; v\u00e0 37 Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o (bodhipakkhiya dhamma<\/em>) li\u00ean h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m si\u00eau th\u1ebf, l\u00e0 vivattasita-nissita (kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t) v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c b\u1eadc Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n, Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c si\u00eau th\u1ebf, tr\u1edf n\u00ean “\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh” khi c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n. B\u00ean trong c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i\u00a0duss\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0(ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi),\u00a0asam\u00e0hita<\/em>\u00a0(t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng an tr\u1ee5, t\u1ee9c lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9ng),\u00a0dupann\u00e0<\/em>\u00a0(kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t) hay\u00a0andhab\u00e0la<\/em>\u00a0(si m\u00ea)… Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu \u00d0\u1ee9c Tin (saddh\u00e0<\/em>) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh (chanda<\/em>) kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129 hay quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c Thanh T\u1ecbnh cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n trong ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. V\u00ec thi\u1ebfu h\u1ea1nh Tinh T\u1ea5n (viriya<\/em>) h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng ch\u1ecbu thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n trong s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng. H\u1ecd g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, xem nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m. V\u00ec \u00fd ch\u00ed suy k\u00e9m, t\u00e2m h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 an tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh tu t\u1eadp t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ee3. M\u1ed7i khi nghe \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hay nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c nhau th\u00ec h\u1ecd nhanh ch\u00f3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ngh\u0129. V\u00ec thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 k\u00e9m tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, h\u1ecd g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh tu t\u1eadp, xem nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u1ea5y \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ch\u00fang sanh n\u00ean t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac (Idhip\u00e0da,<\/em>\u00a0t\u1ee9c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng) c\u00f2n y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh (D\u1ee5c Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac, chanda) v.v… Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng T\u01b0 Duy v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng D\u1ee5c Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac m\u1edbi m\u1ebb ph\u00e1t sanh. Ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o trong T\u1ee9 Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac (Iddhip\u00e0da<\/em>) l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Nh\u01b0 \u00fd T\u00fac n\u00e0o, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0i l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea7n n\u00f2ng c\u1ed1t tinh hoa c\u1ee7a di s\u1ea3n. V\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea7n l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00f4ng c\u1ea1n v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 hoang ph\u00ed ph\u1ea7n di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ra kh\u1ecfi xa di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o. Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i:<\/span><\/p>\n

1. nh\u1eefng di s\u1ea3n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh hay b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n (niyata<\/em>), v\u00e0
\n2. nh\u1eefng di s\u1ea3n b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh hay kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n (aniyata<\/em>).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 b\u00ean trong m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1eeba k\u1ebf “b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh”. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed hay th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y mai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed v\u00e0 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khinh mi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt. Ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay, trong th\u1ebf gian c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay \u0111\u1ed5i ni\u1ec1m tin, t\u1eeb Ph\u1eadt Gi\u00e1o chuy\u1ec3n sang t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd khinh r\u1ebb v\u00e0 h\u1ea1i ng\u1ea7m Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n. Sau khi h\u1ecd ch\u1ebft, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ni\u1ec1m tin nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt trong th\u00e1ng n\u1ea7y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 kh\u00e1c trong th\u00e1ng t\u1edbi. N\u0103m nay ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 n\u0103m t\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 kh\u00e1c. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y, v\u00e0 trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng t\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 kh\u00e1c. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0Puthujana\u00a0<\/em>(ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf gian, t\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Nh\u00e2n) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00ec h\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i (sams\u00e0ra<\/em>) ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf gian kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 n\u00e0o m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u00fa nguy\u1ec7n s\u1ebd n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o. C\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt v\u00e0 xin quy y, t\u1ee9c n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a n\u01a1i Ng\u00e0i, qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt hi\u1ebfm hoi. \u00d0\u00f4i khi h\u1ecd quy y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1ea1m Thi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f4i khi v\u1edbi tr\u1eddi \u00d0\u1ebf Th\u00edch , nh\u1eefng khi kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau, l\u1eafm l\u00fac h\u1ecd quy y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao, c\u00e1c v\u00ec tinh t\u00fa, qu\u1ef7 th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 thi\u00ean l\u00f4i, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u00ec tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb m\u00e0 h\u1ecd n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc to\u00e0n tri to\u00e0n n\u0103ng. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 gi\u1ea3 danh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u1eadt r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian. Trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf gian th\u00eanh thang tr\u00f4i gi\u1ea1t t\u1edbi lui quanh qu\u1ea9n trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng l\u00fac d\u00ednh m\u1eafc v\u00e0o Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0. Kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp thay, \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00ea s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n thay, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf gian! (puthujana<\/em>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e0m t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf). M\u1ed7i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf gian thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 v\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a \u1eaft c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ni\u1ec1m tin n\u01a1i gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c. \u00d0\u00f4i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf gian ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt trong s\u1ea1ch (adhis\u00ecla<\/em>) c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Ph\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng l\u1eafm l\u00fac h\u1ecd c\u0169ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan ki\u1ebfn c\u0169ng v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn Ch\u00e1nh Ki\u1ebfn th\u1eadt v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng hi\u1ebfm hoi, nh\u01b0ng v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp kh\u00e1c h\u1ecd t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng theo nh\u1eefng quan ki\u1ebfn sai l\u1ea7m. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 xi\u1ebft m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf gian ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc v\u00e0o, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 gi\u1ea3 danh l\u00e0 l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, v\u00ec n\u00f3 g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 l\u1edbn lao. \u00d0\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u00ecm n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o s\u01b0 gi\u1ea3 danh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh sai l\u1ea7m, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi (manussatta-dullabha<\/em>), gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ed9i c\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ed5 sanh nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1i \u00e1c h\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t thi\u1ec7n, t\u1ee9c t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n tr\u1ed5 qu\u1ea3 t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 c\u1ea3nh, thay v\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ed9i c\u00e2y h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, tr\u1ed5 sanh hoa l\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i sanh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi an nh\u00e0n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a di s\u1ea3n Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y b\u00ean trong m\u00ecnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1eddng (anicca<\/em>) v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u00e3 (anatt\u00e0<\/em>), \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Th\u00e2n Ki\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb th\u1eeba k\u1ebf \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n. “\u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh” (niyata<\/em>) n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp v\u1ecb lai trong v\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n h\u1ed3i c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129 t\u00ecm n\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1a n\u01a1i v\u1ecb th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3 danh n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 con v\u00e0 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt trong su\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ti\u1ebfp theo. C\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh\u00a0“Bon-sin-san”<\/em>.[3] Quan ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh v\u00f4 song c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt B\u1ea3o, Ph\u00e1p B\u1ea3o v\u00e0 T\u0103ng B\u1ea3o ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u1eeb ki\u1ebfp n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ebfp k\u1ebf. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p, t\u1ee9c ba ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Con \u00d0\u01b0\u1eddng (Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh, Tu\u1ec7), b\u1ea3y giai \u0111o\u1ea1n Thanh T\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o s\u1ebd ph\u1ed3n th\u1ecbnh, ph\u00e1t huy v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00eam trong t\u00e2m c\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i. C\u00e1c Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0Anup\u00e0disesa-Nibb\u00e0na<\/em>, V\u00f4 D\u01b0 Ni\u1ebft B\u00e0n, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ecdi \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n Ng\u0169 U\u1ea9n.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng ti\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng sai l\u1ec7ch c\u1ee7a di s\u1ea3n Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n (S\u00e0sana<\/em>) \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng trong nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfp qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng di s\u1ea3n Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n x\u1ea5u. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Gi\u1edbi, \u00d0\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 Tu\u1ec7 v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u1eeba k\u1ebf t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a di s\u1ea3n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean, v\u00e0 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng suy t\u01b0 r\u1eb1ng \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn di s\u1ea3n Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n x\u1ea5u, nh\u1eefng ai hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a \u00d0\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00eam nh\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p m\u00ecnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u1eeba k\u1ebf x\u1ea5u ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng th\u1eeba k\u1ebf b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ta ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1eeba k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n Gi\u00e1o Hu\u1ea5n t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ba m\u01b0\u01a1i b\u1ea3y Ph\u1ea9m Tr\u1ee3 \u00d0\u1ea1o. Ta ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u1eeba k\u1ebf \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d0\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu k\u00e9m tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n, t\u1ea1o ph\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1u. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u1eeba k\u1ebf \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c trong ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y ho\u1eb7c trong ki\u1ebfp k\u1ebf, ph\u1ea3i v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc t\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 trong\u00c0j\u00ecvatthamaka-s\u00ecla<\/em>\u00a0[4], ph\u1ea3i v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng ki\u00ean c\u1ed1 trong ph\u00e1p Ni\u1ec7m Th\u00e2n (k\u00e0yagata sati<\/em>) v\u00e0 t\u1eadn l\u1ef1c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng (t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ba ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y) \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed9 ba \u00d0\u1eb7c T\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp sinh t\u1ed3n trong n\u0103m u\u1ea9n h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh “c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n”. N\u1ebfu th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o trong ba \u0111\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh niyata, th\u1eeba k\u1ebf \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c\u00a0“Bon sin san” — Nh\u1eadp L\u01b0u.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

-H\u1ebft-<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/span><\/p>\n

[1] Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2u ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn (Ch\u1ee7 Bi\u00ean BPS)<\/span><\/p>\n

[2] Xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch Ph\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ec1.<\/span><\/p>\n

[3] Xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III.<\/span><\/p>\n

[4] Xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch Ph\u1ea7n Nh\u1eadp \u00d0\u1ec1.<\/span><\/p>\n

-ooOoo-<\/span><\/p>\n


\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

37 PH\u1ea8M TR\u1ee2 \u0110\u1ea0O M\u1ed9t To\u00e1t Y\u1ebfu V\u1ec1 Nh\u1eefng Y\u1ebfu T\u1ed1 C\u1ea7n Thi\u1ebft Cho S\u1ef1 Gi\u00e1c Ng\u1ed9 Ng\u00e0i Ho\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng LEDI SAYADAW Ph\u1ea1m Kim Kh\u00e1nh \u2026 Continue \u00e0 lire → <\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1599,"menu_order":39,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-onecolumn.php","meta":{"_mc_calendar":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2299","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2299","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2299"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2299\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2301,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2299\/revisions\/2301"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1599"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pagodethienminh.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2299"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}